高级英语课程教案第二册项目Unit 8 The Worker as Creator or Machine by Erich Fromm

PAGEPAGE18TextBook《高级英语》由张汉熙主编,外语教学与研究出版社TitleUnit8TheWorkerasCreatororMachinebyErichFrommTeachingAims1.ImprovingReadingSkills—understandingapieceofexpositorywriting2.EnrichingVocabulary—sociology3.ImprovingWritingskills–causationTeachingActivitiesVocabulary1hourTextAnalysis6hoursDiscussion1hourPractice3hoursTeachingProcessI.WarmingupII．IntroductiontoAdditionalBackgroundKnowledgeIII.TextAnalysis IntroductiontothePassageEffectiveWritingSkillsRhetoricalDevicesSpecialDifficultiesIV.QuestionsAssignmentWriteashortexpositorycompositionon“WorkerinSocialistChina”or“TeacheratAPrivateSchool“ReferenceBooksWhoisWhoTheinternationalWhoisWhoEncyclopediaBritannica附页TextBook《高级英语》由张汉熙主编,外语教学与研究出版社TitleUnit8TheWorkerasCreatororMachinebyErichFrommTeachingActivitiesVocabulary1.Payattentiontowordsandexpressionsinthefollowingaspectsrespectively:SpellingandPronunciationsynonymsOppositesSimilarwordsandexpressionsSettledorhabitualusage2.Wordbuildingknowledge附页TextBook《高级英语》由张汉熙主编,外语教学与研究出版社TitleUnit8TheWorkerasCreatororMachinebyErichFrommTeachingProcess（1.Warmingup）Question1Howtounderstandtherelationshipbetweentheinvestorandtheworkers?Question2IsMachineryhelpinghumanbeing?Question3What’sthemeaningofsociology?Question4Whatisdog-eat-dogcompetition?TeachingProcess（2.IntroductiontoAdditionalBackgroundKnowledge）FrommErichFromm,German-AmericanPsychoanalyst(心理分析学家),socialcriticandauthorwhoappliedtheprinciplesofpsychologytothestudyof20thcenturyWesternpolitical,socialandmoralproblems.BornMarch23,1900inFrankfurt,Germany,Recentlydied--March,1980--attheageof79ofaheartattack.ReceivedPh.D.fromHeidelbergUniversityin1922,receivedpsychoanalytictraininginMunichandBerlin,hebeganpracticeinBerlinin1925asorthodoxFreudian,butafterawhilerejecteditandpioneeredconfrontationaltechniquesthatarenowwidelyused.LeftNaziGermanyin1933andmovedtoU.S.ConducedprivatepracticeinNewYorkCityandtaughtatseveralcollegesinU.S.andMexico.Frommattemptedasynthesis(综合、合成)andreformulation(在形成)ofFreudandMarx.Hewasparticularlyconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweentheindividualandsocietyandtheproblemsofhumanself-realizationandfulfillment.HetookissuewithFreud’sviewoftheinstinctualbasesofhumanmotivation.DrawingonMarx,Frommarguedthatsocialcharacterisnotdeterminedbyinstinctbutrathershapedbyculturaltraining.Thereforeneurotic(神经质的、神经病的)conflictscanarisefromneedsanddesirescreatedbysocietyaswellasfromthefrustrationofbiologicaldrives.Inhisfirstmajorbook,EscapefromFreedom(1941),hemaintainedthatasWesternmangainedmorefreedomhefeltincreasinglyaloneandhelplessandthereforemanymenbecomeoverlyconformist(尊奉者)tosocietyandsubmittoauthoritarianrulers.FascismandsocialconformityareoutgrowthsofalienatingIndustrialdevelopment.Frommofferedhisownalternativestoman’salienation(疏远、转让)insuchbooksasManforHimself(1947),theSaneSociety(1955),TheArtofLoving(1956),TheHeartofMan(1964),andTheRevolutionofHope(1968).Inthesebookshecriticizedthevaluesofvarioussociallyproducedcharactertypes.Againstthemhecontrastedtheproductivecharactercapableofgenuineloveandabletousehiscapacitiestosatisfyhumanneeds.Hisworksrangedoverawidefieldoftopics--Mexicanvillagelife,Marxism,thecoldwar,Zen(禅宗)Buddhism,etc.DruckerProfessorpeter(Ferdinand)Drucker,Americanwriter,teacherandmanagementconsultant,born19,November1909,inVienna,Austria;ProfessorofManagement,NewYorkUniversity,since1954;ClarkeprofessorofSocialScience.ClairemontGraduateSchool,Clairemont,California,Publications:TheEndofEconomicMan(1939),TheFutureofIndustrialMan(1942),ConceptoftheCorporation(1946),TheNewSociety(1950),ThePracticeofManagement(1954),ManagingforResults11964).Technology,ManagementandSociety(1970),Management:Tasks,Responsibilities,Practices(1974),TheUnseenRevolution;HowPensionFundSocialismCametoAmerica(1976),andtextbooksandeducationalfilms.Tailor3.Taylor:FrederickWinslowTaylor(1856-1915),Americanengineer,inventorandefficiencyexpertwhopioneeredtheprinciplesof“scientificmanagement”inindustryandbusinessWorkedasanapprenticepattern-makerandmachinist;rosethroughtheranksandbecameanengineerandlateraconsultanttomanagementinanumberoffirms.Studiedandmeasuredshopoperatingmethods.Formulatedprinciplesofmanufacturingorganization,classificationandanalysisthatlatercametobecalledscientificmanagement,knownasTaylorismortheTaylorsystemoftimeand-motionstudy.Thepurposeistoincreaseefficiencyo1productionbycloseobservationo1individualworkers,identifyingandeliminatingwastedtimeandmotion.Thissystemisusednowby“efficiencyexperts”whoactasconsultantsformanagement.Theygotoworkplacesandmeasureandrecordthemostminutemovementsoftheworker(literallyusingastopwatch).Thentheyreporttomanagementabouteverydetailof“wasted”timeandmovementsbytheworkerandmakerecommendationsforgettingmoreworkoutofhim.Suchpeoplearereferredtoas“minutemen”byworkers.附页3TextBook《高级英语》由张汉熙主编,外语教学与研究出版社TitleUnit1FacetoFacewithHurricaneCamillebyJosephP.BlankTextAnalysisTextAnalysis(Brief))IntroductiontothePassageapieceofexpositorywritingEffectiveWritingSkillsCasualanalysis/causationEmphasizingthroughchangeofTypesRhetoricalDevicesSpecialDifficultiesSociologicaltermsandcultureTeachingProcess（4.Questionsfordiscussion）1Doyouagreewithalltheviewsofthewriter?Whatcriticismshaveyoutomake2Dowehaveanyproblemsinthemanagementofourindustry?Howshouldwesolvethem?附页3TextBook《高级英语》由张汉熙主编,外语教学与研究出版社TitleUnit1FacetoFacewithHurricaneCamillebyJosephP.BlankTextAnalysis(EnglishVersion)1.ThispieceisanexcerptfromTheSane(健全的)SocietybyErichFromm,publishedin1955.InthisbookFrommismainlyconcernedwiththeeffectonAmericansofasociologicalenvironmentwhichexistssuccessthroughdog-eat-dogcompetition,andthehumanalienationthataccompaniestechnologicaldevelopmentwhichisolatestheworkmanfromthefinishedproduct.Thefollowingtwoparagraphshavebeendeletedfromthebeginningofthispiece:“Whatbecomesthemeaningofworkinanalienatedsociety?”“Wehavealreadymadesomebriefcommentsaboutthisquestionintilegeneraldiscussionofalienation.Butsincethisproblemisofutmostimportance,notonlyfortheunderstandingofpresentdaysociety,butalsoforanyattempttocreateasanersociety,Iwanttodealwiththenatureofworkseparatelyandmoreextensivelyintheforgoingpages.”Inanotherexcerptthewholepieceisentitled“WorkinanAlienatedSociety”;andparagraphs4-6(paragraphs2-4inthepresenttext)areplacedunderthesub-heading“Craftsmanship”,paras.7-9(5-7)under“AlienatingWork”,paras10(8)and11(9)under“HumanEngineering”,andparas17-15(l0-13)under“LazinessandHostility”.Thefollowingwords,phrasesandsentencesareitalicizedintheoriginalforemphasis:Para.1.Intheprocessofwork,thatis,themoldingandchangingofnatureoutsideofhimself,manmoldsandchangeshimself.Para.2.Work,insteadofbeinganactivitysatisfyinginitselfandpleasurable,becameadutyandanobsession.Para.4.Themeaningofworkdividedintothatofduty…andthatofforcedlabor…Para.6.Hisworkcanbedefinedastheperformanceofactswhichcannotyetbeperformedbymachines.Para..“industrialproblemofhumanbeings,”ratherthan“thehumanproblemofindustry.”Para.10.theidealofcompletelaziness;...unconscioushostility...para.11.Advertisedas“new--easiertoeat”..,gentlytakesthebreadrightoutofyourfingers!2.Thistextisapieceofexpositorywriting.Themainthesisormainthemeofthewriterisbetterexpressedinthefirstsentenceofthedeletedparagraph:“themeaningofworkinanalienatedsociety”.Inourowntextthemainthemebecomes:“theworkerisnolongeracreatorbuthasbecomeamachine.”Themethodemployedbythewritertodevelophisthemeandtoconvincehisreadersmaybecalledthemethodofcausalanalysisorjustsimplycausation(因果关系).Everythingthatexistsandeveryeventthattakesplacehasacause,andmostthingsproduceeffectsorresults.Inwriting,causationisthesearchforandexplanationofcausesandeffects.Incausation,thefundamentallogicalrelationshipisthatonethinghappenedorwillhappenbecauseoforasaresultofanother;theproblemistodiscovertherightcausesandtherighteffects.Causationisoftenusedtoexplainaninvestigationconductedmfindthecausesofaproblemandsolutionsforit.Oneofthebiggestdangersinthesearchforcausesandresultsisover-simplification.Particularlywithverycomplexsubjects,itistemptingtopineverythingonasinglecauseoreffectwhenactuallythereammanyfactorsatwork.Anotherdangerinthesearchforcausesisthefallacyknownasfalsecause.Itisofteneasytoassumethatbecauseonethinghappenedshortlybeforeorafteranother,onecausedtheother,whenactuallytheremaybenorelationbetweenthetwo.Frommbeginswithareviewofpasthistorytopointupthechangesthathaveoccurredandthereasonsforthosechanges.Paragraphs1and2areveryimportantinthisrespectbecausetheyprovidealookatworkasitisviewedideallyandinapre-industrialsociety.Paragraph1describesthepositivevaluesofworkwhichincludetheideasthatthroughworkmanrisesabovetheanimalworld,isliberatedfromnature,moldsandchangeshimself,developspowersofcooperation,uniteswithnature,developshisindividuality,andincreaseshisskillmidcreativeness.Mancreativelytransformsnatureintopaintings,temples,cathedrals,cultivatesflowers,treesandcorn.Thesubjectofcraftsmanship,developedinparagraph2,followsasanaturalresult--craftsmanshipafterall,iswhatisnecessaryformantotransformnature.Fromm’sbasicapproachisthatofapsychoanalyst,evaluatingthepsychologicalreactionoftheworkertotheworkingconditionsandenvironmenthefindshimselfin.3.TheWorker...Machine:Thisisn’ttheoriginaltitleofthechapter(seepoint1).Theoriginalcompilerschasethistitlefortheirexcerpts.Thepiecehowever,assertsthattheworkerisnolongeracreatorbutisbecomingmoreandmorelikeamachine.4.Unless...tolive:Anassertionofaverybasictruth.Exceptforthosewholiveoffthelaborofothers(oftencalledparasites),everyonemustworktosurvive.5.However...thatproduces:Noticethetwopartialinversionsafterthetwoadverbs,“however”and“rightly”.however:adverb;towhateverdegreeorextentbytheveryfact...animalkingdom:Becauseofthefactitselfthatmanproduces,hehasdevelopedfarbeyondallotheranimals.animalkingdom:Allnaturalobjectshavebeenclassifiedintothreegreatdivisions:theanimalkingdom;thevegetablekingdom,andthemineralkingdom.Rightly…thatproduces:manhasbeencorrectlyandjustifiablydefinedastheanimalthatmakesandmanufacturesthings6.Workisalso...being:Workalsofreesmanfromnatureandmakeshimintoasocialbeingindependentofnature.Ontheonehand,manmustworktosurvive,naturebindshimtoher.Butatthesametimeworkfreesmanfromnatureandallowshimtotranscend(超越、胜过)herandbecomesomethingofamuchhigherorderthantheanimalworld.social:partofsociety;living,working,interactinginhighlycomplexgroupsbeing:ahumanbeing:onewholivesorexists,orassumedtodoso7.Intheprocess...himself:Thissentenceisitalicizedintheoriginalforemphasis.Intheprocessofwork,orinotherwords,inthepressofshapingandchangingnaturewhichisexternaltoman,manshapesandchangeshimself.thatis:(abbreviationi.e.)bythatismeant;inotherwordsoutsideofhimself:Natureisexternaltoman.Manworksonnatureandtransformsittosuithisneeds.Atthesametimeheisrootedinnature.8.Heemerges…masteringher:Asmandevelops,hegainsmoreknowledgeofnatureandbecomeslessitsvictim;hisconquestofnaturetoservehisneedstransformshimintohermaster.Thusheemergesfromorrisesabovenature.9.Hedevelopshispowers...ofbeauty:Unlikeallotheranimals,hebecomesmoreandmorecapableofcooperatingwithothers(whenhewasonlynature’svictim,hehadtofightothersforhisownsurvival),ofthinkingobjectivelyandrationallyandofdevelopingthehighlysophisticatedabilitytoappreciatebeauty.10.Heseparateshimself…andbuilder:Bybecomingnature’smaster,bystationinghimselfabovenature,manseparateshimselffromnature.Butatthesametimeheconnectshimselfonceagaintonaturetofurtherconquerheranddevelophisunderstandingofher.theoriginalunitywithher:man’searliertotaldependenceonandmergingwithnatureliketheloweranimals11.Themore…individualitydevelops:Themorehisworkdevelops,themoretheindividualtraitsandcharacteristicsofapersondevelops.Themore...themore:comparisonoftwothingsgrowingproportionallyForexample:ThemoreIstudyAmericanhistory,themoreinterestedIbecomeinit.Themoresheruns,thefastershegets.individuality:thesumofthecharacteristicsorqualitiesthatsetonepersonorthingapartfromother;individualcharacter12.Inmoldingnature…creativeness:Man’sabilitiesandpowersasaspecies,andman’sindividualabilitiesandpowers(ofcooperation,reasonandsenseofbeauty)increaseanddeepenasaresultofcontrollingnatureandremakinghertofulfillhisneeds.13.Whetherwethink...byman’sreasonandskill:Thisisalongloosesentence.Thestructurecouldbeimprovedbyleavingout“whetherwethinkof”.Everykindofwork(utilitarianandartistic),regardlessofwhenitwasdoneorwhodidit,providesanexampleofmanapplyinghisintelligenceandhisskilltochangetheworldandnature.14.allareexpressions...reasonandskill:Alltheabove-mentionedworkshowshowmanhastransformednaturethroughhisreasonandskill.15.InWesternhistory…creativework:The13thand14thcenturiesbroughtanincreaseintradeandgrowthoftowns.Thenewdemandswhichaccompaniedthesegrowthsgeneratedthedevelopmentofhighertechniqueandartisticformincraftsmanship.16.Workwas...profoundsatisfaction:Thisparagraphdealswiththesubjectofcraftsmanship.AccordingtoMillsandFrommcraftsmanshipinvolvesthecontroloftheworkprocessbytheindividualworker.AtitsheightinthelateMiddleAges,itenhancedman’sproductivepowersandwasasourceofgreatsatisfactiontothecraftsman.17.C.W.Mills:C.WrightMills,anAmericansociologist,knownasoneoftheveryfewoutstandingsocialcriticsduringtheMcCarthyperiod.HisbestknownworkisWhiteCollar(1951),fromwhichthisquotationistaken,andThePowerandElite.Hediedin1961.18.Thereisno...itscreation:Theworkerisonlyinterestedinhowandwhatheisgoingtomake.Hehasnofurthermotives.ulterior(motive):further;moreremote;especially,beyondwhatisexpressed,implied,orevident19.Thedetails...ofthework:Workisnotdrudgery(苦差使、苦工).Fromtheworker’spointofview,theprocessandtheresultingproductformonecontinuouswholebecauseheisresponsibleforthetotalproductionpincer.Thereforeeventhedetailsaremeaningful.20.Theworkerisfree...action:Theworkersetshisownpaceandmakesallhisowndecisions,e.g.thechoiceoftools,rawmaterials,etc.21.Thecraftsman…itsprosecution:Sincetheworkerisresponsibleforeverythingandiseveninterestedinthedetails,hetriestodohisbest.Inthiswayheimproveshiscapacityandskill.Helearnsfromhiswork.prosecution:Thecarryingonorengaginginsomething.Thiswordismorecommonlyusedinitslegalsenseofconductinglegalproceedingsagainstsomebody.22.Thereisno...andculture:Theworkerfoundpleasureandsatisfactioninhisworkandthroughworkheaimdevelopedandimprovedhismind.Thereforepleasureandworkwenttogether;sodidtheculturaldevelopmentoftheworkergohandinhandwiththeworkhewasdoing.Thecraftsman...ofliving:Theworkthecraftsmandidtoearnhislivingshapedandcharacterizedtheworker’slifeasawhole.Theblacksmith,thecarpenter,etc.leddifferentkindsoflifebecausetheydiddifferentkindsofwork.Millsemphasizesboththeprocessandtheproduceandtheoverallinfluenceofworkontheworker.ThedirectquotationgivesauthoritytothepositionFrommistaking;aparaphrasewouldnotprovidethatdirectnessandauthority.24.Withthecollapse...Protestantcountries:Asmedievalsocietycollapsedandcapitalism(themodernmodeofproduction)begantodevelop,themeaningofworktotheworker(formerlythecraftsman),andthesocialpurposeofworkunderwentabasicchange,especiallyinProtestantcountries.Protestantcountries:seetext,note4.25.Man,beingafraid…feverishactivity:AccordingtoFromm’sinterpretation(whichhasabasicallypsychologicalthrustinthisparagraph)thebreakdownofthebondsofthefeudalcommunitymakesforuncertaintyandfearwhich,inturn,resultinobsessiveactivitytoregainpsychologicalequilibrium.newlywonfreedom:freedomfromfeudalrestrictions.Thecraftsmanfeltsafeandsecureinhisguild(行会、同行工会)andprofession,butbecameafraidnowthathewasentirelyonhisowninahighlycompetitivesociety.26.Theoutcome...lostsouls:EarlyProtestantism,especiallyinitsCalvinistform,maintainedthatmostsoulsarepredestinedatbirthbyGodtoeternaldamnation(诅咒)andafewtobesavedafterdeath.Butthere’snowaythatanyonecanknowwhichiswhich.Obviouslypeoplelivedinfear.AllonecouldhopeforwasasignfromGodthathemightbeamongtheelect,eventhoughasignwasnoguarantee.Itwasbelievedthatanyformofsinfulnesswasalikelyindicationofdamnation,whereasceaselesswork,especiallyifitresultedinwealth,couldbeasignofsalvation.Clearly,worklostalltheintrinsicpositiveaspectsitformerlyhad,andinsteadbecamepurelyandsimplyamethodtoachievewealthandsuccess,andultimatelyagreaterlikelihoodofsalvation.Thiswasincompleteharmonywiththephilosophyoftherisingbourgeoisie.27.Work,instead...anobsession:Thissentenceisitalicizedintheoriginalforemphasis.Frommemphasizesthischangeinthenatureandcharacterofworksatisfyingandpleasurableinmedievaltimes,butadutyandobsessionatthebeginningofcapitalism.28.Themore…andsuccess:Themoreitwaspossibletogainrichesbywork,themoreitbecamejustameanstoacquirewealthandsuccess.Worklostallitsintrinsicpositiveaspectspleasure,satisfaction,improvementofthemind,etc.29.Workbecame…andisolation:Workbecame,accordingtoWeber,thechiefelementinasystemthatpreachedanaustereandself-denyingwayoflife.Workwastheonlythingthatbroughtrelieftothosewhofeltaloneandisolatedleadingthiskindofascetic(禁欲的、苦行的、修道的)life.ProtestantisminitsattempttoreformChristianitybroughttheasceticstandardsofthemonkandthepriestintothemindsanddailyconductofeverypracticingChristian.So,eventhoughProtestantsweresupposedtostriveforwealth,theywerealso,supposedtodenythemselvesworldlypleasures.Thusarethefrugal(节俭的、朴素的),hardworking,self-denying,moneymakingcapitalist.Theterm“Protestantworkethic(伦理、道德规范)”isthelabelgiventosuchbehavior.inner-worldlyascetism:ascetism(anaustere,self-denyingmodeofliving)implantedinthemindsandpsychologyofallpeople.ItmightaimmeanthatProtestantismtookascetismoutofthemonastery(outerworld,i.e.outsidetheworldofordinaryperson)andputitintotheworldofeverydaylife(innerworld).30.However…ofothers:AccordingtoFrommworkasdutyandasameansforsavingone’ssoulexistedonlyfortheupperandmiddledameswhohadenoughcapitaltoemploytheworkofothers.Infact,dutyandreligionwereusedasasmokescreentocoveruptheruthlessexploitationoftheworkers.Frommwas,however,rightinsayingforthosewhohadonlytheirphysicalenergytosell,workbecamenothingbutforcedlabor.31.Theworker…exploitingit:Theworkerdidn’tworksixteenhoursadaytoserveGodortoshowthathewaschosenbyGodtogotoheaven,butbecauseinordertolivehehadtosellhislabortothecapitalistswhohadthemeansofexploitinghim.chosen:(religiousterra土地)favoredByGod;chosenbyGodtogotoheavenafterdeath32.Thefirstcenturies…withoutproperty:Thewords“duty”and“forcedlabor”areitalicizedintheoriginalforemphasis.Frommislooseinhisuseoftimeperiods.Para.3referstotheentirepost-medievalperiod--late15thcenturyonward.Themiddleofpara.4referstoalatertimeinthepostmedievalperiod–l8thand19thcenturyindustrialization.Theendofpara.4refersbacktothewholepostmedievalperiod.Therefore,whenhesays“thefirstcenturiesofthemodernera”hemeansfromthebeginningofProtestantismlate15thcenturyuntiltheProtestantsenseofworkbegantowaneinthelate19thcentury.Para.5referstothe20thcentury.Frommisdealingwithahistoricalprocessasitgraduallydeveloped.Furthermore,itdevelopedatdifferenttimesindifferentcountries.Forthesereasons,therecan’tbespecificstartingandcut-off(久远)dates.middleclass:newgrowingbourgeoisiethatdevelopedwiththebreakdownoffeudalism.Atthetime,therulingclassremainedpredominantlythefeudalaristocracy.Withtime,thebourgeoisiebecametherulingstratum(阶层).Middleclassinitscurrentsenseisdifferentfromtheusehere.Itnowreferstothebroadanddiversestrataunderadvancedcapitalism,encompassingmanyserviceoccupations,professions,smallbusinesses,etc.33.Thereligiousattitude…lastdecades:Theperfectcontinuoustense“hasbeenchanging”indicatesthereligiousattitudetowardsworkisstillevolvingandchanging.34.Modernman...unbearableboredom:Withworkstrippedbothofitscraftsmanshipqualityandmeaningandofitssenseofreligiousobligation,itnolongerholdsanydeepattraction.Therefore,peoplefeelthemselvesatsea,withnopurposeordirection.Lifeisempty.Workbecomesmealyatimefillertoescapetheemptinessandmeaninglessnessofone’slife.ThisisanotherpsychoanalyticanalysisofFromm.Weknowthebourgeoisieamassed(收集、积聚)wealththroughtheexploitationofworkersandtheworkerswereforcedtoselltheirlaborinordertosurvive.35.somethingnew…newideals:Anewideologicaldrivingforceforworkhasreplacedthelostones.Thedriveisnowformorebiggerandbetterproducts.Frommagainmissestherealpointhere.Profit,ofcourse,istherealdrivingforceofcapitalism.36.Work...person:Thissentence,perhaps,expressesthecentralthemeofthispiece.Incapitalistsocietytheworkerfeelsestrangedfromorhostiletotheworkheisdoing.Alienated(陌生的、生疏的、远离的):estranged,detached37.Hespends...“something”:Quotationmarksindicatetheworkerproducessomethingorother,anyoldthing.Itdoesn’tmatterwhat,becausehehasnosayinthedecisionortheprocessofproductionanddoesn’tcareaboutthequalityoftheresult.Itmayalsomeanthattheworkeronlymakesasmallpartofaproduct.Hehasonlyasmallparttoplayintheprocess.38.Heneeds...passiveone:Theworkerplaysapassiveroleinthemanufactureofproducts.Heworksinordertosurvive,toearnenoughmoneyforfood,clothes,lodging,etc.39.Hefulfills…astore:Theworkerplaysonlyasmallisolatedpartintheprocessofproductionwhichiscomplicatedandhighlyorganized.Whenheisworkinghedoesn’tseethefinishedproductasawhole.Ifhehasenoughmoney,hemayseethefinishedproductinastorewhenhegoestheretobuyone.“his“product:quotationmarksforirony.Theproductcanscarcelybesaidtobehis.Hedoesn’tevengettoseeitexceptperhapsinastorewhenhegoestobuyit.Itisalsonothisproductforotherreasonsgiveninthenextseveralsentences40.Heisconcerned…socialaspects:Hedoesn’tcareabouttheendproductitselforthepartitplaysintheoveralleconomyorthewayinwhichitservestheneedsofsociety.physical:material41.Heisput...work:Theworkerisnotconcernedwiththewholeproductbecausehemakesonlyapartofit(carriesoutacertaintask).Heisnotconcernedwiththewidereconomicaspeers(同等的人)becausehedoesnottakepartintheorganizationormanagementofthework.42.Heisnot…awhole:Theworkerisnotinterestedinhisproductnorisheconcernedwithitssocialaspectsbecausehetakesnopartinthedecisionmaking--thedecisiontomakewhatandwhy.43.Theshoes...usingmachines:The“enterprise”hereconveystheideaofadisembodied(无实质的、无实体的)organizationanentity(实体)beyondthecontroloftheworkers.Quotationmarksimplythatitissacrosanct(极神圣的),impenetrable(难以渗透的).Theterm“thesystem”isoftenusedsimilarlyandissometimesevencapitalized.Itisvagueandgeneral,referringlooselytothesocialsystemorthegovernment,andisusedtoconveypowerlessnessonthepartoftheordinaryperson.Inasituationwhereapersontryingtoaccomplishsomethingisconfrontedwithlotsofandtapemidbureaucracy,hemightsay,“youcan’tbeatthesystem.”44.Heispart...performedbymachine:Thelastsentenceofthisparagraphisitalicizedintheoriginalforemphasis.Manhasbecomeaslaveofthemachine.Infacthehasbecomeapartofthemachine,asubstituteforthemachine,doingthosetaskswhichthemachinecannotyetperform.ThisisaverycommonviewintheWest,especiallyamongintellectuals.Mostmaintainitistheinevitableresultofindustrialization.Marxistsmaintainthatindustrializationneednotnecessarilyhavesuchresultsfortheworker.Socialistindustrializationwouldnotalienatetheworkerbecausehewouldbetrainedtodoseveralpartsofaproductionprocessandwou