第05讲阅读理解主旨大意题推理判断题

第05讲阅读理解主旨大意题、推理判断题学习目标学习目标内容要求阅读理解阅读理解主旨大意题解题方法阅读理解推理判断题解题方法阅读理解说明文语议论文解题思路知识讲解知识讲解一、阅读理解推理判断题推理判断题是阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一，包括推理和判断两个方面，是考生失分率较高的题型。考查考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章陷含意思，进行逻辑推理，对文章的细节、作者的态度、意图作出正确推理判断的能力。1：推断隐含意义解题技巧：1）．Scanning，找到相关信息点2）．Studyreading，不但理解表层，而且要由表及里、由浅入深地分析3）．推理，以文中提供的信息为依据，结合常识，作出符合逻辑的推断2：推断观点态度解题技巧：根据作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。3：推断写作目的QuestionForms:解题技巧：1）.

找主旨2）.

看文体――根据文章结构和措辞(1)toentertainreaders常见于故事类的文章(2)topersuadereaders常见于广告类的文章(3)toinformreaders/offerinformation/tips多见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章.4：推断文章出处QuestionForms:解题技巧：这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处:A.报纸:前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。B.广告:因其格式特殊,容易辨认。C.产品说明:器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式,而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。D.网站：文中会出现click(点击)，online(在线),web(网络),website(网址)等字眼。5：推断下续内容解题技巧：1）．把握作者写作思路2）．把握文章结构，注意最后一段内容，特别是最后几句话。典例一（2023·湖南高二湖南师大附中校考期中）Disordersofthebrainareagrowingworry.Twelvemental—healthconditionsaffectabout970millionpeoplearoundtheworldaccordingtotheGlobalBurdenofDiseaseProject:morethanoneintenofthepopulation.Thisfigurecouldwellbeanunderestimate.Neurological(神经学的)problemssuchasstroke,migraine(偏头痛),Parkinson’sandbraininjuryarecollectivelytheleadingglobalsourceofdisability.Ageingpopulationswithunhealthywaysoflifearelikelytomakethisproblemmuchworseeverywhere.Inanidealworld,sciencewouldbeingtotherescue.Butthebrainisaplexorgansometimesdescribedasthemostplexstructureintheknownuniverse.Aprivatepanyspentanestimated$43bnonresearchintotherapiesforAlzheimer’sdiseasebetween1998and2017andcameupempty—handed.Thatbigfailureisperhapsthebiggestreasonwhy,inthe2010s,manydrugfirmsabandonedorcutbackonneuroscience(神经科学)research.Happily,therearesignsofachange.InourTechnologyQuarterlythisweekwereportonarenaissance(复兴)inneuroscience,withmanydrugpanies,someofthembigones,showingrenewedinterestinthefield.Thisfreshenergyisingfromavarietyoftechniquesandideas.Moreprecisediagnosisandwell—confirmedbiomarkerswhichrevealthecourseofdisease,areimprovingclinicaltrials.Newkindsoftreatmentsuchasgenetherapy,areexpandingtherangeofdiseasesthatcanbetackled.Otheradvancesareanincreasingamountofdata,whichisprovingcriticaltounderstandingthebiologicalrootsofneurologicalproblems.Ashopesrisefortacklingthisfinalfrontierofbio—medicine,itisworthrememberingthatthesecretstoahealthybrainarenotonlygoingtoefromapillorpsychotherapist’streatments.Thehealthofthebrainisinfluencedbywhatgoesonoutsideitsuchasnutrition,exercise,theabuseofalcohol,education,socialconnectionsandpollution.Noneofthisshouldbesurprising:Thehealthofthebrainistiedtothehealthandthewell—beingofthebodythatitsitsin.Effortstoensurebetterbrainhealthareaninvestmentthatwillkeepbringingadvantagestoindividuals,andtosocieties,fordecadestoe.12．Whatdoesthewritersuggestinboththefirstandlastparagraphstopreventbraindiseases?A．Lessworry. B．Morefinancialaid.C．Magicmedicine. D．Healthylifestyles.13．Whatcontributetotherenewedinterestinneuroscienceresearch?A．Profitsandfame. B．Advancesintechnology.C．Largerrangeofdiseases. D．Moreclinicaltrials.14．Whatismostlikelytobethewriter’sjob?A．Ajournaleditor. B．Alibrarian.C．Asponsor. D．Aclinicaldoctor.15．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A．plexbrainhealth. B．Anepicresearchfailure.C．Renewedneuroscienceresearch. D．Defeatingbraindisorders.【答案】12．D

13．B

14．A

15．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了随着科学技术的发展以及新的治疗手段的出现，人们重燃对神经科学领域研究的兴趣。12．推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“Ageingpopulationswithunhealthywaysoflifearelikelytomakethisproblemmuchworseeverywhere.(生活方式不健康的老龄化人口可能会使这一问题在各地变得更加严重。)”以及后一段第二句“Thehealthofthebrainisinfluencedbywhatgoesonoutsideitsuchasnutrition,exercise,theabuseofalcohol,education,socialconnectionsandpollution.(大脑的健康受到外界因素的影响，如营养、锻炼、酗酒、教育、社会关系和污染。)”可知，健康的生活方式可以预防脑部疾病。故选D。13．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Inour

TechnologyQuarterly

thisweekwereportonarenaissance(复兴)inneuroscience,withmanydrugpanies,someofthembigones,showingrenewedinterestinthefield.Thisfreshenergyisingfromavarietyoftechniquesandideas.(在本周的《科技季刊》中，我们报道了神经科学的复兴，许多制药公司，其中一些是大公司，对这一领域重新表现出兴趣。这种新鲜的能量来自于各种各样的技术和想法。)”可知，科技的进步有助于重新激发对神经科学研究的兴趣即科学技术的发展促使人们对神经科学领域重新表现出兴趣。故选B。14．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“

Inour

TechnologyQuarterly

thisweekwereportonarenaissance(复兴)inneuroscience,withmanydrugpanies,someofthembigones,showingrenewedinterestinthefield.

(在本周的《科技季刊》中，我们报道了神经科学的复兴，许多制药公司，其中一些是大公司，对这一领域重新表现出兴趣。)”可知，在本周的《科技季刊》中，作者的杂志报道了神经科学的复兴，许多制药公司，其中一些是大公司，对这一领域重新表现出兴趣。由此可知，作者的身份与该杂志有关系，同时作者对神经科学领域的研究做了较为客观的叙述。因此，作者的职业很可能是某期刊的编辑，负责文章的编辑和整理工作。故选A。15．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了随着科学技术的发展以及新的治疗手段的出现，人们重燃对神经科学领域研究的兴趣。故选C。 二、

阅读理解主旨大意题 阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。1、利用主题段来概括标题主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语——文章的标题。2、利用主题句来概括标题解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误：(1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)；(2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；(3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。规律方法2：如何概括文章大意？1.

做概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。2.

在选择答案时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。规律方法3：如何总结段落大意？段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。典例二（2023·福建福州·高二福建省福州外国语学校校考期中）Formanyyearsthere’sbeenadebateaboutrewardingourchildren.Doesitwork?Isiteffective?Somepeoplethinkweshouldestablishastandardwithourkidsandgivethemsomethingformeetingthisstandardasareward.Punishmentisgivenoutinmuchthesameway,butit’susedwhencertainstandardsofperformance,behavior,etc.havenotbeenmet.Kidswilloftenbeemoredutifulwhenthreatenedwithpunishment,andworkharderwhenpromisedavaluablereward.Theproblemiswhathappenswhenyouaren’taround.Todevelopresponsible,selfdisciplined(自律)kids,parentsneedtopromotecertainideas.Oneoftheseideasisthateveryonejoinsinandhelpsinyourfamily.Anotherideaisthattherecanbeenjoymentindoinganytaskifwechoosetomakeitso.Whenataskisforaworthycause(ourfamilycanenjoythehousemorebecauseIhelpedcleanit),thismessagecanhaveabigimpact.Thisishowwehelpourkidsdevelopasenseofresponsibility.Whenourchildrendevelopthisresponsibility,they’llbemoredisciplined,andthey’llcontroltheiremotionsbetter.Whenwegiverewardstoourkids,wereducethesenseofresponsibility.Wealsocreatechildrenwhomaytemporarilyperformtoacertainstandard,butwhoaren’tlikelytocontinuetheperformancewithoutthecarrothanginginfrontofthem.“Rewardsandpunishmentcanchangebehaviorforawhile,buttheycannotchangethepersonwhoengagesinthebehavior,”saidAlfieKohn,authorofPunishedbyRewards.“Goodvalueshavetobegrownfromtheinsideout.”Parentscanhelpgivetheirchildrenasenseofsharedresponsibilityanddisciplinewhichcanlastalifetime.Therealrewardsthatyourchildrenreceivewillbetheirreadinessfortheplexanddemandingworldthatwaitsforthem—aworldthatrewardsthosewhohavelearnedthesecretsofdisciplineandresponsibility.Sokeepthoseshinyrewardingtoyourself,andletyourkidsfindtheirownrewards.35．Accordingtothepassage,whenchildrenarethreatenedwithpunishment,________.A．theymayloseinterestintheirwork B．theymayappeartobewellbehavedC．theymaychangetoanotherperson D．theresultswillbeworsethanusual36．Theunderlinedpart“thecarrot”inParagraph4probablyrefersto________.A．rewards B．aims C．apologies D．doubts37．Accordingtothepassage,AlfieKohnwouldagreethatparentsshould________.A．neverpayattentiontothewaytheirchildrendothingsB．showtheirchildrenhowtobehavebyexampleC．neverpunishtheirchildrenD．helptheirchildrenestablishgoodvalues38．What’sthebesttitleforthepassage?A．Doyouoftenrewardyourchildren?B．Shouldparentsrewardtheirchildren?C．Whenshouldparentsrewardtheirchildren?D．Whatcanparentsrewardtheirchildrenwith?【答案】35．B

36．A

37．D

38．B【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要讨论了父母该如何奖励孩子的话题。并提出了父母应该帮助孩子设立正确的价值观。35．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Kidswilloftenbeemoredutifulwhenthreatenedwithpunishment,andworkharderwhenpromisedavaluablereward.”（当受到惩罚的威胁时，孩子们通常会变得更加尽职尽责，当得到有价值的奖励时，孩子们会更加努力学习。）可知，当孩子们受到惩罚的威胁时，他们可能表现得很乖。故选B项。36．词义猜测题。根据第四段中“Whenwegiverewardstoourkids,wereducethesenseofresponsibility.”（当我们给孩子奖励时，我们减少了责任感。）以及划线单词句中“Wealsocreatechildrenwhomaytemporarilyperformtoacertainstandard,butwhoaren’tlikelytocontinuetheperformance…”（我们还创造了一些孩子，他们可能暂时表现得符合某种标准……他们不太可能继续表现下去。）可知，根据上文提到的rewards以及上下文句意关系可知，当给孩子奖励时，他们暂时表现得符合某种标准，但是当不给奖励时，他们不太可能继续表现下去，故可猜测，划线单词thecarrot指的是“奖励”。故选A项。37．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Rewardsandpunishmentcanchangebehaviorforawhile,buttheycannotchangethepersonwhoengagesinthebehavior,”saidAlfieKohn,authorofPunishedbyRewards.“Goodvalueshavetobegrownfromtheinsideout.”Parentscanhelpgivetheirchildrenasenseofsharedresponsibilityanddisciplinewhichcanlastalifetime.”（《奖赏的惩罚》一书的作者阿尔菲·科恩说：“奖惩可以在一段时间内改变行为，但它们无法改变做出这种行为的人。”“良好的价值观必须由内而外培养。”父母可以帮助他们的孩子培养一种共同的责任感和纪律感，这种责任感和纪律感会伴随孩子一生。）可知，阿尔菲·科恩同意父母应该帮助他们的孩子建立良好的价值观。故选D项。38．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段“Formanyyearsthere’sbeenadebateaboutrewardingourchildren.Doesitwork?Isiteffective?”（多年来，关于奖励孩子的问题一直存在争论。这有用吗？有效吗？）和最后一句“Sokeepthoseshinyrewardingtoyourself,andletyourkidsfindtheirownrewards.”（所以，把那些闪亮的奖励留给自己，让你的孩子自己去寻找。）可知，这篇文章作者最终探讨的是家长是否该给孩子奖励。故文章最好的标题是“父母应该奖励孩子吗？”。故选B项。巩固练习巩固练习一、（2324高二上·辽宁·开学考试）Tiredofstandinginline?Waitabitlonger,andyoumayneverhavetoagain.Amazonhasopened24ofitsAmazonGostores,whichusecamerasandartificialintelligence(AI)toseewhatyou’vetakenoffshelvesandchargeyouasyouwalkout.SomepaniesarecloselycopyingAmazon’sapproachtousingAlpoweredcamerasfixedinceilings.Butothersaretryinganentirelydifferentwaytoskipthecheckout:smartshoppingcarts,panieshaveaddedcamerasandsensorstothecarts,andareusingAItotellwhatyou’veputinthem.Customerspaybyenteringacreditcard,orthroughanonlinepaymentsystem.Whenacustomerexitsthestore,agreenlightontheshoppingcartshowsthattheirorderisplete,andthey’recharged.Thepaniesbehindthesmartcarts,includingCaperandVeeve,sayit’smucheasiertoaddtechnologytotheshoppingcartthantoanentirestore.Amazom’sGostoresrelyonhundredsofcamerasintheceiling.Theshelvesalsoincludesensorstotellwhenanitemisremoved.AhmedBeshry,cofounderofCaper,believesthetechnologytorunGoistooexpensivetouseinalargeformatgrocerystore.NeitherCapernorVeevehavesaidhowmuchtheirsmartshoppingcartswillcost,makingitdifficulttoparethedifferentformats.ShariqSiddiqui,CEOofVeeve,said,“We’realwayshappywhenAmazonisdoingsomething.Theyforceretailerstogetoutoftheiroldschoolthinking.”Eachtimeabusinessusesartificialintelligenceandcameras,itraisesquestionsaboutcustomers’privacyandtheeffectonjobs.Beshrynotesthatthecamerasinhisshoppingcartpointdownintothecart,soonlyacustomer’shandandpartoftheirarmwillbecaptured(拍摄)oncamera.1．Whatdoweknowaboutthesmartshoppingcarts?A．Theyarelinkedtothecamerasfixedintheceilings.B．Theyarenotabletorecognizegoodsputinthem.C．Theyflashthegreenlightwhentheorderisfinished.D．Theycantellcustomerswheretofindwhattheywant.2．WhatdoesBeshrythinkofthetechnologyusedinAmazon’sGostores?A．Itmayreducethecostofrunningastoregreatly.B．Itislikelytohelpretailerstothinkdifferently.C．Ithasattractedmanymoreretailersthanbefore.D．Itcostsmuchmorethantheirshoppingcarts.3．WhenitestoAIandcameras,whatmakesthepublicworriedmost?A．Thatgoodsinthestoresmaybemoreexpensive.B．Thattheycanonlybuygoodsonline.C．Thatsomebodymayknowtheirprivacy.D．Thattheyhavetowaitinalineforalongertime.4．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Thenewtechnologyimprovesretailsale.B．Smartshoppingcartswillletyouskiptheline.C．Alpoweredcamerasareusedinretailstores.D．Artificialintelligenceaffectsthefutureofjobmarket.【答案】1．C2．D3．C4．B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一项新科技——智能购物车。它可以让人们免去长时间排队等待结账。1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Whenacustomerexitsthestore,agreenlightontheshoppingcartshowsthattheirorderisplete,andthey’recharged.(当顾客离开商店时，购物车上的绿灯显示他们的订单已经完成，他们已经结账了。)”可知，订单一完成，购物车就会亮绿灯。故选C。2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“AhmedBeshry,cofounderofCaper,believesthetechnologytorunGoistooexpensivetouseinalargeformatgrocerystore.(Caper的联合创始人AhmedBeshry认为，运行Go的技术太贵，无法在大型杂货店使用。)”可知，Beshry认为把运用到Go商店的技术应用到大型杂货店里太昂贵了。故选D。3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Eachtimeabusinessusesartificialintelligenceandcameras,itraisesquestionsaboutcustomers’privacyandtheeffectonjobs.(每当一家企业使用人工智能和摄像头时，就会引发有关客户隐私和对就业的影响的问题。)”可知，当提到AI技术和摄像机时，公众最担心的是隐私问题和对工作的影响。故选C。4．主旨大意题。第一段“Tiredofstandinginline?Waitabitlonger,andyoumayneverhavetoagain.(厌倦了排队？再等一段时间，你可能再也不用等了。)”引出下文解决排队问题的新发明。第二段中的But引出本文的说明对象，根据第三句“Butothersaretryinganentirelydifferentwaytoskipthecheckout:smartshoppingcarts,panieshaveaddedcamerasandsensorstothecarts,andareusingAItotellwhatyou’veputinthem.(但其他人正在尝试一种完全不同的方式来跳过结账：智能购物车，公司在购物车中添加了摄像头和传感器，并使用人工智能来判断你在里面放了什么。)”可知，智能购物车可以让你免去长时间排队等待的问题。再通读全文可知，文章围绕智能购物车展开，B项“智能购物车会让你跳过排队”符合文意。故选B。二、（2324高二上·福建开学考试）Afternearly70yearsofspaceexploration,Earthisnowsurroundedbyspacejunk.Recently,anaccidentmadethecleanupmoredifficulttostart.AccordingtotheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA),scientistsplanontestingtheir“junktruck”,ClearSpace1,in2025.It’saspacecraftwithfourarmsthatcancatchdebris(碎片)andbringitbacktoEarth.TheyhavechosentobringbackVESPA,a113kilogram,twometerwiderocketpart.However,inAugust,itwashitbyanotherpieceofspacejunk,creatingnewpieces.TheESAisnowrevisingitscleanupplan.MostsatellitestodayaresentintoEarth’sloworbit,whichreachesuptoaround2,000kilometersabovetheEarth.There,spacecraftaremostlikelytocrashwitheachother.Theremaybeasmanyas170millionpiecesofspacejunkinorbit.Bigorsmall,anyofthepiecescancauseharmtoaspacecraft.Intermsofthecleanup,scientistshavesomeotherideas.Onepopularplanistoequipaspacecraftwithharpoons(叉)andmagnets(磁铁).Thecraftwouldshoottheharpoontostickintothedebrisbefore“throwing”itbacktoEarth.Magnetscouldmovethedebris,changingitsdirection.ThedebriswouldburnafterenteringEarth’satmospheresotherewouldn’tbemuchleftwhenitreachesEarth.Scientistsarealsoconsideringshootinglasers(激光)fromspacecrafttoheatupthedebris’surface,creatingasmallpushthatwouldchangethedebris’orbit.ThischangewouldallowthedebristobecaughtbyEarth’sgravity.Spacejunkcanbeverydangerous,andspaceagenciesaroundtheworldaretestingandplanningthecleanup.Butwhyhaven’ttheydoneanythingyet?Onereasonistheexpense.Itwouldtakebetween$4,000and$60,000perkilogramtocatchonepieceofdebrislargerthan10cm.Andaround$300millionisneededtodevelopthelasertechnology.5．What’sthemissionofClearSpace1?A．TomarkEarth’sloworbit. B．Tomonitorspacedebris.C．Tostudytheharmofspacejunk. D．TobringVESPAbacktoEarth.6．Howdolasersworkincleaningupspacedebris?A．Byburningitupinspace. B．Bypushingitintodeeperspace.C．Bymovingittowardsaspacecraft. D．Byredirectingitintotheatmosphere.7．What’sadisadvantageofthecleanupaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?A．It’splex. B．It’srisky. C．It’scostly. D．It’schangeable.8．Whatmightbeasuitabletitle?A．EscapingfromCrowdedSpace B．LookingforWaystoCleanupSpaceC．DangerousSpaceDebris D．ExceptionalSpaceExploration【答案】5．A6．D7．C8．B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了经过近70年的太空探索，地球现在被太空垃圾包围，欧洲航天局为了带回太空垃圾碎片VESPA准备发射ClearSpace1，它是一艘带有四只机械臂的航天器，可以捕捉太空垃圾并将其带回地球。然而最近发生的一起事故使得清理工作变得更加困难。5．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“AccordingtotheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA),scientistsplanontestingtheir“junktruck”,ClearSpace1,in2025.It’saspacecraftwithfourarmsthatcancatchdebris(碎片)andbringitbacktoEarth.TheyhavechosentobringbackVESPA,a113kilogram,twometerwiderocketpart.(据欧洲航天局称，科学家计划在2025年测试他们的“垃圾卡车”ClearSpace1。它是一种有四个臂的航天器，可以捕捉碎片并将其带回地球。他们选择带回VESPA，一个113公斤，两米宽的火箭部件。)”可知，ClearSpace1的任务是把VESPA带回地球，故选A项。6．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Scientistsarealsoconsideringshootinglasers(激光)fromspacecrafttoheatupthedebris’surface,creatingasmallpushthatwouldchangethedebris’orbit.ThischangewouldallowthedebristobecaughtbyEarth’sgravity.(科学家们还在考虑从航天器发射激光来加热碎片的表面，从而产生一个小小的推动力，从而改变碎片的轨道。这种变化将使碎片被地球引力捕获。)”可知，激光通过加热太空垃圾的表面，改变其轨道，使其进入地球大气层，所以激光是通过将太空垃圾重定向进入地球大气层来清理太空垃圾，故选D项。7．推理判断题。根据文章最后两段“Spacejunkcanbeverydangerous,andspaceagenciesaroundtheworldaretestingandplanningthecleanup.Butwhyhaven’ttheydoneanythingyet?Onereasonistheexpense.Itwouldtakebetween$4,000and$60,000perkilogramtocatchonepieceofdebrislargerthan10cm.Andaround$300millionisneededtodevelopthelasertechnology.(太空垃圾可能非常危险，世界各地的航天机构正在测试和计划清理工作。但为什么他们还没有做任何事情呢？一个原因是费用。每公斤需要4，000到60，000美元才能捕获一块大于10厘米的碎片。开发激光技术需要大约3亿美元。)”可知，清理太空垃圾的一个缺点是费用高昂，故选C项。8．主旨大意题。根据整篇文章内容可知，文章主要讨论了太空垃圾问题以及清理太空垃圾的方案和困难性，因此B项“LookingforWaystoCleanupSpace(寻找清理太空垃圾的方法)”最适合作为标题，故选B项。三、（2324高二上·湖南·期中练习）Thespecificculturalvaluesofacountrymaydeterminewhetherconcernaboutenvironmentalissuesactuallyleadsindividualstoengageinenvironmentallyfriendlybehaviors,accordingtoresearchpublishedinPsychologicalScience.KiminEom,apsychologicalscientistoftheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,wasinspiredtoinvestigatethelinksbetweenculture,environmentalconcern,andenvironmentalactionafternoticingthatbothpublicdiscussionandacademicresearchonenvironmentalbehaviortypicallyfocusonpeoplefromWesterncountries.ItisworthnoticingbecauseWesterncountriestendtohaveculturalvaluesthatprioritizeindividuals’ownattitudesandbeliefsandencourageexpressionofthem.“Thetheoryseemedtobethatonceindividualsareledtobelieveintheurgencyofenvironmentalissuesandhavestrongerconcernsaboutsustainability(持续性),theywillchangeandacttoaddresstheissues,”explainsEom.Butthisrelationshipmightnotholdforindividualslivinginmorecollectivistic(集体主义的)societies,whichplacemoreemphasisonsocialharmonyanduniformitythanonselfexpression,Eomandhisteamassumed.Toexaminewhatdrivesenvironmentalactioninindividualisticandcollectivisticcultures,theresearchersconductedastudywithparticipantsfromtheUnitedStates(anindividualisticculture)andJapan(acollectivisticculture).Theyfoundenvironmentalconcernwascloselyconnectedwithenvironmentalbehavior—inthiscase,choosingenvironmentallyfriendlyproducts—butonlyamongAmericanparticipants.Ontheotherhand,believingthatalargepercentageofpeopleengageinenvironmentallyfriendlybehaviorswasassociatedwithmakingecofriendlychoicesamongJapaneseparticipants,butnotAmericanparticipants.Thefindingssuggestthatpersonalconcernsaremorelikelytomotivatepeopletotakeenvironmentalactioniftheyliveinindividualisticcountries,whilesocialnorms(准则)aremorelikelytodrivepeopletoengageinenvironmentallyfriendlybehavioriftheyliveincollectivisticcountries.“Gettingcitizensactivelyengagediscriticaltoaddressingurgentsocialchallenges,suchasclimatechange,”saysEom.“Ourresearchsuggeststhatscientists,policymakers,andactivistsneedtounderstandhowcultureshapesthepsychologicalfactorsofactiontodeveloppolicies,campaigns,andinterventions(干预)thataddressimportantsocialissues.”9．WhatdoesEomfindaboutpreviousresearchonenvironmentalbehavior?A．Itsstudyparticipantsaretoolimited.B．Itsresultsneedawhiletobeachieved.C．Itprioritizesindividuals’attitudesandbeliefs.D．Itdrawsmuchevidencefrompublicdiscussion.10．UnderwhichconditionwillaJapanesemanmostlikelytakeenvironmentalaction?A．Ifheseesmanyothersdoso.B．Ifheisaffectedbycollectivisticvalues.C．Ifhemovestoanindividualisticcountry.D．Ifheworriesabouttheenvironmentpersonally.11．WhatdoesEomsayabouttheirresearchinthelastparagraph?A．Itfailstotakeparticipants’psychologicalfactorsintoaccount.B．Itencouragesscientistsandpolicymakerstomakejointefforts.C．Ithasafurtherstudydirectiontowardsurgentsocialchallenges.D．Itprovidesinsightsintopromotingpublicengagementinsocialissues.12．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．SocialNormsPlayaPartinAddressingPollutionB．EnvironmentalIssuesOriginatefromNationalCulturesC．MotivatingEcoFriendlyBehaviorsDependsonCulturalValuesD．MoreEnvironmentalConcernsUsuallyMeanMoreGreenAction【答案】9．A10．A11．D12．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。一项研究表示，一个国家的特定文化价值观可能决定人们对环境问题的关注是否会促使个人做出环保行为。9．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“KiminEom,apsychologicalscientistoftheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,wasinspiredtoinvestigatethelinksbetweenculture,environmentalconcern,andenvironmentalactionafternoticingthatbothpublicdiscussionandacademicresearchonenvironmentalbehaviortypicallyfocusonpeoplefromWesterncountries.(加州大学圣芭芭拉分校的心理科学家KiminEom注意到，关于环境行为的公众讨论和学术研究通常都集中在西方国家的人身上，因此受到启发，开始调查文化、环境关注和环境行动之间的联系。)”可知，KiminEom注意到之前关于环境行为的公众讨论和学术研究通常都集中在西方国家的人身上，由此可推测出，这些研究的对象具有局限性。故选A。10．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Ontheotherhand,believingthatalargepercentageofpeopleengageinenvironmentallyfriendlybehaviorswasassociatedwithmakingecofriendlychoicesamongJapaneseparticipants,butnotAmericanparticipants.(另一方面，在日本参与者中，相信很大一部分人进行环保行为与做出环保选择有关，但在美国参与者中则不然。)”可知，在日本参与者当中，当他们相信有很大一部分人做出了环保行为，他们也会做出环保选择。由此可推测出，当一个日本人看到许多其他人采取环保行动，那么他也会这么做。故选A。11．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Ourresearchsuggeststhatscientists,policymakers,andactivistsneedtounderstandhowcultureshapesthepsychologicalfactorsofactiontodeveloppolicies,campaigns,andinterventions(干预)thataddressimportantsocialissues.(我们的研究表明，科学家、政策制定者和活动家需要了解文化如何塑造行动的心理因素，以制定解决重要社会问题的政策、运动和干预措施。)”可推测出，该研究为促进公众参与解决社会问题提供了见解。故选D。12．标题归纳题。通读全文可知，第一段“Thespecificculturalvaluesofacountrymaydeterminewhetherconcernaboutenvironmentalissuesactuallyleadsindividualstoengageinenvironmentallyfriendlybehaviors,accordingtoresearchpublishedinPsychologicalScience.(根据发表在《心理科学》上的研究，一个国家的特定文化价值观可能决定对环境问题的关注是否真的会导致个人进行环保行为。)”引出主题，即一个国家的特定文化价值观可能决定人们对环境问题的关注是否真的会促使个人做出环保行动，所以C项“激励生态友好行为取决于文化价值观”最适合作本文标题。故选C。四、（2324高二上·浙江宁波·月考）Threedimensionalprinting,atechnologythatcreatesobjectslayerbylayer,hasrevolutionized(变革)thewaywemakethings.Recently,agroupofChinesescientiststookthingsastepfurtherbyusingthistechnologytocreaterealisticreplicas(复制品)ofhumanorgans.Previously,itwaschallengingtocreateasinglematerialthatcouldprintdifferenthumanorgansduetotheirplexity.TheresearchteamfromChineseAcademyofSciencesstartedbyusinghydrogel(水凝),asoftgellikematerialasthemainingredient.Humanorganshavevarioustextures(质地),withourbrainsbeingthesoftest.Toreplicatethehardnessofmaterialslikebone,theresearchersaddedmetallicelementstothehydrogelandadjustedtheirratio(比例)tocreatethetextureofeachorgan.Besides,tomakesuretheprintingresultsarecorrect,theteamusedlightcuring(光固化)technologyinthe3Dprintingprocess.Aspeciallampwasplacedundertheprintingmachine,causingthegeltobeesolidrightafteritwasprinted.Accordingtotheteam’spaperpublishedinthejournalAdvancedFunctionalMaterials,theyareabletoproduceorganmodelsincludingthebrain,lungs,andintestines(肠).These3Dprintedorganmodelsareessentialformedicalresearches,suchastestingmedicalequipmentanddemonstratingsurgeries.paredtoliveorgansandanimalmodels,theyarealsoethically(伦理上)acceptablesincetheyareprintedartificially.Theycanhelpresearchersdevelopnewtreatmentsmoreefficiently,duetotheirlowerrelativecost,mentedtheAllianceofAdvancedBiomedicalEngineeringwebsite.However,thismethodisstilldeveloping,andexpertsarehopingitwillbeusedinthemedicalfieldwithinadecade,accordingtoCNN.13．Whatwasthemainchallengeinprintinghumanorgans?A．Theplexityofhumanorgans. B．Thevarioustexturesofhumanorgans.C．Thedifficultyincreatingpropermaterials. D．Thelackofappropriateprintingtechnology.14．Howdidtheresearchteamensuretheaccuracyoftheprintingresults?A．Bycontrollingthenumberofmetallicelements.B．Byusinglightcuringtechnologybeforeprinting.C．Bysolidifyingthegelimmediatelyafterprinting.D．Byputtingaspeciallampontheprintingmachine.15．Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A．Thistechnologyisstillintheperiodoftheory.B．3Dprintedorgansareofgreatmedicalsignificance.C．Theprintedorgansaremoreeffectiveinthetreatment.D．Liveorgansandanimalmodelsaremoreacceptableethically.16．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ThePowerof3DPrinting B．PrintingtheBodyPartsC．RevolutionaryTechnology D．FindingNewMaterialsforOrgans【答案】13．A14．C15．B16．B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一组中国科学利用三维打印技术制造出了逼真的人体器官复制品的过程和意义。13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Previously,itwaschallengingtocreateasinglematerialthatcouldprintdifferenthumanorgansduetotheirplexity.(以前，由于不同人体器官的复杂性，制造一种可以打印不同器官的单一材料是具有挑战性的。)”可知，打印人体器官的主要挑战是人体器官的复杂性。故选A项。14．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Besides,tomakesuretheprintingresultsarecorrect,theteamusedlightcuring(光固化)technologyinthe3Dprintingprocess.Aspeciallampwasplacedundertheprintingmachine,causingthegeltobeesolidrightafteritwasprinted.(此外，为了确保打印结果的正确性，团队在3D打印过程中使用了光固化技术。在印刷机下面放置一盏特殊的灯，使凝胶在打印后立即变成固体。)”可知，研究团队通过在打印后立即固化凝胶来保证打印结果的准确性。故选C项。15．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?Thistechnologyisstillintheperiodoftheory.3Dprintedorgansareofgreatmedicalsignificance.Theprintedorgansaremoreeffectiveinthetreatment.Liveorgansandanimalmodelsaremoreacceptableethically.(根据该团队发表在《高级功能材料》杂志上的论文，他们能够制造出包括大脑、肺和肠道在内的器官模型。这些3D打印器官模型对于医学研究至关重要，例如测试医疗设备和演示手术。