16选择性必修四Unit5语法语法复习长难句（原卷版）

16选择性必修四Unit5语法：语法精讲精练复习长难句一、长难句语法图解厘清句子主干英语中各种各样的句子都是由五种基本句型演变而来的。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。1.主语＋谓语(不及物动词)特点：句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。Thesunset.太阳下山了。Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.他所说的不重要。2.主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语特点：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语(即动作的承受者)才能使意思完整。Heenjoysreading.他喜欢阅读。Theyatewhatwasleftover.他们吃的是剩饭。Hesaid,“Goodmorning.”他说：“早上好。”3.主语＋系动词＋表语特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。系动词分两类：一类表状态，如be,look,keep,smell等；另一类表变化，如get,grow,bee,turn,fall等。be本身没有什么意义，只起连接主语和表语的作用。其他系动词仍保持其部分词义。ThisisanEnglish­Chinesedictionary.这是一本英汉词典。Thedinnersmellsgood.这饭闻起来味道不错。4.主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语特点：谓语动词后接两个宾语，其中一个宾语是动作的直接承受者，另一个宾语则是动作的间接承受者。通常，动词与间接承受者之间需要用一个介词来连接。当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，介词往往被省略。Sheorderedherselfanewdress.她给自己定了一条新裙子。Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.她给她丈夫做了一顿美味的饭菜。5.主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾补特点：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使意思完整。Wesawhimout.我们看见他出去了。Heaskedmetoebacksoon.他让我马上回来。Isawthemgettingonthebus.我看见他们正在上公共汽车。II.辨析句子枝叶如果把句子的主干(五种基本句型)比作树干，那么修饰成分就可以比作繁茂的枝叶。若能理清这些枝叶(三长两短一并列)，主干自然就清晰了。那么，理解整个句子就会很轻松。(一)理解什么是“三长两短一并列”1.“三长”就是构成长难句的三种较长的修饰成分(即介词短语、从句、非谓语动词短语)。2.“两短”，指的是镶嵌于句子之中、会稍稍提高句子复杂度的两种较短的修饰成分(即形容词和副词)。3.“一并列”是指由一些并列关系的连词(and,or,aswellas等)将句子连接起来构成的结构。无论多长的句子，都是在“句子主干”中加入“三长两短一并列”的某些部分，才构成了看似复杂的长难句。(二)如何给“三长两短一并列”做标记“三长”加括号；“并列词”加方框；“并列项”下画波浪线。1.“三长”(1)介词短语：从介词开始到名词结束，表达一个独立的完整含义的结构。标记介词短语时，要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词终止。如：athome,intheschool,inthebeautifulpark,duringmyhappychildhood,overthelastfewyears,forthreeweeks,tothedestination等。(Afterchatting)(withLaura)(onthismatter)(fortwohours)(from2：00to4：00)(intheafternoon),Ireturned(tomyoffice).从下午2点到4点和劳拉就这个问题谈论了2个小时之后，我回到了我的办公室。(2)从句：从句在复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分等完整的句子结构，由that,who,whom,when,why,where,how,which,if,although等引导词引导。标记从句时，一定从引导词开始，到以下四种情况终止。①到句尾终止。LiHuiisateacher(whoteachesEnglish).李慧是一位教英语的老师。②到句中的逗号终止。(WhenIwasyoung),Ilistenedtotheradio.当我年轻时，我听收音机。③到下一个修饰成分终止。Iwillinvitehim(whoisatopbasketballplayer)toBeijing.我将邀请这位顶级的篮球运动员到北京。④到主句谓语动词终止。He(whoisatopbasketballplayer)isstudyinginShanghai.这位顶级的篮球运动员正在上海学习。(3)非谓语动词(短语)：非谓语动词(短语)是指动词在句子中“不是谓语”时的几种变化形式，主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三类。非谓语动词不能独立作谓语，而是充当句子的其他成分。由非谓语动词开头，表示一个独立、完整含义的结构叫作非谓语动词短语。标记非谓语动词短语时，一定是从动词不定式(todo)、动名词(doing)或分词(现在分词doing或过去分词done)开头，到以下四种情况终止。①到句尾终止。Maryisateacher(teachingChinese).玛丽是一名教汉语的老师。②到句中的逗号终止。(ToimprovemyEnglish),IoftenlistentoEnglishontheBBC.为了提高我的英语水平，我经常在BBC上听英语。③到下一个修饰成分终止。Jackwalkedintothehall,(waving)totheaudience.(totheaudience是介词短语，属于另一个修饰成分)杰克向观众挥着手走进大厅。④到句子的谓语动词终止。We,(singingahappysong),rodetoschool.我们唱着快乐的歌骑车到学校。2.“两短”(1)形容词：形容词是指用来修饰名词的单词，往往带有­ous,­y,­ful,­able等后缀。①一般置于名词之前。如：abeautifulpark一个漂亮的公园②修饰不定代词(something,anything,nothing,somebody,anybody,nobody)时置于不定代词之后，如：“一件有趣的事”应译为somethinginteresting。(2)副词：副词用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词等，往往带有­ly等后缀。英语中，副词的用法比形容词灵活得多。①可置于整句之前。Unfortunately,hefailedtomakeit.不幸的是，这事他没办成。②可置于整句之后。Theteachergreetshisstudentsindividually.老师分别给他的学生们打招呼。③可置于助动词、系动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前。Theprincesslooksextremelybeautifultoday.公主今天看起来特别漂亮。(系动词之后)Heimmediatelysawtheblackcat.他立刻看到了那只黑猫。(实义动词之前)Hehasundoubtedlyfalleninlovewiththeprincess.他无疑已经爱上了这位公主。(助动词之后，实义动词之前)Hecanhardlyspeakanything.他简直什么都说不出来。(情态动词之后，实义动词之前)④可置于形容词或副词之前。Thereisanextremelybiggardeninourcampus.在我们校园里有一个特别大的花园。(形容词之前)Thegirldancesverywell.这个女孩跳舞非常好。(副词之前)形容词和副词在英文句子中的位置虽然和在中文句子中略有不同，但一般情况下，它们较短，且易于辨识，对句意理解的影响不大，因此在标记修饰成分时，形容词和副词可不做标记。3.“一并列”“一并列”即平行并列结构，是指由并列词将两个或两个以上含义相似、结构相同的并列项连接起来构成的结构。给平行并列结构做标记的要求是：给并列词加方框，给并列项加下划线。标记时要先找到并列词，然后再找并列项。在标注形如“AandB”的平行并列结构时，应先找B(即右并列项)后找A(即左并列项)。由于英语中的修饰成分往往置于中心词之后，所以A和B两个并列项后面可能各自带有很长的“尾巴”，形成“A...andB...”的形式，导致A离and相对较远，不易确认，而B通常离and很近，容易识别。找到B之后，利用A和B结构相同、含义相似的原则，很容易将A确定。【名师点津】英语中可以并列的成分有很多，读句子时要注意识别到底是谁跟谁并列。(1)名词并列Iliketheboxplacedonthedeskeq\x(and)theflowersinyourhand.我喜欢摆放在桌子上的盒子和你手里的鲜花。(2)形容词并列MrSmithisakind,patienteq\x(and)knowledgeableEnglishteacher.史密斯先生是一位和蔼、耐心、知识渊博的英语老师。(3)副词并列Youaresupposedtoanswerthefollowingquestionsquicklyeq\x(and)accurately.你需要快速、准确地回答下列问题。(4)谓语动词并列WiththeInternet,peoplecanplayputergameseq\x(and)doonlineshopping.有了互联网，人们不仅能玩电脑游戏，而且能网上购物。(5)介词短语并列Thegovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,eq\x(and)forthepeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth.民有、民治、民享的政府是不会从地球上消亡的。(6)从句并列I’vefinishedreadingthebookwhichiswrittenbyLuXuneq\x(and)whichyoulentmelastmonth.我读完了你上个月借给我的鲁迅写的那本书。(7)非谓语动词并列Singingeq\x(and)laughing,weheadedtothepark.唱着笑着，我们向公园走去。(8)整句并列Thechildrencangowithuseq\x(or)theycanstayathome.这些孩子可以跟我们一起去，也可以待在家里。【即学即练】分析下面句子In1870,whenDickensdied,theworldmournedhimasitsfirstprofessionalwriterandpublisher,famousandbeloved,whohadledanexplosioninboththepublicationofnovelsandtheirreadershipandwhosecharacters—fromOliverTwisttoTinyTim—wereheldupasmoraltouchstones.提主干：主干句为theworldmournedhim；去枝叶：主句前的In1870和whenDickensdied为__________状语和__________状语从句；asitsfirstprofessionalwriterandpublisher为介词短语作__________；famousandbeloved为形容词作__________；寻关联：whohadled...andwhosecharacters...为两个并列的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词__________。二、单句语法填空：1.Itissaidthatthe__________(wool)sweatersproducedinAustraliaareofhighquality.2.Menandwomenmustbetreatedequallyineducationand__________(employ).3.Whatdoyouthinkofyour__________(proficient)inwrittenandspokenEnglish?4.Themitteehasoversightof__________(financial)andgeneralpolicy.5.Asanemployer,financialsecuritywashighonhislistof__________(prior).6.Havingreadthebook,shewasabletopassonthe__________(acquire)knowledgetothestudents.7.Thenewlylicenseddrivershouldbeunderthe__________(supervise)oftheolddriverwhengettingonthehighway.8.The__________(accuse)manwasjudgedguiltyinspiteofhisinsistenceonhisinnocence.9.The__________(reception)answeredmycallandmadeanappointmentwiththedoctor.10.Heexpectedthestudentstostudyhard,makeprogresseveryday,andbewell­preparedtojointhe__________(social)cause.11.Lastmonthhesufferedaheartattack.Butnowheseemsto__________(bounce)back.12.Anyonehavingdifficultyin__________(assemble)themachinemayhavetheadviceofourexperts.13.Shewasslender,withdelicate__________(wrist)andankles.14.Heshowsagreataptitude__________painting.15.Picturesaboutlifethatarehard__________(category)arehere.16.Therealsecrettoprogrammingisn’tsimply__________(code)instructions.17.Thefirmwouldprobablyemploy__________(detect)towatchhim.18.Shehadafeelingthatshewasbeingwatched,and__________(spy)on.19.Sheworksasan__________(account)inabigpanyanddealswithfigureseveryday.20.Youcanputthebooksintheappointedplace,andother__________(participant)canhavefreeaccesstothem.21.Anyemergencycouldforceher__________debt.22.Andthesecharacteristicscanbeused__________(categorise)thedifferentartisticstyles.23.Theengineerwasaneager__________(participate)intechnicalco­operation.24.Sheamusedherselfbyreading__________(detect)stories.25.Don’tmindme.I’mnothere__________(spy).26.Thesummitwastomarkthe25thanniversaryofPresidentNixon’sjourneytoChina,__________wastheturningpointinChinaUSrelations.27.Manyoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupilscanfigure__________out.28.RisingthroughtheroofistheToweroftheSun,insidewhich__________(stand)a160foottallTreeofLife.29.Thepresentquestionisthatmanypeopleconsiderimpossible__________isreallypossibleifeffortismade.30.Haryalsostudyingbiologysaidtheywantedtomakeasmuchnoise__________possibletoforcethegovernmentofficialstorealizewhateverybodywashavingtostand.31.FreedfromTV,__________(force)tofindtheirownactivities,theymighttakearidetogethertowatchthesunset.32.I__________(go)aroundtothefrontofthehouse,satdownonthesteps,and,thecryingover,Iached.Andmyfathermusthavehurt,too,alittle.33.Itcoveredthewholedistancefrombrokenheartedmiserytobursting__________(happy)—toofast.34.Still,hecouldnothelp__________(think)thatifanythingshouldhappen,thenearestpersonhecontactedbyradio,unlesstherewasashipnearby,wouldbeonanisland885milesaway.35.Afterall,eightywasaspecialbirthday,anotherdecadelivedorendured,justasyouchoose__________(look)atit.36.Newsreportssaypeacetalks__________thetwocountrieshavebrokendownwithnoagreementreached.37.Theoldcouplehavebeenmarriedfor40yearsand__________oncehavetheyquarreledwitheachother.38.Afterall,Ed’sideaofexercisehasalwaysbeen__________(thing)moreeffortmakingthanliftingaforktohismouth.39.__________aresult,atthepointinourgamewhenI’dhavefiguredon(predicted)thescoretobeabout9to1inmyfavor,itwasinstead7to9andEdwasleading.40.SowhenEdarrivedforourgamenotonlywiththebottomofhisshirtgatheredinsidehistrousersbutalsowithastomachyoucouldhardlynotice,IwassosurprisedthatIwasspeechless,mycousinmusthavemadeanefforttogethimself__________shape.41.Inaway,Ithinkweboth__________(win):Ithegame,butcousinEdmyrespect.42.ItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows__________todowithit.43.Theresearchissodesigned__________oncebegunnothingcanbedonetochangeit.44.Themotherdidn’tknowwhomwas__________(blame)forthebrokenglassasithappenedwhileshewasout.45.WhenIwasinthearmyIreceivedan__________(intelligent)testthatallsoldierstook,and,againstanaverageof100,scored160.46.Research__________(show)thatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskillbasedemotionalintelligence.47.Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,the__________(continue)crashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.48.Ifyou’refacedwithanawkwardsilenceatadinnerparty,theonlythingalwaysgetseveryonetotalkagainis__________(give)thehostapliment.49.It’stheseasidebirds__________deserveatleastpartoftheblameforgettingNickBurchillblacklistedattheFairmontEmpressHotelinVictoria,Canada.50.Inall,80examinations__________(conduct)fortheprojectbetweenJanuaryandSeptember,2019,focusingontheimagingproceduresthatwouldcauseanxieties201919.三、高考真题回顾：1.(2023·全国I卷)Shanghaimaybethe__________(recognize)homeofthesoupdumplingsbutfoodhistorianswillactuallypointyoutotheneighboringcanaltownofNanxiangasXiaolonghao’sbirthplace.2.(2023·全国I卷)Nanxiangaside,thebestXiaolongbaohaveafineskin,allowingthem__________(lift)outofthesteamerbasketwithoutallowingthemtearingorspillinganyoftheircontents.3.(2023·全国甲卷)“TherewasonceatownintheheartofAmerica,wherealllifeseemedtoenjoypeacefulexistencewithissurroundings,”herfablebegins,__________(borrow)somefamiliarwordsfrommanyageoldfables.4.(2023·全国乙卷)__________(visit)severaltimesoverthelast10years,Iwasamazedbythecoexistenceofoldandnew,andhowacitywasabletokeepsucharichheritage(遗产)whileconstantlygrowing.5.(2023·全国乙卷)Theremarkabledevelopmentofthiscity,whichisconsciouslydesignedtoprotectthepastwhilesteppingintothemodernworld,__________(mean)thereisalwayssomethingnewtodiscoverhere,andIcouldbephotographingBeijingforthenext50years.6.(2022·全国I卷)Theplanwillextendprotectiontoasignificantnumberofareasthat__________(be)previouslyunprotected,bringingmanyoftheexistingprotectedareasforgiantpandasunderoneauthoritytoincreaseeffectivenessandreduceinconsistenciesinmanagement.7.(2022·全国甲卷)InspiredbytheBeltandRoadForumforInternationalCooperation__________(hold)inBeijing,Caodecidedtocovertheroutebyhikingasatribute(致敬)totheancientSilkRoad.8.(2022·全国乙卷)Havingvisitedseveraltimesoverthelast10years,I__________(amaze)bythecoexistenceofoldandnew,andhowacitywasabletokeepsucharichheritage(遗产)whileconstantlygrowing.9.(2022·浙江卷1月)Travellingtoconferences,lectures,workshops,andthelikefrequentlybyplane__________(view)asimportantforscientiststogettogetherandexchangeinformation.10.(2022·浙江卷1月)ButCobbandothers__________(be)nowquestioningthatideapushingconferencestoprovidemorechancestoparticipateremotely,andchangingtheirpersonalbehaviortodotheirpartindealingwiththeclimatechangecrisis.11.(2021·全国甲卷)After__________(spend)sometimelookingatallthedefensiveequipmentatthewall,wedecideditwastimeforsomeactionandwhatbetterthantorideonapieceofhistory!

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likeGeorgeWashington’splantationonthePotomac,butLincoln’shomeindowntownSpringfield,Illinois,__________(prove)irresistibletovisitorssinceitopenedtothepublic.13.(2020·新高考全国I卷)Aswellaslookingatexhibits,visitorscanplaywithputersimulations(模拟)andimaginethemselveslivingatadifferenttimeinhistoryor__________(walk)througharainforest.14.(2020·全国II卷)Becausethenumberofpossibletopics__________(be)practicallylimitless,wefocusonasampleofthemostinterestingandusefulapplicationsandtoolsandexplainthebasicprinciplesoftechnology.四、语篇语法填空：(1)Twenty­fiveyearsago,mostyoungBritishpeoplewantedacareerinlaw,tobeadoctor,ortotakeupsinging.Buttoday,thingsstand1(different).Accordingtoarecentsurvey,the“dreamjob”ofyoungpeopleagedbetween16and25intheUKisavideoblogger,or“vlogger(视频博主)”.Thesurvey,2(carry)outamong1,002people,foundthatover40%ofthemputvloggerastheirnumberonechoiceonalistofdream3(career).Thechangeislargelyduetotherapiddevelopmentofinformationtechnology(IT).TheInternetandsocialmediahavemadeiteasierand4(convenience)toreachtheglobalaudience,withouthavingtoenteracareerinshowbusinessinthetraditionalway.“Inthepast,thebiggeststars5(make)bytheHollywoodstudios;now,anyonewithaputercameramaybeeastar,”saidPhilSamuels,6expertfromtheUK.“Fromfashion7edy,theseself­madestarsinteract(互动)onlinewiththeirfansabouteverydaylife.”However,whatpeoplesee8(be)onlythebrightsideofbeingavloggerandtheyignorethefactthatonlythosewhoaresuccessfulcangainfameandfortune.Actually,foreverysuccessthereareahundredothers9nevergetoffthestartingblock.Thisiswhysomeyoungpeoplestillshow10(prefer)fortraditionaljobs.(2)Scientistssaytheyhavedevelopedasystemthatusesmachinelearningtopredictwhenandwherelightning1(strike).Researchersreportthesystemisabletopredictlightningstrikesupto30minutes2theyhappenwithina30­kilometrearea.Lightningisastrongburstofelectricityintheatmosphere.Itisoneofthe3(old)observedweathereventsonEarth.Itcanstrikebetweencloudsorbetweenacloudandtheground.Sincelightningcarriesan4(extreme)powerfulelectricalcharge,itcanbedestructiveanddeadly.5isdifficulttoknowexactlyhowmanypeopledieoflightning­relatedcauses.European6(researcher)haveestimatedthatbetween6,000and24,000peoplearekilledbylightningworldwideeachyear.Thestrikescanalsocausepoweroutages,destroyproperty,damageelectricalequipmentandstartforestfires.Forthisreason,climatescientistshavelongsoughttodevelopmethods7(predict)andcontrollightning.But,sofarnosystem8(create)toeffectivelypredictorstoplightning.Thesystemtestedintheexperimentsusesa9(bine)ofdatafromweatherstationsandmachinelearningmethods.Theresearchersdevelopedapredictionmodel10wastrainedtorecogniseweatherconditionsthatwerelikelytocauselightning.(3)Ifyoumakeacareerchoicewhileyouarestillinhighschool,you1(save)timeandmoneyinthelongrun.Studentswhodonotplanaheadmaydelay2(start)collegeortakeextracoursestogivethemselvestimetomakeuptheir3(mind).USNews&WorldReportsaysthattheaverageannualtuitionatafour­yearcollegeis$35,000.Ifyouspend4extrayearinschool,youmayhavetotakeoutadditionalloansorpayextramoneytocoverthecost.5(choose)acareerwhileyouareinhighschoolalsogivesyoutimetoexploreyourchosenindustry.Ifyoufindacareer6soundsinteresting,youcanfollowsomeoneinthefieldandseewhatitis7(real)liketohavethatjob.Youcanalsoapply8achancetogetaninformalpositionrelatedtoyourdesiredindustry.Thiswillhelpyoubuildaprofessionalnetworkevenbeforeyougraduatefromhighschool.Professionalcontactsarevery9(value),especiallywhenyouarelookingforajobinyourfield.Ifyoudoasmuchasyoucantobuildanetworkwhenyouarereadyforajob,youwillbemorelikely10(succeed).(4)It’snevertoolate1(make)abigcareermove.Youmaycurrentlybeatapointinyourcareer2youfeelstuck,bored,andunmotivated.Thesecouldbesignsthatyourcurrentjobisnotagoodfitforyouandthatyourskillsandpassionlayelsewhere.Therearemanyfamouspeoplewhohavemadesurprisingcareer3(change).Andwhatthisshowsisthatpeople’ssuccessoftendependson4(find)thecouragetomakethosemajorcareerswitches.Inaddition,sometimesyouhavetodoajobthat