专题02名词代词高频考点（原题版）-2024年中考英语真题题源解密

专题02代词、名词上海中考代词语法考察考点分布比较广，比如人称代词的主格和宾格的问题，两种不同性质的代词用法和区别，反身代词的用法和搭配，尤其是不定式的用法要特别注意。中考名词的考查也是中考最大考向之一，名词的数、格考查较少，主要在完形填空中考查名词词义辨析，考查单词意义的辨识，用法上的辨异，语境应用。此外，涉及名词的词性转变是上海中考又一个重点考向。本专题目的在于归纳一些高频考题及梳理一些解题技巧。以助高效复习。考点考向考法/命题角度代词1

反身代词在短语中的用法：e.g.helponeselftosth.

enjoyoneself

等2.

不定代词both,neither,all,none,either用法区分。3.

不定代词something,anything,nothing等和形容词的位置关系，必须放在形容词前。4.little,few,alittle,afew,much,many等词用法区分。5.it,one,that,those表示指代作用时的用法区分。重点：人称代词，物主代词及不定代词等的应用。易错点：It,one/ones,that/those作替代词时的区别1.it特指上文提到的同一对象，是同一事物。如：Ihaveanewschoolbag.It'sverynice.我有一个新书包。它很漂亮。2.one泛指上文提及的同类事物中的一个(表示几个时用ones)，同类而不同物。如：Ihavelostmyumbrella.IthinkImustbuyone.我的伞丢了，我想我必须买一把。3.that常用于比较结构中，代替前面提到的可数名词单数或不可数名词，以避免重复；若代替前面提到的可数名词复数，则用those。如：TheweatherinBeijingiscolderthanthatinGuangzhouinwinter.冬天，北京的天气比广州的天气冷。名词1、名词的单复数变化；2、可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达；名词的所有格；双重格；3、名词与冠词或者数词的搭配，名词的数量修饰语，名词作定语，4、名词在固定短语中的使用，在特定语境中对合适名词的辨析。（上海中考近5年11考;完形填空中涉及词义辨析）在近几年的考试中，对名词的考查，重心放在了词义辨析及词性转变上，对于名词部分的复习，应当加强关注这方面训练。1、将名词转换为动词例：Alwaysrememberthatnoonecan_______withoutworkinghard.(success)2、将名词转换为形容词例：Ihopethisreferencebookhasbeen________inansweringyourquestions.(help)►考向一名词的用法及主要考点高频易混易错梳理/归纳名词的词义辨析及词性转化1、同类名词词义辨析A.doctor B.engineer C.writer D.scientist2、不同类名词词义辨析A.sign B.need C.reason D.change3、名词的词性转化safesafety;longlength;honesthonestyproveproof;plainplaint名词的数1、规则的可数名词1）一般加s2）以s，sh，ch，x结尾的加–es3）辅音字母+y结尾的变y为ies4）以o结尾的词+es;以o结尾+s5）以f，fe结尾的多数为ves;以f，fe结尾的少数直接+s1.teachers,books,2.classes，dishes,matches,boxes3.cities，countries，parties，factories4.(1)heroes，Negroes，tomatoes，potatoes(2)radios，zoos，bamboos，pianos，kilos，photos5.(1)leaves，lives，wives，knives，halves，wolves(2)roofsproofs,gulfs,beliefs2、不规则的可数名词1）单复数词形相近2）fish如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes：3）以man,woman修饰名词构成合成词时4）单复数相同1.man—men,woman—women,tooth—teeth,foot—feet,child—children,mouse—mice2.Therearemanykindsoffishesinthatlake.3.manservant—menservants；womandoctor—womendoctors.(*boy/girlstudents)4.sheep,fish,deer,means,Chinese,Japanese,works3、复合名词1.soninlawsonsinlaw2.lookeron—lookerson4、字母,阿拉伯数字1.Therearetwol’sintheword“all”.2.Your7’sand9’slookalike.3.Ithappenedinthe1960’s/1960s.4.Iwillnotacceptyourif’sandbut’s.5、定冠词加姓氏的复数theTurners,theSmiths,theWangs6、集体名词class,family,population,team,crew1.Theclassisbig.TheclassaretakingnotesinEnglish.2.ThepopulationinChinaislarge.80%ofthepopulationinChinaarepeasants.7、以s结尾的学科名词mathematics,physics,politics,news8、glasses，trousers类1.Wherearemyglasses？2.Mynewpairoftrousersistoolong.3.Herearesomenewpairsofshoes.9、不可数名词表示“一个”时1.apieceofnews/information/advice/bread/cake/paper/meat/coal2.abottleofink10、常考不可数名词information,weather,news,advice,fun，etc.名词的所有格1.一般加’s(1)复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加’s(2)表示共同所有的几个名词，只在最后一个词的后面加’s(3)表示各个所有关系的几个名词，在每个名词后分别加’s(4)名词短语只在最后一个词后加’s1.mysisterinlaw’sbrother.2.ThisisTom,JamesandDick’sroom.3.Jenny’s,Jean’sandMary’sroomsface（tothe）south.4.aquarterofanhour’stalk2.有时加of1）凡不能用’s的情况可用of表示所属关系2)当名词有较长的定语时：1.theCityofNewYork.2.amapofChina.3.thenameofthegirlstandingatthegate.4.Haveyoureadthearticlesofthestudentswhowerewithusyesterday？3.双重所有格当of前面的名词有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词如a,an,this,that,these,those,two,three,four,any,some,several,no,few,another等修饰时1.apoemofLuXun’s2.afriendofhis/hers3.WhichnovelofDicken’sareyoureading?4.somefriendsofmybrothers’4．几种特殊情况1.thekeytothedoor2.answerstothequestion3.theentrancetothestation/cinema4.ticketsforthefilm/movie►名词的词义辨析1.（2017·上海中考真题）Idon'tthinkthereiseveragoodreasontolietoourchildren．Childrenlearnhonestyfromthetheysee．A．Films B．Details C．Examples D．teachers2.（2018·上海中考真题）Asyouknow,teachersalwaysputthe_____ofstudentsaboveanythingelse.A)actionsB)needsC)recordsD)attitudes3.（2019·上海中考真题）Theseweren’tstoppedbytheirageorsizeorlackofresources，theysawa______intheworldaroundthemandtostephepwheretheycould.A.sign B.need C.reason D.change4.（2020·上海中考真题）Thebookshowsthem，throughotherkids'stories，howtheycanmakea___，too.A.plan B.mistake C.decision D.difference5.（2020·上海中考真题）Findtherightsothatyoureffortswillworkwell.A．time B．place C．habit D．skill6.（2021·上海中考真题）Awalkinthecountrysideandacarefullookatcanhelp.A．society B．nature C．pictures D．advertisements7.（2022·上海中考真题）WuMengchao,agreatandordinary,___________savedlotsofpatientswithhismagichands.A)doctor B)engineer C)writer D)scientist8.（2022·上海中考真题）Shebelievedinfactsandobservation.Inordertoexplainthose“strange”events,shedidsome______.A.exercises B.drawings C.reviews D.experiments9.（2021·上海中考真题）Lastweek,myfriendandIwatchedanexciting4Dfilminthe_______anditmadeusfeelsoreal.A)family B)tree C)cinema D)dream10.（2019·上海中考真题）Whenyouwalkalongthe______,youshouldbecarefulwiththecarsaroundyou.A)street B)bridge C)river D)hill11.（2018·上海中考真题）Couldyoutellmethe_______ofmakingsuchafantasticmodelcar?Well,Ijustfollowedthestepsinthevideo.A)culture B)influence C)impression D)method►名词的数与格1．（2018·上海中考真题）It’sfive________walkfrommynewhousetotheundergroundstation.

(minute)2.（2019·上海中考真题）Icouldn'tgetmuchoftheexhibitionofcleanenergyproductsfromthewebsite.A.news B.photos C.posters D.advertisements3.（2017·上海中考真题）Didthepolicemangivemuch_______onhowtoprotectpersonalinformation？A．note B．tip C．advice D．book4．（2020秋·上海虹口·九年级上海市民办新复兴初级中学校考期中）Thegovernmentshouldpaymoreattentiontoprotecting________basicrights.（city）5．（2022秋·九年级单元测试）Ireallybelievethattofeedpetscanchange_______life.（person）►名词的词性转化1．（2022春·上海黄浦·九年级上海外国语大学附属大境初级中学校考期中）Someinterestingthingscameupinour__________yesterday.(discuss)2．（2022春·上海黄浦·九年级上海外国语大学附属大境初级中学校考期中）Thegreat__________isrespectedbytheworld.(art)3．（2022春·上海徐汇·九年级上海市徐汇中学校考期中）Melody’sparentsalwaystellhertomakea________byherself.(decide)4．（2022秋·九年级单元测试）Althoughtheyaretwins,theyhavedifferent________.(person)5．（2022春·上海长宁·九年级统考期中）Lastsummer,Iwentonatripto_____withmyfather.Itwasgreatfun.(German)►考向二代词的用法及主要考点高频易混易错梳理/归纳代词人称代词（1）在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。（2）They也可用来泛指某一些人

（3）she可以用来代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等

（4）注意并列主语排序问题1.HeistallerthanIam.2.Heismoreintelligentthanher.3.Theydon’tallowustosmokehere.这儿不让抽烟。4.IthinkEnglandwilldowhatshepromisedtodo.我想英国会履行她的诺言。5.You,sheandIwillbeinchargeofthecase.6.Heandshestilldon’tagreetotheplan.2.物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheirmineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs3.反身代词byoneself,foroneself,enjoyoneself,hurtoneself,teachoneself,etc.4.相互代词eachother与oneanother1.Heputallthebooksbesideeachother/oneanother.2.Usuallythesesmallgroupswereindependentofeachother.5.指示代词this与thatA:Hello!ThisisBob(speaking).喂，我是鲍勃。B:Who'sthat,please?请问是哪位？(美语用Who'sit?或Who'sthis?）6.疑问代词(1).who与what(2).which表示在一定范围内，而who、what则无此限制。1.Whoishe?—Heismybrother./HeisHenry.2.Whatishe？—Heisalawyer/teacher.3.Whichgirldoyoulikebest?你喜欢哪个姑娘？

4.Whatgirldoyoulikebest?你喜欢什么样的姑娘？7.不定代词(1)some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。(2)在期待对方回答yes时，some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。(3)each和every(4)other和another,theothers和others,theother1.SmithwenttosomeplaceinEngland.2.Mum,couldyougivemesomemoney?(请求)3.Wouldyoulikesomebananas?（邀请）4.Everystudentinourclasshasadictionary.5.Eachstudentinourclasshasadictionary.6.Hegottwobooks;oneistextbook,theotherisanovel.7.Fiveofthepencilsarered,theothers(theotherpens)areyellow.8.Somearesinging,othersaredancing.9.Thiscoatistoodark.Pleaseshowmeanother.10.I’llfinishtheworksoon,pleasegivemeanother2minutes.8.little和alittle；few和afew记忆法：“有（a）就是有，没有（a）就是没有”Hurryup,wehavelittletimeleft.Don’tworry,westillhavealittletime.Hehasonlyafewfriendshere.9.one与it一TwoEveningPapers，please!—0nlyonecopyleft．Wouldyouliketohave____,sir?A．one B．it C．this D．that考点涉及范围：1.人称代词2.物主代词3.反身代词4.相互代词5.指示代词6.疑问代词7.不定代词8.little和alittle；few和afew9.one与it1.（2022·上海中考真题）Yoursilkscarfisoverthere.Thisoneis_______.A.I B.me C.my D.mine2.（2022·上海中考真题）Makesure_______hasthetextbookswhenthenewtermstarts.A.nobody B.anybody C.somebody D.everybody3．（2021·上海·中考真题）Ihaven’tbroughtmydictionarywithme.CanIuse________?A．you B．your C．yours D．yourself4．（2020·上海·中考真题）Randywrotetwonovels.________ofthemweremadeintofilms.I'veseenthem.A．None B．Both C．All D．Neither5．（2020·上海·中考真题）________friendClaudefromFranceiskeenonChineseculture.A．I B．Me C．My D．Mine6．（2019·上海·中考真题）Emma，anactress，hasbeeasuperstarbecauseofhardworkandtalent.A．she B．her C．hers D．herself7．（2019·上海·中考真题）TheNewYearConcertwassoamazingthatleftinthemiddleofit.A．everybody B．anybody C．nobody D．somebody8．（2018·上海·中考真题）Catherinehastwocousins.Oneisquiet,and______isnoisy.A．another B．theother C．other D．others9．（2018·上海·中考真题）Myfatherisagooddoctor.__________workshardtohelphispatients.A．He B．Him C．His D．Himself10．（2017·上海·中考真题）)Theheadmasterintroduced______totheGermanvisitorsbeforetheweleparty.A．we B．us C．our D．ours11．（2017·上海·中考真题）________knowledgeandexperienceareimportanttofinishthattask.A．Either B．Neither C．None D．Both12．（2016·上海·中考真题）Theretiredcouplehavedecidedtogotocollege.It'stimefortobeginanewlife.A．they B．them C．their D．theirs13．（2015·上海·中考真题）NowadaysIcanchooseonlinecoursesandstudyby_____?A．I B．me C．my D．myself14．（2014·上海·中考真题）OldMr.Blackliveshappilywithhisthreedogs.ofthemarepartofhisfamily.A．Both B．AllC．None D．Neither15．（2014·上海·中考真题）Doyouseethatgoodlookingyoungman?isafamousKoreanfilmstar.A．He B．His C．Him D．Himself16．（2013·上海·中考真题）Myparentsshowedsomeoldpicturesthatbroughtbacksweetmemories.A．I B．me C．my D．mine17．（2016·上海·中考真题）Thelightwentoutsuddenly.Itwasverydarkand______couldbeseenclearly.A．anything B．something C．nothing D．everything18．（2012·上海·中考真题）Wehavedecidedtotry________besttoraisemoremoneyforthelocalcharity.A．us B．our C．we D．ours19．（2013·上海·中考真题）__________iswaitingforyouatthegate.Hewantstosaythankstoyou.A．Somebody B．Anybody C．Everybody D．Nobody20．（2012·上海·中考真题）Ican’tconnectmyputertotheInternet.Theremustbe_______wrongwithit.A．something B．everythingC．anything D．nothingA各类代词用法及其他1．（2023上·上海普陀·九年级校考期末）________inmylifeimpressedmeasdeeplyasmyfirstvisittotheGreatWall.A．Something B．Anything C．Nothing D．Everything2．（2023上·上海普陀·九年级校考期末）Peopleareamazedtoseethebeautifulviewson________sideoftheHangzhouBayBridge.A．either B．both C．neither D．all3．（2023上·上海徐汇·九年级校联考期末）Myparentsaresatisfiedwith________progressIdidinmylessonsthisterm.A．few B．afew C．little D．alittle4．（2023上·上海徐汇·九年级校联考期末）Ican’tunderstandwhyPeterboughtsomanywatchesbutneverwears________ofthem.A．any B．both C．another D．others5．（2023上·上海徐汇·九年级校联考期末）Nowadaysmanypeopleliketokeepintouchwith________friendsonline.A．they B．them C．their D．theirs6．（2023上·上海奉贤·九年级统考期中）Theteachertoldtheclassthatonlythreestudentsfailedtheexam,and________allpassed.A．another B．theother C．others D．theothers7．（2023上·上海浦东新·九年级校考期中）Benmade________mistakesinthetest.Hismotherwasn’tsatisfiedwithhisstudy.A．no B．alittle C．few D．quiteafew8．（2023上·上海浦东新·九年级校考期中）We’rewonthegame.Nowthenewputerbelongsto________atlast.A．we B．our C．us D．ours9．（2023上·上海静安·九年级校考期中）Fancyisaneasygoinggirl.Sheisagoodfriendof________.A．I B．my C．me D．mine10．（2023上·上海徐汇·九年级位育中学校考期中）SomeyoungpeopleliketoplayputergamesontheInternetand________liketodoonlineshopping.A．other B．theother C．another D．others11．（2023上·上海徐汇·九年级位育中学校考期中）Thereisonly________milkintherefrigerator,soyouneedtobuysome.A．few B．little C．afew D．alittle12．（2023上·上海徐汇·九年级位育中学校考期中）Alicemetafriendof________onabusinesstripinNewZealand.A．she B．her C．hers D．herself13．（2023上·上海普陀·九年级统考期中）Eachshophas____________ownwaytoattractcustomers.A．it B．itself C．its D．it’s14．（2023上·上海杨浦·九年级统考期中）Therunnersareverythirsty.We’llgive________somewater.A．they B．them C．their D．theirs15．（2023上·上海黄浦·九年级统考期中）Thefirsttwoexercisesareeasy,but________areratherdifficult.A．other B．rest C．therest D．theother16．（2023上·上海浦东新·九年级统考期中）—Haveyougotmyemailtoday?—Oh,there’s________withmyputer.Itdoesn’twork.A．somethingwrong B．anythingwrongC．nothingwrong D．everythingwrong17．（2023上·上海浦东新·九年级统考期中）Thechildrenareoldenoughtotakecareof________insteadofdependingontheparents.A．they B．them C．their D．themselves18．（2023上·上海浦东新·九年级统考期中）ThereisabasketinGrandma’sonehand.What’sinher________hand?A．theother B．other C．another D．one19．（2023·上海杨浦·统考三模）Thedoctorsaidtherewas________wrongwithmeandtoldmenottoworryanymore.A．something B．anything C．nothing D．everything20．（2023·上海杨浦·统考三模）Amyisoldenoughtodress________now.Hermotherdoesn’thavetohelpher.A．she B．her C．hers D．herself21．（2023·上海杨浦·统考二模）Weknew________aboutthenewbossexceptthathewasjustbackfromtheUSA．A．nothing B．something C．anything D．everything22．（2023·上海杨浦·统考二模）Hisideadoesn’tagreewith________onthissubject.A．I B．me C．my D．mine23．（2023·上海浦东新·统考三模）IhavebeentoBelgiumonce.And_________storytodayisaboutthecountry.A．myself B．me C．mine D．my24．（2023·上海浦东新·统考三模）Inelementaryschools,childrenstudyChinese,Mathsandsome________subjects.A．other B．others C．another D．theother25．（2023·上海青浦·统考二模）Tomisaquitecarefulboyandhemakes________mistakesinhishomework.A．few B．afew C．little D．alittle26．（2023上·上海普陀·九年级校考期末）Theschooluniformsintheirschoolareusuallydesignedbythestudents(they).27．（2023上·上海宝山·九年级校考期末）TimvisitshisjuniorhighschoolteacherseveryTeachers’Daytoexpresshis.(thankful)28．（2023上·上海徐汇·九年级校联考期末）Children,believein!Iamsureyouwillwinthefootballmatch.(you)29．（2023上·上海奉贤·九年级统考期中）Enjoyattheparty,everyone!(you)30．（2023上·上海浦东新·九年级统考期中）Myfathermetafriendofwhenhewaswalkinginthestreetyesterday.(he)31．（2023·上海宝山·统考二模）MrJohnsonisalwayskindtohisstudentsandhereallycaresabout.(they)32．（2023·上海奉贤·统考二模）Pleasecheckyourticket.Youmaybesittinginthewrongseat.It’s.(I)33．（2023·上海长宁·统考二模）LastnightKittychattedwithafriendofontheInternettillmidnight.(she)34．（2023·上海闵行·统考二模）NobodytaughtmygrandpahowtouseWechat.Helearneditallby.(he)35．（2023·上海宝山·统考一模）Paul,afriendof,showedmesomephotosandtalkedabouthistravelexperiences.(my)36．（2023·上海闵行·统考一模）Thesoldierwassadthatthewoundedhorsecouldn’traisefromtheground.(it)37．（2021·上海·模拟预测）visittotheislandwasatripofalifetimeandonewethoroughlyenjoyed.(us)38．（2016下·上海松江·九年级阶段练习）Duringtheouting,allthestudentsenjoyed________intheHappyValley.(them)39．（2023·上海松江·统考二模）Thetwinsaresimilarinappearance,butcharactersarequitedifferent.（they）40．（2023·上海静安·统考二模）Doyouknowwhichofthetoyrabbitsonthedeskis?(she)B名词的数、格及词性转化1．（2023上·上海静安·九年级校考期中）Myclassteacherhasgivenmemany_________onhowtostudy.They’reveryuseful.A．information B．advice C．suggestions D．news2．（2023·上海崇明·统考一模）UncleTomkeepsmany________onhisfarmandlivesahappylifethere.A．cat B．dog C．sheep D．chicken3．（2022上·九年级单元测试）MrsSmartgaveus________onhowtolearnEnglishwell.A．someadvices B．somesuggestion C．apieceofadvice D．apieceofsuggestion4．（2023上·上海奉贤·九年级统考期中）Youcanfindmore________abouttravelaroundShanghaiontheInternet.A．truth B．information C．fact D．opinion5．（2023上·上海黄浦·九年级统考期中）ProfessorLiugaveusaveryuseful________onhowtopreparefortheexam.A．advice B．experience C．information D．suggestion6．（2023上·上海徐汇·九年级位育中学校考期中）MissLisuggestedweshouldsearchforsome________aboutVRontheInternet.A．information B．tip C．suggestion D．idea7．（2023·上海普陀·统考二模）Afamilydoctorcangivepeoplesomeusefulmedical________.A．tip B．note C．advice D．message8．（2023·上海虹口·统考二模）Don’tbeafraidtoaskforsome________onfoodorderinginaforeigncountry.A．advice B．method C．opinion D．suggestion9．（2023·上海金山·统考二模）Thepolicemangaveusmuchonprotectingpersonalinformationlastweek.A．advice B．idea C．suggestion D．message10．（2023·上海崇明·统考二模）Thisposterincludesmuch________aboutthesmalltownthatwewillvisitnextweek.A．tip B．story C．picture D．information11．（2023·上海奉贤·统考一模）Itdoesn’tmatterifyoudon’tknowhowtousethenewwashingmachines.Hereisthe________.Youcanreaditbeforeyouhaveatry.A．instruction B．directionC．information D．suggestion12．（2023·上海静安·统考一模）Inourdailylife,much________isprovidedforus,eitherthroughbooksorontheInternet.A．idea B．skill C．method D．information13．（2022上·江苏南京·九年级南京市科利华中学校考期中）Afterdealingwiththestudents’problemswithstudy,ourteacherturnedher________backtoworkagain.A．memory B．attention C．manner D．progress14．（2021上·河北石家庄·九年级统考期中）—Wewillhavea________towatchtheWinterOlympicinourcountry.—Howexciting!A．challenge B．chance C．change D．choice15．（2022·辽宁沈阳·统考一模）Iamheretotellyouaboutmy________asanexchangestudentintheUnitedStateslastyear.A．history B．discovery C．chance D．experience16．（2021上·河北石家庄·九年级校考开学考试）Edwardhadworkedasaputerengineerfortenyears.This________helpedhimalotwhenhestartedhisownputershop.A．chance B．experience C．hobby D．knowledge17．（2018·上海静安·统考一模）DuringmystayinGermany，Igainedmuch______oflocalcustomsandcultures．A．suggestion B．idea C．knowledge D．message18．（2018·上海·九年级专题练习）2018年上海虹口二模Youcanfindmore________abouttravelaroundShanghaiontheInternet.A．truth B．information C．fact D．opinion19．（2022上·河北邯郸·九年级大名县第一中学校考期末）Myfatherkepthis________totakemetothezooalthoughhewasbusy.A．rule B．record C．secret D．promise20．（2023上·全国·九年级随堂练习）Ifyouchangethe________ofthetablesandthechairs,therewillbemorespaceintheoffice.A．style B．material C．pattern D．position21．（2023上·上海普陀·九年级校考期末）Asurveyshowsworksixhoursonaverageonweekdays.(German)22．（2023上·上海宝山·九年级校考期末）Withthehelpofthatfamous,thebridgeconstructionwaspletedontime.(engine)23．（2023上·上海宝山·九年级校考期末）TimvisitshisjuniorhighschoolteacherseveryTeachers’Daytoexpresshis.(thankful)24．（2023上·上海宝山·九年级校考期末）Afterthe1,000meters’race,Icouldhardlymovemy.(foot)25．（2023上·上海徐汇·九年级校联考期末）Ournewclassteacherisakindandhandsomemanofaverage.(high)26．（2023上·上海徐汇·九年级校联考期末）Asweallknow,everyhasthedutytomakeourcitymorebeautiful.(city).27．（2023上·上海奉贤·九年级统考期中）HewantedtomakeasinceretoJimmy.(apologize)28．（2023上·上海奉贤·九年级统考期中）Thefilmwasa