第一讲 英文摘要的作用和分类课件

LecturesonWritingMedicalPaperAbstractsinEnglish第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类第一节英文摘要的作用让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补充论文题目信息的不足为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便中文科技文章的英文摘要还可起到与外国同行进行学术交流的作用第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类第二节英文摘要的分类Abstract摘要原文献的一个组成部分文摘独立存在Abstract:

Informativeabstract报道性摘要或资料性摘要Indicativeabstract指示性摘要或通报性摘要

Informative-Indicativeabstract报道-指示性摘要指示性摘要：只通报论文主题，不介绍研究的材料、方法和结果。

报道性摘要：告诉读者研究的总体情况，使他们了解研究的目的、材料、方法、结果、结论以及存在的问题。第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类

一、报道性摘要Informativeabstract

报道性摘要是指明一次文献的主题范围及内容梗概的简明摘要，相当于简介。字数:中文摘要一般不宜超过200-300字，外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。

Non-structuredstructuredTypes:Full-structuredabstractSemi-structuredabstract第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类Sample1Parenteral（不经胃肠的，肠外的）

Nutrition-InducedGallbladderdisease:AReasonforEarlyCholecystectomy（胆囊切除术）报道性摘要：无论是非结构式还是结构式都应包含以下四个基本要素：研究的目的、方法、结果、结论。1）非结构式（Non-structured

）摘要：非结构式摘要传统型摘要第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类

Patientswhoreceivelong-termparenteralnutritionhaveanincreasedincidenceofbothcalculousandacalculouscholecystitis.InanattempttoestablishguidelinesforclinicalmanagementofpatientswithTPN-inducedgallbladderdisease,wehavereviewedtherecordsof35patientswhohaveundergonecholecytectomyforthisproblemsince1976attheUCLAMedicalCenter.Themeanageofthe23adultsand12childrenwhohadcholecystectomywas29.1years.Fortypercentofthesepatientsrequiredemergencycholecystecotmy.Theoveralloperativemorbiditywas54percent,andthehospitalmortalitywas11percent.Significantfactorscontributingtothishighrateofcomplicationsincludedadelayindiagnosis,especiallyintheyoungchildren,and全肠外营养(TPN)UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类increasedoperativedifficultyduetoextensiveadhesionsandintraoperativehemorrhage.Ouranalysissuggeststhatpatientsreceivinglong-termTPNshouldhaveaprogramofultrasoundsurveillanceforgallbladderformation,electivecholecystectomywhenstonesfirstappear,andconsiderationofcholecystectomyatthetimeoflaparotomyperformedforotherreasons.WhetherinducedgallstonescanbepreventedthroughdailyTPN-stimulatedgallbladderemptyingawaitsresultsoffuturestudies.剖腹术第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类Patientswhoreceivelong-termparenteral（不经胃肠的）nutritionhaveanincreasedincidenceofbothcalculousandacalculouscholecystitis.InanattempttoestablishguidelinesforclinicalmanagementofpatientswithTPN-inducedgallbladderdisease,wehavereviewedtherecordsof35patientswhohaveundergonecholecytectomyforthisproblemsince1976attheUCLAMedicalCenter.Themeanageofthe23adultsand12childrenwhohadcholecy-stectomywas29.1years.Fortypercentofthesepatientsrequiredemergencycholecystecotmy.Theoveralloperativemorbiditywas54percent,andthehospitalmortalitywas11percent.Significantfactorscontributingtothishighrateofcomplicationsincludedadelayindiagnosis,especiallyintheyoungchildren,and【研究背景】【目的】【对象和方法

】

【结果】

第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类

increasedoperativedifficultyduetoextensiveadhesionsandintraoperativehemorrhage.Ouranalysissuggeststhatpatientsreceivinglong-termTPNshouldhaveaprogramofultrasoundsurveillanceforgallbladderformation,electivecholecystectomywhenstonesfirstappear,andconsiderationofcholecystectomyatthetimeoflaparotomyperformedforotherreasons.WhetherTPN-inducedgallstonescanbepreventedthroughdailystimulatedgallbladderemptyingawaitsresultsoffuturestudies.【结论】【前瞻性说明】第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类

非结构式摘要的主要缺点是：段落不明，不能一目了然地了解其研究目的、方法、结果、结论等。给编辑、审稿、阅读及计算机处理带来诸多不便。第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类2）全结构式（full-structured）摘要：

1974年4月，加拿大McMaster大学医学中心的DrRBrianHaynes首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在DrEdwardJHuth创导下，美国《内科学记事》（AnnalsofInternalMedicine）在国际上率先采用了全结构式（full-structured）摘要。

Haynes所提出的全结构式摘要包含8个要素：

1.目的（Objective）：说明论文要解决的问题

2.设计（Design）：说明研究的基本设计，包括研究性质

3.地点（Setting）：说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级

第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类

4.对象（Patients,participantsorsubjects）：说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法

5.处理（Interventions）：说明确切的治疗或处理方法

6.主要测定项目（Mainoutcomemeasures）：说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目

7.结果（Results）：说明主要客观结果

8.结论（Conclusion）：说明主要结论，包括直接临床应用意义第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类采用全结构式摘要的著名医学期刊：AnnalsofInternalMedicine《内科学纪事》

TheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation《美国医学协会杂志》

第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类AppropriatenessCriteria（适宜性标准）forCoronaryAngiography(血管造影术)inAngina（心绞痛）:ReliabilityandValidityHarryHemingway,MBBChir;RuolingChen,MDCorneliaJunghans,PhD;AdamTimmis,MBBChir;SandraEldridge,PhD；NickBlack,MD;PaulShekelle,MD;andGeneFeder,MD

19August2008|Volume149Issue4|Pages221-231

（MedinaeDoctor）(PhilosophiaeDoctor)MedicinaeBaccalaureus,BaccalaureusChirurgiae(BachelorofMedicine,BachelorofSurgery)第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类Background:

Evaluatedcriteriafortailoringthedecisiontoperformcoronaryangiographyinspecificclinicalscenariosarelacking.Objective:Todeterminethereliabilityandprognosticvalidityofpatient-specificappropriatenesscriteriaforcoronaryangiographyamongpatientswithsuspectedanginapectoris.Design:Prospectiveobservationalstudy.Twoindependentpanelsofcliniciansscored2400patient-specificindicationsforcoronaryangiographyasinappropriate,uncertain,orappropriate.Usingasimplecomputeralgorithm,patientswerematchedto1oftheseindications.Setting:6urbanambulatorycareclinicsintheUnitedKingdom.Patients:9356consecutivepatientswithrecent-onsetchestpaininwhomstableanginawassuspected.第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类Measurements:Appropriatenessratingsandclinicaloutcomes(coronarydeathandacutecoronarysyndromeevents)overamedianof3yearsoffollow-up.Results:660coronarydeathsoracutecoronarysyndromeeventsoccurred.Agreementbetweenthe2panels(reliability)onappropriatenesscategorywasmoderate(weighted

=0.58;P

<0.001).Useofsubsequentangiographywasstronglyrelatedtoappropriatenesscategory(Pforlineartrend<0.001)accordingtoscoresfromeitherpanel.Amongpatientsjudgedasappropriatecandidatesforangiography,underusewascommon(57%accordingtopanelAand71.3%accordingtopanelB),andnotundergoingcoronaryangiographywasassociatedwithhighercoronaryeventratesthanwasundergoingtheprocedure.Thehazardratioafteradjustmentforage,sex,exerciseelectrocardiographyresult,andsecondarypreventionmedicationwassimilaraccordingtopanelA(2.78[95%CI,1.77to4.37])andpanelB(2.47[CI,1.72to3.55]).第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类Limitation:Thestudywastoosmalltoassesstherelationshipofangiographywithcoronarydeathanddidnotassessthereasonswhypatientsdidnotreceiveangiography.Conclusion:Appropriatenessscoresofferprognosticallyvalidcriteriaforjudgingwhichspecificpatientsmightbenefitfromcoronaryangiography.Patient-specificappropriatenessscoreshelppinpointareaswherejudgmentsdivergeandareapromisingtoolformakingguidelinesmoreeffective.第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类Sample2(TheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,JAMA)

Low-DosePhysiologicalGrowthHormoneinPatientsWithHIVandAbdominalFatAccumulationABSTRACTContext

Antiretroviraltherapycanbeassociatedwithvisceraladiposityandmetaboliccomplications,increasingcardiovascularrisk,andreducedgrowthhormone(GH)secretionmaybeacontributingfactor.Objective

Toinvestigatetheeffectsoflow-dosephysiologicalGHadministrationonbodycomposition,glucose,andcardiovascularparametersinpatientswithhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)havingabdominalfataccumulationandrelativeGHdeficiency.抗逆转录酶病毒第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类Design,Setting,andPatients

Arandomized,double-blind,placebo-controlledtrialof56patientswithHIV,abdominalfataccumulation,andreducedGHsecretion(peakGH<7.5ng/mL)conductedataUSacademicmedicalcenterbetweenNovember2003andOctober2007.

Intervention

PatientswererandomlyassignedtoreceiveeithersubcutaneousGHormatchingplacebotitratedtotheupperquartileofnormalinsulinlikegrowthfactor1(IGF-1)rangefor18months.Startingdosewas2µg/kg/dandincreasedtomaximumdoseof6µg/kg/d(averagedose,0.33mg/d).第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类MainOutcomeMeasures

Changeinbodycompositionassessedbycomputedtomographicscananddual-energyx-rayabsorptiometry.Secondaryoutcomesincludedglucose,IGF-1,bloodpressure(BP),andlipids.TreatmenteffectwasthedifferenceinthechangebetweenGHandplacebogroups,usingallavailabledata.Results

Fifty-fivepatients(26withGHand29withplacebo)wereincludedinthesafetyanalysesand52patients(25withGHand27withplacebo)wereincludedintheefficacyanalyses.Visceraladiposetissuearea(treatmenteffect

）[last-value-carried-forwardanalysis{n

=

56},–19cm2;95%confidenceinterval{CI},–37to–0.3cm2],–19cm2;95%CI,–38to–0.5cm2;P

=

.049);trunkfat(–0.8kg;95%CI,–1.5to–0.04kg;P

=

.04);diastolicBP

(–7mmHg;95%CI,–11to–2mmHg;第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类

P

=

.006);andtriglycerides(–7mg/dL,P

=

.002)improvedbut2-hourglucoselevelsonglucosetolerancetestingincreasedintheGHgroupvstheplacebogroup(treatmenteffect,22mg/dL;95%CI,6-37mg/dL;P

=

.009).TheIGF-1levelsincreased(treatmenteffect,129ng/mL;95%CI,95-164ng/mL;P

<

.001).AdverseeventswerenotincreasedforGHvsplacebo(23%;95%CI,9%-44%vs28%;95%CI,13%-47%;P

=

.70).Conclusions

InHIV-associatedabdominalfataccumulationandrelativeGHdeficiency,low-doseGHreceivedfor18monthsresultedinsignificantlyreducedvisceralfatandtruncalobesity,triglycerides,anddiastolicBP,but2-hourglucoselevelsonglucosetolerancetestingwereincreased.第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类

与非结构式摘要相比，全结构式摘要观点更明确（moreexplicitness），信息量更大（moreinformation），差错更少（fewererrors），同时也更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而易见的，即烦琐、重复、篇幅过长,而且不是所有研究都能按以上8个要素分类的。于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式（semi-structured）摘要（即：四要素摘要）。

第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类TheSemi-StructuredAbstractIts4elements:objective/purpose/aimmethodsresultsconclusion第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类Samples:

EffectsofOralAdministrationofTypeIICollagen白

onAdjuvantArthritisinRatsanditsMechanisms

口服II型胶原蛋白（CII）对大鼠佐剂性关节炎（AA）的治疗作用及其机制

Objective:

Toinvestigatetheeffectsoforaladminis-trationoftypeIIcollagenonadjuvantarthritis(AA)inrateanditsmechanisms,andtocomparetheeffectsofCIIwiththoseoftheChinesetraditionalmedicineTripterygiumPolyglycosideadministeredsimilarly.

Methods:

ArthritiswasinducedinratsbyimmunizationusingFreund’scompleteadjuvant(FCA).AfterfeedingratseithersolubleCIIorTripterygiumPolyglycoside,changesinthedegreeofarticularswellingandarticularhistologicalfindingswereobservedinAArats.Somecorrelativeimmunologicalindexesweremeasured,includingdelayedtypehypersensitivity(DTH)reaction,anti-collagenand

第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类

andanti-Mycobacteriumtuberculosis(MT)antibodyinserum,andlevelsofIFN-gammaandTNF-alphainarticularsteepinrats.

Results:

OraladministrationofCIIwasabletoalleviatebothdistinctlyarticularandgeneralsymptomsinAArats,suppresssynoviumhyperplasiaandinflammatorycellsinfiltrationinarthrosiscapsule.TheeffectsbroughtaboutbyCIIwerestrongerthanthosebyTripterygiumPolyglycoside.OraladministrationofCIIinhibitedanti-specificimmuneresponses,suchasDTHandanti-reactiontoCII.Inaddition,theexpressionofIFN-gammaandTNF-alphainjointswerelocallydownregulated.

Conclusion:

thetherapeuticeffectoforaladministrationofCIIisobviousonadjuvantarthritisinrats.ItsremedialmechanismsarelikelyrelatedtothedownregulationofbothIFN-gammaandTNF-alpha,andthesuppressionofcellimmunity.[ChinMedJ(Engl),2003,116(2):284-287]第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类

Race/Ethnicity,Income,MajorRiskFactors,andCardiovascularDiseaseMortalityObjectives:

WeexploreddifferencesbetweenBlackandWhitemenforcardiovasculardisease(CVD)mortalityacrossmajorriskfactorlevels.Methods:

MajorCVDriskfactorsweremeasuredamong300647Whiteand20223Blackmenaged35to57yearswhowerescreenedfortheMultipleRiskFactorInterventionTrial(MRFIT).HazardratiosforCVDdeathsforBlackandWhitemenover25yearsoffollow-upwerecalculatedforsubgroupsstratifiedaccordingtoriskfactorlevels.Results:

CVDwasresponsiblefor2518deathsamongBlackmenand30772deathsamongWhitemen.Theage-adjustedBlack-to-WhiteCVDhazardratiowas1.35(95%confidenceinterval[CI]=1.29,1.40);therisk-andincome-adjustedratiowas1.05(95%CI=1.01,1.10).CVDmortalityratesweredramaticallylowerincasesoffavorableriskprofiles.However,fullyadjustedBlack-to-WhiteCVDhazardratioswithingroupsatlow,intermediate,high,andveryhighlevelsofoverallriskwere1.76,1.20,1.10,and0.94,respectively.Similargradientswereevidentforindividualriskfactors.Conclusions:

HigherCVDmortalityratesamongBlackmenwerelargelymediatedbyriskfactorsandincome.ThesedataunderscoretheneedforsustainedprimordialriskfactorpreventionamongBlackmen.第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类四要素摘要（

thesemi-structuredabstract）中常用的英语表达方式：

1.Objective/Aim

直截了当地准确说明研究目的或所阐述的问题。英语常以不定式开头，即“To+动词原形”。

Toinvestigate…and…;Toassess…;Todeterminewhether…;Tostudy…;Toexamine…;Toevaluate…andcompare…;Toimprove…;

Toexplore…;Toclarify…;Toidentify…;Tolocalize..第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类2.Methods

对研究的基本设计加以描述。包括诊断标准、分组情况及随访时间；研究对象的数量及特征；观察的主要变量及主要的研究方法；治疗手段包括使用方法及作用时间等。若为临床研究，需说明是前瞻性随机对比或回顾性分析。方法学研究要说明新的或改进的犯法、设备、材料，以及被研究的对象（动物或人）。英语常需要用完整的被动或主动结构句子，动词用过去时态。Arandomized,doubleblind,placebocontrolledtrial…Acasecontrolstudy…Aprospectiveclinicalstudywasperformed;;Weretrospectivelyanalyzed..;Westudied…前瞻性研究“

prospectivestudies”在学术文献中指根据已知原因观察其结果的研究称为前瞻性研究.第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类3.Results

为摘要的重点部分。提供研究所得的主要结果，列出重要数据。指出新方法与经典方法比较而表现出的优点，并说明其可信度及准确性的统计学程度。英语要用完整句子，谓语动词用过去时态，研究所得数据如百分数、血压等数字采用临床病例书写形式，不必用书面英语。…was/were…;Wefound…;Therewas…第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类4.Conclusion

把研究的主要结论性观点，用一两句话简明表达。结论应该有直接依据，避免推测和过于笼统。英语用完整句子表达，动词时态可用一般过去时、一般现在时或现在完成时。最好直接写结论，也可用一些句型应出结论。Thisstudyshowsthat…Thisstudyconfirmsthat…Thisstudysuggeststhat…Theseobservationssupport…Ourconclusionisthat…第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类

由于要求不同或为了节省篇幅，有些期刊所要求的摘要与上述结构有些出入，如NewEnglandJournalofMedicine采用背景Background)、方法(Methods)、结果（Results）、结论（Conclusions）

4个方面；TheLancet则采用背景(Background)、方法(Methods)、发现(Findings)、解释(Interpretation)4个方面；而BiologyJournalsintheBMC-series的要求则更为简单，即：背景Background、结果Results、结论Conclusions三个方面。第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类

FamilyPhysicians'UseofMedicalAbstractstoGuideDecisionMaking:StyleorSubstance?

AbstractBackground:

Manyphysiciansrelyontheabstractsofresearcharticlestoguidetheirclinicaldecisionmaking.Thisneedforexpediencyisonebasisformanyjournalstoreformattheirabstracts.

Methods:

Todeterminewhethertheformatofmedicalabstractsaffectsphysiciandecisionmaking,wesurveyedfamilyphysiciansinMichigan,Pennsylvania,andVirginia.AllparticipantsweremembersoftheAmericanAcademyofFamilyPhysicians.Thesurveyincludedthreecasescenarios(cornealabrasion,fibromyalgia,andhyperlipidemia)followedbystructuredandopen-endedassessmentsofusualmanagement.Afterassessingtheirusualmanagementineachscenario,therespondentswereprovidedwithanabstractofavalidresearchpaper.Theformatofabstracts(unstructured,IMRAD[introduction,methods,results,anddiscussion],structured,and家庭医师依赖医学论文摘要指导自己的临床决策：文体还是实质？第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类

POEM[patient-orientedevidencethatmatters])wererandomlyassigned.Afterreadingtheabstract,weassessedchangesinmanagementofthecasescenario.

Results:

Twohundredeighty-ninefamilyphysiciansrespondedtothesurvey.Atbaseline,187(65%)ofphysicianspatchedcornealabrasions.Afterreadingtheabstract,142(76%)wouldnolongeruseeyepatches.Twohundredforty-five(83%)ofphysiciansdidnotusethecombinationoffluoxetineandamitriptylineformanagingfibromyalgia.Afterreadingtheabstract,179(73%)wouldusecombinationtherapy.Twohundredthirty-four(84%)ofphysiciansused"statins"whenmanaginghyperlipidemia.Afterreadingtheabstract,211(90%)wouldcontinueusingstatins.Theformatofabstracthadnosignificanteffectonphysicians'decisionmaking.

Conclusions:

Whereastheformatofabstractinthisstudyhadnoeffectonphysiciandecisionmaking,havingvalidinformationavailableinthecontextofaclinicalscenarioappearedtoinfluencedecisions.第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类

STAT1GenefromOliveFlounder,ParalichthysOlivaceus

Background

Signaltransducerandactivatoroftranscription1(STAT1)isacriticalcomponentofinterferon(IFN)-alpha/betaandIFN-gammasignaling.AlthoughsevenisoformsofSTATproteinshavebeenreportedfrommammals,limitedinformationisavailablefortheSTATgenesinfish.WeisolatedcomplementaryDNAwithhighhomologytomammalianSTAT1fromtheoliveflounder,Paralichthysolivaceus.

Results

ADNAfragmentcontainingtheconservedSH2domainwasamplifiedbyRT-PCRusingdegenerateprimersdesignedbasedonthehighlyconservedsequencesintheSH2domainsofthezebrafishandmammalianSTAT1.ThecompletecDNAsequencewasobtainedby5aand3aRACE.TheflounderSTAT1transcriptconsistedof2,909bpthatencodedapolypeptideof749aminoacids.TheoverallhomologybetweenflounderSTAT1andotherSTATswasveryhigh,withthe第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类highestaminoacidsequenceidentitytosnakehead(89%).PhylogeneticanalysesrevealthatflounderSTAT1isinthesamemonophyleticgroupwithsnakeheadSTAT1.RT-PCRandinsituhybridizationrevealedthatSTAT1wasexpressedinalmostallexaminedorgansandtissues,withhighexpressioninthespleen,kidney,intestineandgill.TheaccumulationofSTAT1mRNAindifferentdevelopmentalstages,asdeterminedbyRT-PCR,increasedwithdevelopment.

Conclusion

RecentcloningofvariouscytokinegenesandtheSTAT1geneofoliveflounderheresuggestthatfishalsousethehighlyspecializedJAK-STATpathwayforcytokinesignaling.IdentificationofotherSTATgeneswillelucidateindetailthesignaltransductionsysteminthisfish.第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类

与传统摘要比较，结构式摘要具有固定格式，其撰写格式与科学研究设计思维方法相一致，有助于作者理清思路，准确表达，甚至可以促使作者在实验设计开始时就明确各项内容，使各部分更趋严密、合理。也便于国际交流及转载传播等。第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类二、指示性摘要指示性摘要是指明一次文献的论题及取得的成果的性质和水平的摘要，其目的是使读者对该研究的主要内容有一个轮廓的了解。其篇幅比报道性文摘短，一般在150个英语单词以内。

第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类

PharmacologicalActionsofUncariaAlkaloids钩藤总碱

,Rhynchophylline钩藤碱[

andIsorhynchophylline异钩藤碱

ThepharmacologicalactionsofUncariaalkaloids,rhynchophyllineandisorhynchophyllineextractedfromUncariarhynchophyllaMiqJackswerereviewed.Thealkaloidsmainlyactedoncardiovascularsystemandcentralnervoussystemincludingthehypotension,brachycardia,antiarrhythmia,andprotectionofcerebralischemiaandsedation.Theactivemechanismswererelatedtoblockingofcalciumchannel,openingofpotassiumchannel,andregulatingofnervetransmittertransportandmetabolism,etc.[ActaPharmacolSin《中国药理学报》,2003Feb,24(2):97-101]钩藤总碱、钩藤碱和异钩藤碱的药理作用第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类三、报道-指示性摘要由于摘要篇幅的限制以及文献风格、类型和内容方面的原因，常需要把摘要的主要方面写成报道性而将其次要的方面写成指示性。这样就要把文摘写成既有报道性又有指示性，成为报道-指示摘要。第一讲英文摘要的作用和分类Sample6KnowledgeofCardiovascularDiseaseinUniversityStudentsAbstractEvery32secondsanAmericandiefromCardiovascularDisease(CVD).ButmanyindividualsdonotknowtheriskfactorsforCVD.FivehundredstudentschosenatrandomcompletedaquestionnaireaboutCVDknowledge.Lessthan16%ofthemknewthetopthreecausesofdeath.OftheCVDriskfactors,diabetesandraceweretheleastknown,whilehighbloodcholesterol,highbloodpressure,obesity,inactivityandsmokingwerethemostoftenknownfactors.FamilyhistoryalongwithhighbloodpressureElevatedcholesterolandobesityweregivenasthemostcommonriskfactorsforCVD.OnthepersonalCVDriskfactorsquestions,mendidnotknowtheirfamily