高考英语语法复习专题-动词时态语态

高考英语语法复习专题------动词时态语态一、考点聚焦1、动词时态考查要点简述（1）一般现在时考点分析①表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）Thegeographyteachertoldustheearthmovesaroundthesun.Waterboilsat100oC.②表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用实意动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。Icefeelscold.Wealwayscareforeachotherandhelpeachother.③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong、seem等。Iknowwhatyoumean.Smithownsacarandahouse.AllthestudentsherebelongtoNo.1MiddleSchool.④if/unless/assoonas/evenif/until/nomatterwhere/what...等引导的时间或条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时，这时主句通常是一般将来时或祈使句。但要注意由if引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。Pleasecallmeassoonasshe_______(finish)herwork.Whateverhe______(say)tomorrow,I____________mind.Ifyouwillacceptmyinvitationandcometoourparty,myfamilywillbepleased.⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop、等常用一般现在时或现在进行时可表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作或状态。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。Theshopclosesat11:00p.m.everyday.Tomorrow______(be)Wednesday.He____________(come)tonight.Thefilm__________（start）at3:00pmtomorrow.（2）一般过去时考点分析（考核重点）。①一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的具体时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）;用于表达过去的习惯;表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。一般过去时的时间状语有__________________________________I_______(meet)herinthestreetyesterday.Ionce_____(see)MaYuninHangzhou.Heneversmokedand_______(drink)wine.Ithoughtthefilmwouldbeinteresting,butitisn’t.②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：Hetoldmehereadaninterestingnovellastnight.③表示两个紧接着发生过的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but,and,when,assoonas,immediately,themoment,theminute。Themomentshecamein,shetoldmewhathadhappenedtoher.Heboughtawatchbutlostit.④常用一般过去时的句型：Ididn’tnoticeit.IforgottotellyouIhadbeentherewithmybrotherbefore.Ididn’trecognizehim.（3）一般将来时考点分析。①表示未来的动作或状态常用“will/shall+动词”的动词结构表示。一般将来时的时间状语有___________________________________________②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。We’lldiewithoutairorwater.③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。She_______________（leave）forNingbonextMonday.④begoingto与will/shall,betodo,beabouttodo用法及区别：begoingto表示现在打算最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall/willdo常表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。begoingto表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：Ifitisfine,we’llgofishing.()Ifitisfine,wearegoingtogofishing.()betodosth.表按计划或安排要做的事，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。Ameetingis___________(hold)at3:00o’clockthisafternoon.beabouttodosth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句（排除when引导的时间状语从句）。Autumnharvestisabouttostart.WhenIwasabouttoleave,hecalledme.⑤有些动词本身就有“想，打算”的意思，现在时态就可以表示将来的意思。如want,plan,intend（4）现在进行时考点分析。动词结构be(am/is/are+V-ing)①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作或状态；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go/come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。现在将来时的时间状语或标志词有_______________________________It____________now.He____________(teach)Englishand_______(learn)Chinese.I____________(meet)Mr.Wangtonight.注意：(与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种讨厌的感情色彩)Thegirlisalwaystalkingloudinpublic.②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear,exist,lie,remain,seembelongto,dependon。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look。（5）过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）。①常用过去完成时的几种情况：（A）在by、bytheend、bythetime、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句表示这之前发生的动作。(B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用hadhoped/planned/meant/intended/though/wanted/expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped/planned…+tohavedone。（C）“时间名词+before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词+ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。（D）before+过去的时间或一个过去时间的时间状语从句。（E）表示“刚刚……就……”的几个句型：Hardly/Nosooner/Scarcelyhad+主语+过去分词+when/than/before+一般过去时，从句常用一般过去时,主句常用过去完成时,且常用倒装。Bytheendoflastyear,we____________(produce）20,000cars.Thetrainhadleftbeforewereachedthestation.Hesaidhisfirstteacher________(die)atleast5yearsbefore.XiaoHua________(die)3yearsago.Wehadnosoonerbeenseatedthanthebusstarted.=Nosooner____________thanthebusstarted.②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中可以用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。Afterhe(had)lefttheroom,thebosscamein.Wearrivedhomebeforeitsnowed.③句式：Itwas/hadbeen+一段时间+since+从句（谓语动词用过去完成时）我们十年没这么玩的开心了。_____________________________________________.That/Itwasthefirst/second...time+that+从句（谓语动词用过去完成时）这是她第三次犯同样的错误了。_____________________________________________.（6）过去将来时考点分析。参照一般将来时对比：用woulddo、was/weregoingtodosth.表过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was/weretodosth.和was/wereabouttodosth.表过去将来。特别说明：weretodosth常用于if或evenif/though引导的从句中表对未来的假设。Evenifthesunweretoriseinthewest,Iwouldneverdosuchastupidthing.（7）过去进行时考点分析。①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。过去进行时的时间状语或标志词有_________________________②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。WhenIcamein,hewassleeping.---______________________________________（8）现在完成时考点分析。①现在完成时强调发生的动作持续到现在（已经完成或还会持续下去），并对现在造成了影响，除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during/in/overthelast(past)fewyears(months,weeks)/lately/sincethen/inrecentyears/uptonow/sofar(至今)/yet/just/already/before等。②下列句型中常用现在完成时Itis(hasbeen)+一段时间+since从句This(That/It)isthefirst(second…)timethat+完成时This(That/It)istheonly…+that+完成时This(that/It)isthebest/finest/mostinteresting…+that从句+完成时③在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：IshallposttheletterassoonasIhavewrittenit.Ifyouhavedonetheexperiment,youwillrealizethetheorybetter.Don’tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.（9）注意几组时态的区别：①一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、lastyear、justnow、theotherday等。结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。②过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。2、主动语态与被动语态（一）语态：英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。例如：ManypeoplespeakChinese.谓语：speak的动作是由主语manypeople来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：Chineseisspokenbymanypeople.主语English是动词speak的承受者。（二）被动语态的结构被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。一般现在时：_____________＋spoken一般过去时：_____________＋spoken一般将来时：_____________＋spoken现在进行时：_____________＋spoken过去进行时：_____________＋spoken现在完成时：_____________＋spoken过去完成时：_____________+spoken含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成Wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays.→Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays.总结：被动语态的构成方式：be+过去分词，口语只也有用get/become+过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。Thewindwowhasnotbeencleanedforweeks.Thisbridgewasfoundedin1988.（1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。Myfriendgavemeaninterestingbookonmybirthday.--Aninterestingbook______________________________________________________.--I__________________________________________________________________.②主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。Thebossmadehimworkalldaylong.Hewasmadetoworkalldaylong(bytheboss)③短语动词变被动语态时，勿掉“尾巴”。Thechildrenweretakengoodcareof(byher).Yourpronunciationandspellingshouldbepaidattentionto.④情态动词和begoingto、beto、besureto、usedto、haveto、hadbetter等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be+过去分词。⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：Peoplesayheisasmartboy.Itissaidthatheisasmartboy.Heissaidtobeasmartboy.PeopleknowpaperwasmadeinChinafirst.ItisknownthatpaperwasmadeinChinafirst.PaperwasknowntobemadeinChinafirst.类似句型有：Itissaid/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thoughtthat…口诀：宾变主，主变宾，谓变bedone,时不变，数格必须随被变。（2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。如appear,die，disappear,end（vi.结束）,fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,breakout,cometrue,fallasleep,keepsilence,loseheart,takeplace等没有无被动语态。②不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belongto等。例如：Ihappenedtomeetheryesterday.③表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、looklike、等。④表示归属的动词，如have、own、belongto等。⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。⑥宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。（）Shelikestoswim.（）Toswimislikedbyher.（3）主动形式表被动意义。①当连系动词feel、look、smell、taste、sound、go、prove、keep、get、grow等后面接形容词构成系表结构时；当表示主语属性特征的动词如cut、read、sell、wear、write、drink、wash等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”(begin/finish/start/open/close/stop/end/shut/run/move)等意义时。Thefishsmellsgood.Ithasgonebad.Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.Thesenovelswon’tsellwell.Mypenwritessmoothly.Thedoorwon’tlock.Workbeganat8:00.pm.②当breakout、takeplace、shutoff、turnoff、workout、runout等动词表示“发生/关闭/制定/用完”等意思时。Theplanworkedoutsuccessfully.Thelampsonthewallturnoff.③want,require,need,deserve后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。④beworthdoing用主动形式表示被动意义。_________________________________.⑤在“...+be+形容词+todo”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动表被动。Thedoorneedsrepairing.=_________________________________.Thiskindofwaterisn’tfit_______(drink).Theairishardto_______(breathe)._______________________________.这个女孩很难相处得好。另外：betoblame(受谴责)，betorent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。⑥介词in,on,under等+加名词构成的介词短语可以表被动意义。undercontrol受控制beyondbelief难以置信forrent出租outofreach够不着onsale出售onshow展览；展出inprint在印刷中underrepair在修理中（4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。①beseated坐着Heisseatedonabench.（Heseatshimselfonabench.）他坐在凳子上。②behidden躲藏Hewashiddenbehindthedoor.(Hehidhimselfbehindthedoor.)他藏在门后。③belost迷路bedrunk喝醉bedressed穿着④bedetermined,bepleased,begraduated（from）,beprepared（for）,beoccupied（in）,getmarried等（5）被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：Thebookwassoldbyacertainbookstore.(被动语态)Thebookiswellsold.(系表结构)3、方法指导：1）学习动词的时态和语态时，切不可脱离实际运用的语境，一味死记硬背语法规则的条条框框。了解几种常用的时态规则后，要留心以英语为母语者在实际生活中如何运用各种时态和语态的。2）建立事太多时、体概念（“时”即指现在时、过去时、将来时、将来时、过去将来时；)每个时又分为四个“体”(即一般体、进行体、完成体、完成进行体)。3）了解时态和语态的问题，要遵循以下思路：A.这件事是什么时候发生的事情或者情况（定“时”）；B.这个动作处于什么状态，是完成了，还是未完成，还是既不表完成也不表进行（定“体”）；C.这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动（定“语态”）；二、精典名题导解选择填空1.Visitors________nottotouchtheexhibits.(NMET2011)A.willrequestB.arerequestedC.arerequestingD.request2.Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnology__________sorapidly.(NMET2012)A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchange3.（2012模拟试题）Allthepreparationsforthetask___________,andwe’rereadytostart.A.completedB.completeC.hadbeencompletedD.havebeencompleted4.Mymindwasn’tonwhathewassayingsoI’mafraidIhalfofit.A.wasmissingB.hadmissedC.willmissD.missed5.Thediscussionalivewhenaninterestingtopicwasbroughtin.A.wascomingB.hadcomeC.hascomeD.came6.Tominthelibraryeverynightoverthepast3weeks.A.worksB.hasbeenworkingC.workedD.hadworked7.(2012.全国)---WhenAlicecameto,shedidnotknowhowlongshethere.A.hasbeenlyingB.waslyingC.haslainD.hadbeenlying8.(2011.安徽)----Idon’taskforthenamelist.Whyonmydesk?----Iputittherejustnowincaseyouneededit.doesitlandB.hasitlandedC.willitlandD.haditlanded9.Ithinkstoreshoppingwillexitalongwithhomeshoppingbut.A.willneverreplaceB.willreplaceC.willneverbereplacedD.wouldneverbereplaced10.(2013.全国)--HaveyoufinishedreadingJaneEyre?--No,Imyhomeworkalldayyestrerday.A.wasdoingB.woulddoC.haddoneD.did基础训练题1.BythetimeIsawtheangryexpressioninhisface,I_____exactlywhatIwashavingtoface.Butnotforamoment_______Ishouldquit.A.hadknown;IthoughtB.haveknown;hadIthoughtC.wouldknow;IwouldthinkD.knew;didIthink2.Insuchafiercecompetition,apersonhastomakeeveryeffortifhe_____.A.hassucceededB.istosucceedC.shouldsucceedD.willsucceed3.Themanopenedhiseyesandmovedhislips,asif____thathehadsomethingtotellme.A.sayingB.havingsaidC.tosayD.tohavesaid4.—IsthemeetingheldinRoom302or303?—Itshouldbe302.ButIhearthatit_____tilltomorrow.A.wasputoffB.willputoffC.hasbeenputoffD.isputoff5.TheUniversityofTokyoistheoldestuniversityinJapanandhasalwaysbeenintheleadwhenitcomesto____newchallenges.A.befacedB.faceC.facingD.faced6.Infact,moreandmorepeople_____toliveagreener,healthierandmoreenvironmentally“greenlife”.A.choseB.chooseC.arechoosingD.havechosen7.Ourcar_____atthepresentspeeduntilitreachesQingdaoataboutnineo’clocktonight.A.wentB.isgoingC.goesD.willbegoing8.Chinais_____to______continuedhelptoIraqinitsreconstruction.A.willingly;giveB.willing;givingC.willing;offerD.will;offering9.—Ithoughtyouweregoingtoleaveearlytodaytotakeyoursontotheshow.—I________,butIcan’tleaveuntilIfinishtypingalltheletters.A.hadplannedtoB.plannedtoC.amstillplanningtoD.wasstillplanningto10.Unfortunately,whenwedroppedin,DoctorLi_______forIndonesiatorescuetheinjuredthere,soweonlyhadtimeforafewwords.A.hasjustleftB.wasjustleavingC.hadjustleftD.justleft强化训练题1．Iinaforeigntradecompanyforfiveyears.Still,Idon’tregretgivingupthewell-paidjob.A．worked B．haveworked C．wasworking D．hadworked2．---Wereyoutoldtoattendthemeeting?Ididn’tseeyouanyway.---,butIhadanaccidentontheway.A．Iwasgoing B．Iwould C．Ishouldhave D．I’dliketo3.--You'veagreedtogo?Sowhyaren'tyougettingready?-ButI________thatyouwouldhavemestartatonce.A.don'trealizeB.hadn'trealizedC.didn'trealizeD.amnotrealizing4.--Whereisyourdaughterworking?--InthesamecompanyasI.Iwouldrathershe___________here.A.hadnotworkedB.notworkC.doesn'tworkD.didnotwork5.---Youhaven’tsaidawordaboutmynewhair-style,Molly.Doyoulikeit?---I’msorryI______anythingaboutitsooner.Icertainlythinkit’spretty.A.wasn’tsaying B.don’tsay C.won’tsay D.didn’tsay6.—HaveyouevervisitedtheSlenderWestLake？—Yes.WhenIwasinYangzhou,Iittwice.A.havevisitedB.visitedC.hadvisitedD.wouldvisit7.Thelittleboy______asleepwhilewatchingTV.Hismothercarriedhimtobed.A.hadfallenB.fellC.wasfallingD.wouldfall8.---Wewouldhavearrivedtheremuchearlierinyourcar.---Iagree.Butit______.A.wasrepairedB.wasrepairingC.hadbeenrepairedD.wasbeingrepaired9．AtthistimetomorrowovertheAtlantic.A．we’regoingtoflyB．we’llbeflyingC．we’reflying D．we’retofly10．—WhenthenexttrainleaveforBoston,please?—Usuallyat13:15butbecauseofasmallaccidentontheline,itat13:45.A．does;isgoingtostartB．will;startsC．does;willstart D．will;istostart高考训练题2008年高考1.—HaveyouknownDr.Jacksonforalongtime?（全国I卷）—Yes,sinceshe______theChineseSociety.A.hasjoined B.joins C.hadjoined D.joined2.Thewetweatherwillcontinuetomorrow,whenacoldfront______toarrive.（全国I卷）A.isexpected B.isexpecting C.expects D.willbeexpected3.-----Didyouwatchthebasketballmatchyesterday?（安徽卷）-----Yes,Idid.Youknow,mybrother________inthematch.A.isplayingB.wasplayingC.hasplayedD.hadplayed4.IliketheseEnglishsongsandthey________manytimesontheradio.（安徽卷）A.taughtB.havetaughtC.aretaughtD.havebeentaught5.Sofarthisyearwe______afallinhousepricesbybetween5and10percent.（福建卷）A.sawB.seeC.hadseenD.haveseen6.IcalledHnnahmanytimesyesterdayevening,butIcouldn’tgetthrough.Herbrother_____onthephoneallthetime!（湖南卷）A.wastalkingB.hasbeentalkingC.hastalkedD.talked7.—Doyouhaveanyproblemsifyou______thisjob?—Well,I’mthinkingaboutthesalary….（湖南卷）A.offerB.willofferC.areofferedD.willbeoffered8.—I’msureAndrewwillwinthefirstprizeinthefinal.—Ithinkso.He______foritformonths.（江苏卷）A.ispreparing B.waspreparing C.hadbeenpreparing D.hasbeenpreparing9.Bythetimeherealizeshe______intoatrap,it’llbetoolateforhimtodoanythingaboutit.（山东卷）A.walks B.walked C.haswalked D.hadwalked10.–Doyouthinkweshouldacceptthatoffer?（江西卷）--Yes,weshould,forwe___suchbadluckuptillnow,andtime__out.A.havehad;isrunningB.had;isrunningC.have;hasbeenrunD.havehad;hasbeenrun11.Wefirstmetonatrainin2000.Webothfeltimmediatelythatwe______eachotherforyears.（辽宁卷）A.knew B.haveknown C.haveknown D.know12.—Haveyougotanyjoboffers?—No.I______.（辽宁卷）A.waited B.hadbeenwaiting