阅读理解之议论文-2023年中考英语考点专项突破

专项40阅读理解之议论文

备战2023年中考英语精选考点专项突破

考点详解

议论文往往有观点，有事实，逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图

等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。所以考生要培养根据上下文猜词的能力，或者说根据情境

能揣测作者的意图。议论文的阅读同其他体裁文章的阅读理解一样，可以有主旨大意、细节理解、推理判

断、词义猜测等几种出题方式。

二、解题方法：

一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨

标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。主题句对全文起提示、启迪、

概括、归纳之作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的

哪些内容。议论文题材偏难，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用总一分一总的结构，交替使用正面和反面的

论证方式。通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后作者表明自己的态度，再次总结

文章。通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或句末，在这些地方要多留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例

之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中寻找。

二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解

除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、数字、时

间、地点等的理解。经常出现排序题（按事情发展顺序排序），图表题（按文章内容找出正确图形），正误题（依

据文章内容对所列的陈述进行正误判断）。对这种题型，无论细节题如何变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中

找出相应词句作为依据。虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。细节题的破解一般用寻

读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据

地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有not或except等表示否定意义的词，

则需要更加留意。此法可以加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑

关系。

三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图

做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的

推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。英语文章讲究使用主题段与主

题句，段与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间

顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解,

把握全篇的文脉，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定:

读者知道什么，不知道什么，读者可能与自己共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后

设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的"潜台词”。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作

者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语

气与感情基调。

四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧

由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。许多学生感

到困扰很大，有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。要解决阅读中的生词问题，一是要扩大英语词汇量，二

是要学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：利用同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等关

系；利用照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系；利用词缀、转化、合成等构词法；利用后置定语或

同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。

总之，想要提高阅读能力，尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读，学生应能从篇章和试题双方面

入手。通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提

高学生自主学习的能力。

真题再现

A

（2022•湖北黄石•中考真题）

阅读材料，选择最佳选项。

Nowadays,expertscallonhighschoolstudentstoreadasmanyliteraryclassics（文学名著）aspossible.What

doyouthinkofit?

Linda:Wedon'thaveenoughlifeexperiences,sowemayhavedifficultyunderstandingthedeeperclassics.

Butthisshouldn'tbeareasontogiveupreadingclassics.AsFrancisBaconsaid,"Readingmakesafullman;

conference（谈话）areadyman;andwritinganexactman.^^

Curry:Classicsarethetreasuresourancestorsleftus.Weshouldreadthemandpassthemdown.Astheold

Chinesesayinggoes,“Onewhoisfilledwithknowledgealwaysbehaveswell.^^Classicscanopenupourmindsand

developourinterestinculture.

Frank:Withoutbackgroundandlifeexperiences,studentscan'tunderstandwhatwriterswanttoexpressin

theirclassics.Whilereading,somestudentsmainlypayattentiontowordsandexpressionsratherthanthehidden

ideas.Forthisreason,readingclassicsmightbeawasteoftime.

Mary:Ontheonehand,notallclassicsaresuitable（合适的）forallstudents,astherearemanydifficult

expressionsanddeepideas.Ontheotherhand,thespecialwritingstylesmakeitdifficultforstudentstounderstand.

Sotheywon'tprobablychoosethem.

1.Whoagreeswiththeideaofreadingliteraryclassics?

A.Linda&Curry.B.Linda&Mary.C.Curry&Frank.D.Frank&Mary.

2.WhatdoesCurrythinkofliteraryclassics?

A.Theyimprovestudents,readingskills.B.Theydevelopstudents,interestinculture.

C.Theyhelpstudentslearnmorewords.D.Theycanchangestudents9personalities（个性）.

3.Frankthinksclassicsarenotworthreadingbecause.

A.thewritersliveindifferentcountries

B.studentsprefertoreadaboutlifeexperiences

C.studentsmightpaymoreattentiontowordsandexpressions

D.studentsmightnotunderstandthewritingstyles

4.BothLindaandCurryexplaintheirideasby.

A.listingexamplesB.showingnumbers

C.givingquotes（引语）D.makingparisons（对比）

5.Whatdoesthepassagetalkabout?

A.Whyliteraryclassicsbeepopularinhighschools.

B.Whetherhighschoolstudentsshouldreadliteraryclassics.

C.Whyhighschoolstudentsshouldreadliteraryclassics.

D.Howhighschoolsshouldhelpstudentsimprovereadingskills.

【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.C5.B

【导语】本文主要谈论了高中生是否应该读文学名著。四个人给出他们各自的观点。

1.细节理解题。根据"Linda:Wedon'thaveenoughlifeexperiences,sowemayhavedifficultyunderstandingthe

deeperclassics.Butthisshouldn'tbeareasontogiveupreadingclassics.^^（Linda：我们没有足够的生活经验，

所以我们可能难以理解更深层次的经典。但这不应该成为放弃阅读经典的理由。）以及“Curry:Classicsarethe

treasuresourancestorsleftus.Weshouldreadthemandpassthemdown.（Curry：经典是我们祖先留给我们的

财富。我们应该阅读它们并将其传下去。）可知Linda和Curry同意阅读文学名著，故选A。

2.细节理解题。根据“Classicscanopenupourmindsanddevelopourinterestinculture."可知Curry认为经典

培养学生对文化的兴趣。故选B。

3.细节理解题o根据“Withoutbackgroundandlifeexperiences,studentscan'tunderstandwhatwriterswantto

expressintheirclassics.Whilereading,somestudentsmainlypayattentiontowordsandexpressionsratherthan

thehiddenideas.Forthisreason,readingclassicsmightbeawasteof（没有背景和生活经历,学生们无法

理解作家想要在他们的经典作品中表达什么。在阅读时，一些学生主要关注单词和表达，而不是隐藏的思

想。因此，阅读经典可能是浪费时间。）可知Frank认为经典名著不值得读，因为学生可能会更注意单词和

表达，故选C。

4.细节理解题。根据"AsFrancisBaconsaid,"Readingmakesafullman;conference（谈话）areadyman;and

writinganexactman.'"以及"AstheoldChinesesayinggoes,"Onewhoisfilledwithknowledgealwaysbehaves

wellj”可知Linda和Curry都通过引用名言来解释他们的想法，故选Co

5.主旨大意题。根据"Nowadays,expertscallonhighschoolstudentstoreadasmanyliteraryclassics（文学名著）

aspossible.Whatdoyouthinkofit?”可知本文主要谈论了高中生是否应该读文学名著。故选B。

B

（2022・四川广安・中考真题）

Youmayknowabout“junkfbod“likeFrenchfries.Butdoyouknowabout"junksleep"?Recently,aBritish

survey（调查）showsthattherearemanyelectronicproductsinteenagers5bedrooms.Theyareinfluencingteenagers9

sleepbadly.

Thesurveywasdoneamong1,000Britishkidsfrom12to16.Itfoundthat50%ofthemgotjust4to7hours'

sleepeveryday.Butdoctorssaytheyneed8to9hours.

Almost25%ofthekidssaidtheyoftenfellasleepwhiletheywerewatchingTV,listeningtomusicorusing

otherelectronicproducts.

“Thisisveryworrying,9,saidDr.Chris,aBritishprofessor（教授）."Wecallit'junksleep9.Itmeansyoudon't

getenoughsleepandthequality（质量）ofthesleepislow,too.Ifyoudon'tgetagoodrest,youwon'tdowellin

schoolthenextday.^^

Thesurveyfoundthatquiteafewofthekidsfelttiredeachdaybecauseofthejunksleep,especiallygirls

between13and16feelingtheworst.Nearlyalltheteenagershaveaphone,MP5orTVintheirbedrooms.Andlots

ofthemevenhaveallthethree.

Dr.Chrissuggestedthatparentsshouldhelptheirchildrenkeepawayfromelectronicproducts,andteenagers

shouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts.

6.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?

A.Junkfood.B.Junksleep.

C.Electronicproducts.D.Theimportanceofsleep.

7.Howmanyofthechildrensleeponly4to7hoursadayinthesurvey?

A.200.B.250.C.500.D.1000.

8.“Junkfbod^^and“junksleep“aresimilartoeachotherbecause.

A.theyarebothlowinqualityB.theyarebothneededinourlife

C.theyarebothenjoyedatweekendsD.theyarebothnecessaryforpeople'shealth

9.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

A.Teenagersof12to16onlyneed4to7hours9sleepeachday.

B.Fewoftheteenagershaveelectronicproductsintheirbedrooms.

C.Teenagersspendtoomuchtimeonelectronicproducts.

D.Girlsbetween13and16spendtheleasttimeonelectronicproducts.

10.Whichofthefollowingshouldbethebestwaytosolvetheproblem?

A.Parentsmusttaketheelectronicproductsawayfromtheirchildren.

B.Parentsstoptheteenagersfromusinganyelectronicproduct.

C.Teenagersshoulddecidenottousetheelectronicproducts.

D.Teenagersshouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts.

【答案】6.B7.C8.A9.C10.D

【导语】本文讲述青少年床上的电子产品会影响到他们的睡眠，导致垃圾睡眠。

6.主旨大意题。根据第一段"junksleep"及"therearemanyelectronicproductsinteenagers5bedrooms.Theyare

influencingteenagers5sleepbadly”,可知文章主要介绍了垃圾睡眠。故选B。

7.推理判断题。根据第二段“Thesurveywasdoneamong1,000Britishkidsfrom12to16.Itfoundthat50%of

themgotjust4to7hours，sleepeveryday”可知，有1000个孩子参与调查，其中50%的孩子每天只睡4到7

小时，可知只睡四到七个小时的人数是1000x50%=500人。故选C。

8.推理判断题o根据第四段"Wecallit4junksleep5.Itmeansyoudon'tgetenoughsleepandthequalityofthe

sleepisbad,too”可知，垃圾睡眠指睡眠质量不好，垃圾食品指的是质量不好的食品，可推断两者质量都不好。

故选Ao

9.推理判断题。根据最后一段"parentsshouldhelptheirchildrenkeepawayfromelectronicproducts,and

teenagersshouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts”父母应该帮助孩子远离电子产品，青少年花费在电

子产品上的时间应该更少。可知，青少年花费在电子产品上的时间太多了。故选C。

10.推理判断题。根据最后一段"parentsshouldhelptheirchildrenkeepawayfromelectronicproducts,and

teenagersshouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts”可知，电子产品影响青少年的睡眠，解决问题的最

好的办法是花更少的时间在电子产品上。故选D。

R尽1模拟检测，

C

（2022•广西贵港•二模）

WhenanItalianmanwenttoworkwithamask（口罩）toprotecthimselffromtheCOVID19,hewas

criticized（ftt评）byhisworkmatesforcausingpanic（恐'慌）.ButinChinaandotherAsiancountries,almost

everyonewearsamaskduringoutbreaks（爆发）.WhydotheEastandtheWesthavedifferentideasaboutwearing

masks?

IntheWest,peoplewearmasksonlywhentheygetsick.Peopleseemasksasatooltoprotectsickpeopleand

stopdisease（疾病）fromspreading,sohealthypeopledon'tneedtowearthem.Ifapersongoesoutwithamask,

otherpeoplemaylookathimlikeavirus（病毒）spreader.Eventheirfriendstriedtostayawayfromthem.Some

Westernpeoplesaywearingamaskinpublicmakesthemfeel“worried","shy",and"afraidofbeinglookedat

differently^^.ButasthenumberofCOVID19cases（病例）keepsgrowingaroundtheworld,moreandmorehealthy

peoplearestartingtowearmaskstoprotectthemselves,peopleintheWestarechangingtheirideas.

InAsiancountrieslikeChinaandJapan,wearingmasksismon.In1910,ChinesedoctorWuLiandeinvented

themodemmedicalmask.Duringthe2003SARS,peopleusedmaskswidelyinChinaandEastAsia.Many

Chinesealsowearmaskstokeepwarminwinterorprotectagainstairpollution.

InJapan,someyoungwomenmaywearmaskswhentheydon'thavetheirmakeup（化妆）on.Manypopstars

inAsiaalsowearmaskstoprotecttheirprivacy（隐私）whentheygoout.Thisculturalbackgroundhasmadeit

easierforpeopleintheEasttowearmasksduringtheC0VID19outbreak.

11.HowdidtheItalianman'sworkmatesfeelabouthim?

A.Hecausedpanic.B.Hewastooworriedtowork.

C.Hedidn'twanttogotowork.D.Hewantedtoprotecthimself.

12.WhydoWesternpeoplerefusetowearmasks?

A.Becausetheyareafraidtolookuglywithfacemasks.

B.Becausetheydon'twantotherstoknowtheyareill.

C.Becausetheyhopetofortotherpeopleinthisway.

D.Becausetheydon'tthinkhealthypeopleneedmasks.

13.Wherewasthemodemmedicalmaskinvented?

A.InEngland.B.InChina.C.InJapan.D.IntheUSA.

14.WhichofthefollowingisNotTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

A.Asianpeoplewearmaskstoprotecttheirprivacy.

B.Asianpeoplewearmaskstoprotectagainstairpollution.

C.Asianpeoplewearmaskstostopdiseasefromspreading.

D.Asianpeoplewearmaskstomakethemlookfashionable（时尚的）.

15.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?

A.Westernpeople'stroubleofwearingmasks.

B.ThereasonswhymasksarepopularinAsianculture.

C.DifferentideasofusingmasksinEasternandWesterncountries.

D.TheimportanceofwearingmasksduringtheC0VID19outbreak.

【答案】11.A12.D13.B14.D15.C

【导语】本文主要介绍了东西方国家对于戴口罩的不同观点。

11.细节理解题。根据"WhenanItalianmanwenttoworkwithamasktoprotecthimselffromtheCOVID19,he

wascriticizedbyhisworkmatesforcausingpanic.”可知，这个意大利男人的同事认为他佩戴口罩的行为引起了

恐慌。故选A。

12.细节理解题。根据"Peopleseemasksasatooltoprotectsickpeopleandstopdiseasefromspreading,so

healthypeopledon'tneedtowearthem.”可知，西方国家的人们认为健康人不需要戴口罩，所以他们拒绝戴口

罩。故选D。

13.细节理解题。根据“In1910,ChinesedoctorWuLiandeinventedthemodemmedicalmask.”可知，现代医用

口罩在中国被发明。故选B。

14.细节理解题。根据“ManypopstarsinAsiaalsowearmaskstoprotecttheirprivacywhentheygoout...Many

Chinesealsowearmaskstokeepwarminwinterorprotectagainstairpollution....Duringthe2003SARS,people

usedmaskswidelyinChinaandEastAsia.”可知，亚洲人戴口罩保护个人隐私，亚洲人戴口罩为了防止空气污

染，亚洲人戴口罩为了防止疾病的传播。文中没有提到亚洲人戴口罩使自己看起来时尚。故选D。

15.主旨大意题。根据“WhydotheEastandtheWesthavedifferentideasaboutwearingmasks?”及全文可知，

本文主要介绍了东西方国家对于佩戴口罩的不同观点。故选C。

D

（2022•辽宁辽阳•一模）

Atthecrossroads

“WHYDIDN'Tthechickencrosstheroad?”

“BecausetherewasaKFContheotherside.”

ThiswasoneofmyfavoritejokeswhenIwasgrowingup.ButnowIwonderifthechickenwouldwantto

crosstheroadeveniftherewerenoKFCs.

Rulesforwhen,whereandhowweshouldusethestreetsareimportantforsafetyandorderinsociety.Weare

taughtinprimaryschoolthatweshouldalwaysfollowthem.Butthesedays,weseemtolivelifeattopspeed.

Manytimes,Ihaveseenpeoplecrossthestreetunsafely.<aSpeedyw,deliverymen（送货员）runtheredlightsand

getdangerouslyclosetopedestrians（行人）.Thesepeoplethink“speed“ismoreimportantthan“safbty”.Theyare

puttingthecart（马车）beforethehorse.

Shanghaihasnowintroducednewtrafficrules.Peoplewillbefinedforjaywalkingorjayriding.Forsure,this

iswele.However,theremaybeproblems.Beforegivingafine,thepolicemustwitness（当场看至U）theperson

jaywalkingorjayriding,buttherearenotenoughpoliceofficerstokeepaneyeonallthestreets.Thatmeanssome

lawbreakerswillnotbecaughtandfined.Also,somesaythefineistoosmallyuanforjaywalkersand50yuan

forjayriders）tostoppeoplefrombreakingtherules.

Iapplaud（称赞）Shanghaiforintroducingthenewrules,butIthinkthecitycandoevenbetter.Otherwise,

smart“chickens“mightstillbealittlescaredaboutcrossingtheroad.

16.Ajayridermightwhilecrossingthestreet.

A.driveslowlyB.letpedestriansgofirst

C.runtheredlightsD.stayawayfromothercars

17.Somedeliverymenthinkismoreimp