




版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
Safety
Considerationsfor
AutonomousVehicles
FreshConsulting
TableofContents
3Intro
5CurrentStateoftheIndustry
10ThePlayers:Companies,Governments,andAdvocacyGroups
23SafetyConsiderationsforAutonomousVehiclesandRobotics
32OutlookandPredictions
2
Intro
Fullyautonomousvehicleshavethepotentialtofreeuphumantimeand
a
thistechnologyislong,butengineershavebeenworkingtowardsrealizingthe
technologyforalmost100years.
Infiveyears,theself-drivingcarwillcelebrateitsone-hundredthbirthday.Yes,self-
drivingvehiclesarealmostacenturyold.
In1925,theHoudinaRadioControlcompanydebutedthe“AmericanWonder,”
a1926Chandlerautomobilethatwasequippedwithradio-controlledsteering.1
Houdina’steamfollowedtheAmericanWonderdownthestreetsofNewYork,
controllingitviaremotecontrol.Inthelate‘70s,Stanfordresearcherscreatedwhat
couldbeconsideredthefirstexampleoftrulyautonomousdriving;theirStanford
Cartwasabletoindependentlynavigatearoomfullofchairsin5hours.2Thecart
pausedfor10to15minutesa
andchooseitsnextpath.
We’vecomealongwaysincetheseprojects—inthe1990s,engineerswerefinally
abletocreatefully-autonomouscarsthattravelatspeedsacceptableforUS
roadways.Thetechhasnotdevelopedinavacuum;everyotherareaofthetech
industryhasadvancedaswell,broadeningthecapabilitiesofthemodernself-
drivingvehicle.Today,semi-autonomoussystems,likeTesla’sAutopilot,areso
capablethatcustomersfeelcomfortablepuvehicleonautopilotfor95
percentofacoast-to-coastroadtrip.34
We’restillafewyearsawayfrombeingabletocatchaself-drivingcab,butstill
closerthanmostpeopleprobablyrealize.Ifthetechnologyforautonomous
vehicleshasbeenaroundsinceatleastthe90s,whyhaven’tweseenmoreLevel3
andLevel4autonomousvehicles5availableforpurchasebythepublic?
Theanswertothisquestioncomesdowntooneareaoftheautonomousvehicle
industry:safety.Safetyisperhapsthemostchallengingaspectofcreating
areliableautonomousvehicle,ataskthatisalreadyimmenselychallenging.
Maintainingsafetyinavehiclewithoutahumanbehindthewheelrequires
adaptability,predictivebehavior,advancedcomputervision,legislation,anddata-
basedresearch,allofwhichhavetakenthelastthirtyyearstoreachnear-maturity.
Throughoutthispaper,we’lldiscusstheobstaclestosafetyintheautonomous
vehicleindustry,thereasonit’ssoessentialtorealizingtheautonomousvehicle
vision,andthekeyplayerspropellingthatvisionforward.Anewtechnologyleapis
justafewstepsawayfromhi
goingtotaketocompletethosefinalsteps.
CurrentStateoftheIndustry
Forsomanygenerations,self-drivingvehicleshavebeenafantasyforscientists
andconsumersalike,capturingimaginationsacrossfilmandliterature.Overthe
lastdecade,however,thatfantasyhasquicklysteppedintoreality,andforthefirst
timewe’rebeginningtoseehigh-levelautonomousvehicleswithintheautomotive
industry.Whilethistechnologyhasrapidlyprogressed,thesafetystandardsand
regulationshavelagged,andwenowfindourselvesatapointintimewherethe
techisrapidlyapproachingfruition,butourinfrastructureandregulationisnot
movingwiththesamevigor.
SafetyastheBasisforAutonomousVehicles
Despitehowclosewearetoself-drivingcars,completelyautomatedhighwaysstill
seemlikeathingofthefuture.Thoughit’seasytosaythatself-drivingcarshave
startedtoenterthemainstreamoverthelastdecadethankstocompanieslike
Tesla,thisisn’tanentirelyaccuratepictureofautonomousvehicles.Itwasactually
in1995,whenagroupfromCarnegieMellonUniversitydrove(orrodein)a98.2%
autonomousvehicleacrossAmerica,thatthefirstimagesofautomatedcarsreally
startedtocomeintofocus.6
Giventhatridingacrossthecountryinanautonomousvehiclewasalreadypossible
in1995,youmaybewonderingwhattheholdupisinbringingautonomousvehicles
toconsumers.Howweretheseyoungscientistsabletoaccomplishsomethingthat
thebiggestmotorvehiclecompaniesintheworldstillhaveyettoachieve?
Theanswer,ofcourse,liesinthatlast1.8%ofautomation,arguablythemost
importantsliceofthepercentagepie.Thatpercentistheautomationofthe
unpredictable—makingself-drivingvehicles100%safeinsituationsthattypical
engineeringcan’taccountfor.Thisincludeswater-filledpotholesthattrickvehicle
sensors,pedestriansonthesideoftheroadsuddenlydecidingtocrossthestreet,
looseterrain,glareinterferingwithcameras,fallenpowerlines,iceontheroads,
andfallingobjects,justtonameafewchallenges.Thelast1.8%includesanything
thatahumanbraincouldquicklyadaptto,butthatrequiresmoresubtletythan
mostcomputerscienceiscurrentlycapableof.
Withouta100%safetyguaranteeofautonomousvehicles,we’reunlikelytosee
themadoptedintodailyroutines.
SafetyastheLongPole
SinceDARPAfirstheldaseriesofdriverlessvehiclecompetitionsbetween2005
and2007,self-drivingvehicleshavebeeninR&Dmode,withcompaniesalloverthe
worldstrivingtocreatethemostfeature-rich,excitingdriverlesscartheworldhas
everseen.Intheprocess,though,safetyhasbeenputonthebackburner,delaying
thepossibilityofautonomousvehiclesforeveryone.Therehasbeenalackof
companyandindustryinvestmentintheearlydevelopmentphasesforautonomous
vehicles,whichincludesafety.Safetyistime-andcapital-intensive,andventure
capitalistswillneedtoaccommodatethiswithintheirinvestmentportfolioin
orderfortheindustrytoreachthelevelsofreliabilityneededtosendautonomous
vehiclesoutontopublicroadways.
Althoughit’stakenalongtime(andwillcontinuetotakesometime)toachieve
full100%reliabilityinautonomousvehicles,that’scertainlynottosaythatno
progresshasbeenmadeinthelast25years.Inthelastfiveyearsalone,theself-
drivingindustryhasmademajorstrides,bringingsubstantialautomatedfeatures
toconsumerandindustrialvehiclesalike.Thesefeaturesarealsobecomingmore
affordable,increasingthespreadofthetechnology.
6
Today,companiesarefinallystartingtohavethetechnologyavailabletobring
automatedvehiclesonpublicroadwaysenmasse;inthepast6-12months,
numerouscompanieshavebeenreadyingtheirLevel3and4vehicledeployments.
Whileexciting,thisfurtherhighlightstheneedfor(andabsenceof)modernsafety
regulationsandimplementationswithintheautonomousvehicleindustry.
Therearestandardsandcertificationsforvehiclesandroadwaysthroughoutall
ofthemodernworld.Whiletheseregulationsarerelevanttoautonomousvehicle
safety,theydon’tcoverthebroadanduniqueconcernsofallowingautonomous
vehiclesonpublicroadways.Trafficlawsandinsuranceregulationsneedclearer
directivesaswellasautonomousvehicleindustrystandardsandrequirements.For
Level3,4,and5autonomousvehiclestostartleavingthefactoryfloor,it’sessential
thatthetechnologybecomeregulatedwithsafetyasthetoppriority.Then,and
onlythen,willweseeself-drivingcartechnologymovefromexcitingtopractical.
ChallengesofSafetyinAutonomousVehicles
We’veestablishedwhysafetyma
sakeofdevelopment,thespeedofautonomousvehicledeploymenthasbeen
hampered.However,weareyettodiveintothecomplexitiesandchallengesof
implementingsafetyinautonomousvehicles.
Wetendtotakethedifficultyofdrivingavehicleforgranted,consideringthatmost
teenagerslearnhowtodoitsuccessfullyinafewmonths.Butthehumanbrainis
abletoadapttounpredictablecircumstances,andthehumaneyeismorecapable
thanmostautonomoussensorsandautonomousvehicleAI(artificialintelligence)7.
Tryingtoapproximatethecapabilitiesandsituationalawarenessofthehuman
braininavehicleleadstocreatingamachinethatisoverwhelminglycomplicated.
Thechallengeofimplementingsafetyintoanautonomousvehiclemeansnotonly
accountingforunpredictablecircumstancesontheroad,butalsothepotential
errors,bugs,andshortcomingsofeverypieceoftechwithinthevehicle.Creating
astandardizedmeansforevaluatingeachsensor,circuitboard,andalgorithm—
withoutanylong-termdatatobasethesedecisionson—willsettheautomobile
industrybackseveraldecades,despitehowforward-lookingthetechnologyis.
8
Additionally,there’stheissueofhowquicklythetechnologyandoursocietyis
goingtochangeoncethesevehiclesareontheroad.Youcanviewthisona
smallscalebylookingatdocklessscooters,whichhavebecomecommonplace
inmostmajorU.S.cities.Almostovernight,thesedevicesexplodedinpopularity.
However,theyalsoposedunpredictedissuesthatnocityhadeverdealtwith
before:amassiveincreaseintwo-wheeledtraffic,electricscootersandbikesbeing
abandonedinrandomareas,andnoobviousaccountabilityforaccidentsandle
devices.
Withself-drivingvehicles,thereareboundtobeevenmoreunanticipatedissues.
Theywillchangeparkinglaws,accountability,insurance,vehicle-on-pedestrian
accidents,commuting,publictransportation,lawenforcement,speedlimits,and
muchmore.Alackofconsistentregulationandindustrystandardswillcompound
theseissues,creatingasituationthatisfarmorecomplicatedandnuancedthan
thechallengesofmicro-transportation.8
Finally,enduserandmarketperceptionisanimportantconsideration.Therewill
notonlyneedtobeaframeworkforreliablydeveloping,testing,andregulating
autonomousvehicles,butcompanieswillalsoneedtoconvinceconsumersthat
theirsolutionshavebeenrigorouslytestedtoensuretherearenogapsinthe
vehiclecapabilities.Inshort,therearemanyhurdlesle
self-drivingvehiclesbecomeubiquitous.
9
ThePlayers:Companies,
Governments,andAdvocacy
Groups
Althoughthereareseveralexcitingnewindustriesonthehorizon,including
augmentedreality9,robotics,andtheInternetofThings,nonehavegenerated
abuzzthatrivalstheexcitementofautonomousvehicles.This,coupledwiththe
complexlegalimplicationsofself-drivingvehicles,hasledestablishedautomotive
companies,techcompanies,startups,governmentagencies,international
organizations,andadvocacygroupstoparticipateinthedevelopmentof
autonomousvehicles.Below,we’vecompiledalistofsomemajorindustryplayers
workingtoadvancesafetyintheautonomoussector.
Companies
Waymo
Waymostartedin2009astheGoogleSelf-DrivingCarProject.10Sincethen,the
projecthasbecomeitsowncompany.Waymowasthefirstcompanytoplacea
fullydriverlessvehicleonpublicroads,deployingavehiclethathadnosteering
wheelorfloorpedalsonAustinroadsin2015.11Itwasalsothefirstcompanytooffer
driverlessrideserviceinPhoenix.12
Waymohasbeenoneofthemostprominentfiguresintheself-drivingindustry
topushforsafetystandards.Ina2018reportbytheCaliforniaDMV,Waymoled
theindustryinbothsafetyanddistance,reportingthemostmileagecoveredwith
theleastamountofincidents.13Waymo’svehiclewasshowntoaccuratelypredict
cyclistbehavior,detectchildrenatacrosswalk,andotherimpressivefeats.
ImageSource:Waymo
Edge-Case-Research
Edge-Case-ResearchisacompanyfoundedbyautonomyexpertsfromCarnegie
MellonUniversity,whosestudentsledoneofthefirstautonomousroadtrips.14
Thecompanyworkswithbusinessesdevelopingautonomoussystems,primarily
autonomousvehicles,toensuretheendproductisn’tjustexcitingandfeature-
packed,butalsorigorouslytestedforsafety.
Edge-Case-Researchoffersproductsdesignedtotacklesafetyintheautonomous
vehicleindustry.15Hologramisoneoftheirprogramsthattestsroadperception
systemsinsituationsthatcancausethemtofail.AndSwitchboardoffersasimple
stress-testenginethatrandomly“fuzzes”anAIsystemtocheckforvulnerabilities.16
OEMs(OriginalEquipmentManufacturers)
Althoughthetwocompanieslistedabovearepioneersofsafetyintheautonomous
vehicleindustry,therearemanymorecompaniespushingtheindustryforwardwith
asafety-firstmindset.OneofthemostprominentexamplesistheSafetyFirstFor
AutomatedDrivinginitiative,asetofguidelinesputtogetherbyelevencompanies
intheself-drivingindustry,includingAudi,BMW,FiatChrysler,andIntel.17
TheSafetyFirstforAutomatedDrivinginitiativeproposessafetystandardsthat
allsigningpartieswillaimtoadhereto,suchascreatingfallbacksincasecritical
componentsfail,implementingdefensesagainstsecuritythreatssuchashacking,
andmonitoringpassengerstodeterminetheirabilitytotakeoverthevehicleinan
emergency.Othercoalitionslikethishavebeenformedaswell,liketheSelf-Driving
CoalitionforSaferStreets,showingthatautonomousvehiclemanufacturers
areactivelyworkingtocreatesafetyregulationswithintheindustry.18Another
collectiveprojectworthmentioningistheAutonomousVehicleComputing
Consortium(AVCC),agroupofautomotivesuppliers,OEMs,andindustryleaders
(includingBosch,Mazda,GM,Toyota,andothers)workingtocreateashared
computingarchitecturetoadvancetheworkofitsmembers.19
12
RideSharingCompanies
Theriseofautonomousvehiclesposesaninterestingquestion:ifavehicle
doesn’tneedadriver,doesanyonereallyneedtoownavehicle?Public
transportationserviceshavemostlybeenlimitedtometroareasintheU.S.,
leavingindividualsinruralareasorwithlongercommutestheneedtopurchase
theirownvehicles.Butasremoteworkbecomesmorecommonplaceandself-
drivingvehicleseliminatetheneedforpaiddrivers,whynothaveautonomous
vehiclesavailableineverycityandtownacrossthecountry?
Thisisthevisionofjustabouteveryridesharingcompanyatthemoment.
BothLythe
onlywaytheirbusinessescansurviveinthefuture.20However,ridesharing
companies(namelyUber)havealsofacedthehighestnumberofpublicissues
whenitcomestoautonomousvehiclesafety.
Uber’sself-drivingvehiclestragicallyhitapedestrianinanerrorthatproved
fatal:thevehiclewasprogrammedonlytodetectpedestriansatcrosswalks,
andhadnotbeentaughttorecognizejaywalkersaspedestrians.21Its
automaticemergencybrakinghadalsobeendisabled.22Thisisonlyoneof
37crashesthatoccurredasaresultofUber’sself-drivingvehicleprogram,
highlightingtheneedforstrictsafetystandardsintheautonomousvehicle
space.
13
TruckingCompanies
Thetruckingindustryispositionedtobeoneofthemostsuccessfuladoptersof
automateddriving.Autonomousdrivingismuchmorepredictablethanconsumer
drivingandlargelyconsistsofmaintainingspeedandawarenessforhundredsof
miles.However,truckingisalreadyahigh-fatality23occupation,makingsafety
evenmoreimportantforsemi-trucksandotherlong-distancetransportation
vehiclesthanfortheaverageconsumercar.
Onewaythattruckingcompaniesarelookingtomaximizethesafetyof
autonomousvehiclesisthrough“platooning.”24Platooningiswhenseveral
transportationtrucksformarowonthehighway.Withautonomoussystemsin
place,thisallowsallofthetrucksintheplatoontousedatabeinggatheredbythe
firsttruck,thesecondtruck,andsoon,sothateachtruckhasanabundanceof
datatobasesafedecisionson.
Whilethisconceptworksintheory,theissueofcourseis:whathappenswhenone
vehiclemisinterpretsapieceofdataandpassesittotheothertrucksascorrect?
Forexample,saythere’safallentreeontheroadthatthefirsttruckdoesn’tdetect.
Thecostofasinglemiscalculationinthetruckingindustrycanbemuchworsethan
inotherautonomousvehicleusecases.
14
ManagementConsultingFirms
Managementconsultingfirms,particularlythoseinthetechindustry,areinvesting
heavilyinautonomousvehicleresearchinordertoprovidetheirclientswiththemost
up-to-dateinformationpossible.Thegoalformanyofthesefirmsistoeducatetheir
clientsonthepossibilitiesoftheindustry,bothgoodandbad,andonhowtoleverage
theopportunitiesautonomousvehicleswillcontinuetobring.Onewaymanagement
consultingfirmsdothisisbyobservingtheautonomousindustry’sdevelopmentin
multiplecountriesandsharingthatinformationwiththeirclients,providingaglobal
perspectiveonthesector.25Otherfirms,likeCAVita,arefocusedonhelpingpublic
andprivateentitiescapitalizeonthelesser-knownimpactsofautonomousvehicles.26
AutoInsuranceCompanies
Oneoftheindustriesexpectedtobethemostdisruptedbyautonomousvehicles
istheautoinsuranceindustry.Thisdisruptioncomesdowntoasimplequestion:in
afullyorsemi-autonomousvehicle,whoisliable,andtowhatextent?Traditional
insurancecompaniesarehavingahardtimedeterminingthis.Instead,they’reraising
ratesforautonomousvehicleownerstocovertheuncertaintythesevehiclespose.
Someinsurancecompanies,likeAvinew,arebeingfoundedsolelytoaddress
theseunknowns,offeringflexibleserviceslikereducedratesthemoredriversuse
autonomousdriving.27Forthemostpart,it’sexpectedthatmanufacturerswill
assumetheresponsibilityofvehicleinsurance.Withautonomouscarsdrastically
reducingvehicleaccidents,however,therequirementofinsurancemightbecome
lessandlessimportant,whichcouldcauseinsuranceratestofallsignificantly.
Otherinsurers,likeAAA,areenthusiasticadvocatesforautonomousvehicles,
despitetheuncertainties.AAApartnerswithWaymotoeducateconsumers
aboutautonomousvehiclesandhelpdissuadefearsaboutafuturethatincludes
autonomousvehiclesonpublicroadways.28ThegoalofinsurerslikeAAAistocreate
transparencyaroundthestatusofautonomousvehicles,includingtheirbenefitsand
limitations,inordertocreateapathwayforsafeimplementation.
15
Tier1&2AutomotiveSuppliers
Tier1andTier229automotivesupplycompaniesareafewstepsbelowautomobile
manufacturersinthesupplychain.ATier1automotivesupplier,likeBosch,makes
productsexclusivelyfortheautomobileindustry:whenamanufacturerneedsapart
foracar,theyorderitfromaTier1supplier.30Tier2suppliersmanufactureproducts
forseveraldifferentindustries,oneofwhichmightbetheautomotiveindustry.Tier1
manufacturerswillpurchasethepartstomaketheirproductsfromTier2suppliers.
Intheautonomousspace,newsuppliersarecrossingintotheautomotivesectorfrom
thebroadertechindustry.CompaniessuchasNVIDIA,Qualcomm,andEyesight
Technologiesaremovingintotheautonomousspacewithsolutionsthatimprovethe
safetyofself-drivingvehicles.313233
GovernmentOrganizations
FederalandLocalDepartmentsofTransportation(DOT)
TheFederalandLocalDepartmentsofTransportation(DOT)inAmericaarethe
mostimportantcomponentofensuringsafetyinautonomousvehicles.They’rethe
onlygroupthathavetheabilitytoreliablysetsafetystandardswithintheindustry,
makingthemcriticaltothefutureofself-drivingcars.
Whilegoverningbodieshavebeenslowtoactonself-drivingvehiclesinthepast,
theDOThasmadehugestridesinse
fewyears.TheFederalDOT’smostrecentoutlineforsafetyregulations,Preparing
fortheFutureofTransportation:AutomatedVehicles3.0,addressesmany
keypointsofsafetyinautonomousvehiclesbydefiningterminology,remaining
technology-neutral,designingmoderninfrastructure,andcreatingatemplatefor
localDOTstodesigntheirownautonomousvehiclelegislation.34
FederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA)
TheFederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA)hascreatedaNationalDialogue
onHighwayAutomationinordertoexplorethesafetyoftruckplatooning,
discussquestionssurroundingautonomousvehicleoperationsonUShighways,
andstandardizehighwayinfrastructuretobesafeforautonomousvehicles,
amongothertopics.35TheFHWA’sobjectiveistofacilitatedatacollectionand
collaborationbetweenpublicagenciesandindustryleadersinordertocreatesafe
regulationsforautonomousvehiclesonroadways.TheFHWAhavealsobegun
sometestingprojects,suchastestingtrafficcontrolalgorithmsandroadside
equipmentthatcouldcommunicatewithautonomousvehicles.36
17
NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration(NHTSA)
TheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration(NHTSA)supportstheremoval
ofregulatorybarriersthatwouldimpedetheadvancementofsafeautonomous
vehicles.Thisorganizationworkstoensureautonomousvehiclesundergorigorous
labtestingandsimulationspriortobeingtestedontracksthatmimicpublicroadway
conditions.TheNHTSAhasabrightoutlookonthefutureofautonomousvehicles,
butplanstoensurethesevehiclesarefullyroad-readybeforeallowingthemon
publicroads.37
NationalTravelandSafetyBoard(NTSB)
TheNationalTravelandSafetyBoard(NTSB)isanindependentU.S.government
agencythatinvestigatesaccidentsinciviltransportation.Assuch,theNTSBhas
investigatednearlyeveryautonomousvehicleaccidenttodate,determiningand
publicizingthecause.38
Thishastwoimportanteffectsontheautonomousindustry.First,itensuresthat
acertainlevelofaccountabilityismaintainedwithintheindustry,andsecond,it
ensuresthatthepublichasdirectinsightsintoaccidentsrelatedtoself-driving
vehicles.Asautonomousvehiclesbecomemoremainstream,it’spossiblethatthe
NTSBwillmovetoinvestigatingonlymajoraccidents,butfornow,it’sexpectedthat
everyautonomousvehicleaccidentwillleadtoanNTSBinvestigation.
FederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)
TheFCC,orFederalCommunicationsCommission,isoneofthebe
agenciesinthegovernmentforitsroleinregulatingtechnology.39Specifically,
theFCCregulatesanytechnologyusedforcommunication,suchastheinternet,
radio,cable,andsatellite.TheFCCplaysaspecificroleintheself-drivingindustry,
regulatingif,how,andwhenautonomousvehiclescancommunicatewithone
another.
It’snotclearexactlywhenthiscommunicationtechwillbewidelyimplemented,but
it’sclearthatcreatinganetworkinfrastructurethatself-drivingvehiclescanuseto
communicatewithoneanotherwillsignificantlyimprovesafetyandefficiencyin
theindustry.TheFCCisgoingtobeakeyplayerindecidingwhatthatinfrastructure
lookslike.Mostrecently,theycontributedtothisinfrastructurebyimplementing
C-V2X,whichpartitionedoffafrequencyofradiowavesforuseintheautonomous
vehiclesector.40
DepartmentofMotorVehicles(DMV)
ADMV,orDepartmentofMotorVehicles,isastate-leveldepartmentforregulating
transportation.Itperformstaskslikeregisteringvehiclesandprovidingdriving
licenses.Becausethesearestate-levelorganizations,theycurrentlyhavethefinal
wordonwhetherornottheyallowautonomousvehiclesontheirroadsandtowhat
extent.
Forexample,theCaliforniaDMVpermitsfullyautonomousvehiclesonitsroads.41
AutonomousvehiclesarealsoallowedinArizona,whichiswhysomanyself-driving
carsusearouteconnectingCaliforniaandArizona.42InArizona,however,adriveris
notrequiredsolongastheautonomousvehiclemeetscertainrequirements.
FederalTradeCommission(FTC)
TheFTC,orFederalTradeCommission,isagovernmentagencyresponsiblefor
protectingconsumerrightsandcompetitioninthemarketplace.43Intheautonomous
sector,asidefromimplementingantitrustmeasures,theagency’sprimaryconcernis
protectingconsumerdata.
Autonomousvehicleshavetheabilitytocollectandstorepersonaldataon
passengersand,onceself-drivingvehiclesbegincommunicatingwithoneanother,
they’llhavetheabilitytosharethatdatawithothervehicles.TheFTCiscurrently
discussingandimplementingregulationsonwhatdatacanbecollected,ifandhow
thatdatacanbestored,andifandhowthatdatacanbeshared.44TheFTCisalso
communicatingwithotherregulatoryagencies,liketheFCCandNTSB,toensure
thattheseconcernsarebeingaddressedbyalloftheresponsibleorganizations.
19
AdvocacyGroups
InsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafety(IIHS)
TheIIHS,orInsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafety,isanindependentorganization
thatwasfoundedinthelate1950sbythreemajorinsurancecompaniesofthattime.45
Thegoalofthegroupwastoimprovehighwaysafetystandardsbypushingforcertain
regulationsaswellaseducatingthepubliconroadwaysafety.
Theorganizationhasledtokeyimprovementsinroadwaysafetybyaddressing
factorssuchasseatbeltusage,teendrivers,andsubstanceabuseinthecontextof
driving.Today,theyarepushingforequallycriticalimprovementsintheautonomous
sector.Arguablytheinstitute’smostimportantworkinthisareatodatehasbeen
itsresearchandexposureofsafetyfailuresintheautonomousindustry.46TheIIHS
haspublishedseveralarticleshighlightingthedangersofself-drivingvehiclesand
thelackofsafetymeasuresagainstthesedangers.TheIIHSisalsopushingfor
strongerconsumereducationonautonomousvehicles,pointingoutthattheaverage
consumerdoesn’tknowthedifferencebetweenLevel3or4automation.47
InternationalTelecommunicationsUnion(ITU)
TheITU,orInternationalTelecommunicationsUnion,isaUnitedNationsorganization
basedinGeneva,Switzerland.48Itfacilitatestheassignmentofelementslikeradio
wavefrequencies,satelliteorbits,andthedevelopmentoftheinternet.
Recently,theITUhasbeenworkingtoimprovethesafetyofautonomousvehicles
byestablishingtestsandresearchprogramsrelatedtothefield.Oneofthesetests,
FG-AI4AD,runsanautomateddrivingAIthroughaseriesofexercisesthatensure
theAImeetsorexceedsthecapabilitiesofahumanbehindthewheel.49Thetestisin
linewithestablishedinternationalguidelinesforroadsafetyandaimstomaintainan
internationalstandardduringthedeploymentofautonomousvehicles.
IntelligentTransportationSocietyofAmerica(ITSAmerica)
TheIntelligentTransportationSocietyofAmerica,orITSAmerica,isanindependent
organizationmadeupofbusinesses,agencies,andleadersfromaroundtheU.S.who
areinvolvedinthedevelopmentofautomatedvehicles.50
Thegroup’smissionrevolvesaroundimprovingthesafetyandenvironmentaleffects
oftheautomobileindustrybybringinga
highlightingtheissueswithprojectsthatcouldcauseharm.Forinstance,ITSAmerica
backedapetitionbyGeneralMotorsin2019toexemptthecompany’sself-driving
programfortwoyears,arguingthati
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 安全经验共享
- 2024年特许金融分析师考试典型题型及答案
- 预防欺凌及心理健康教育
- 2024年特许金融分析师考试个人成长题试题及答案
- 2024CFA考试百科全书:试题及答案
- 掌握特许金融分析师考试精髓的试题及答案
- 2024年特许金融分析师快速复习试题及答案
- 物业工程工作总结与计划
- 剖析2024年特许金融分析师考试的财务理论与试题及答案
- 民宿服务培训
- 2024年北京市公安局文职辅警招聘笔试参考题库附带答案详解
- 当代媒介素养 课件全 高萍 第1-10讲 媒介素养范畴-媒介效果与审查制度
- 部编版五年级道德与法治上册第一单元复习课教案
- 【大单元教学】Unit 8 单元整体教学设计
- T-CACM 1420-2022 中成药安慰剂模拟效果评价规范
- 水电预留预埋课件
- 2023年宁波图书馆招聘考试真题及答案
- 危急值处理流程及制度课件
- 公安刻章备案管理制度
- 《药理学》课程标准(2022年修订)
- 高三一模总结主题班会课件
评论
0/150
提交评论