英语词法总结

词法总结一、名词1．可数名词复数：(1)一般情况在词尾+S(2)以s，x，ch，sh，结尾的词+esbus→buses，class→classes，box→boxes，watch→watches，brush→brushes。★stomach→stomachs(3)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再+esfactory→factories,country→countries,family→families。★以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加sboy→boys,day→days。(4)以o结尾的词多数都+eshero→heroes，negro→negroes,potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes。★词末为两个元音字母的词只+szoo→zoos，radio→radios，★某些外来词只+s：photo→photos，piano→pianos。★注意：zero→zeros/zeroes－zero既可+s，也可+es。(5)以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es，例如：knife→knives，leaf→leaves,half→halves,shelf→shelves,thief→thieves,但:roof→roofs,chief→chiefs,handkerchief→handkerchiefs(6)少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，child→children，mouse→mice。★man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。anEnglishman，twoEnglishmen。★German不是合成词，复数Germans★man,woman作定语，单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：menworkers，womenteachers。其他名词做定语，不用复数，如threegirlstudents★单复数一样：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish。★fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数。(7)哪国人的单复数口诀：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面。一样：Chinese–Chinese，Japanese–Japanese变：Frenchman–Frenchmen，Englishman–Englishmen+s：German–Germans，American–Americans(8)形单实复：people,police(9)数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。ten-minutewalk，an8-year-oldgirl，aseven-dayholiday。(10)合成名词的复数只需把中心词变为复数：thegirlstudents。man,woman组成的合成词，就要两个都变复数：thewomenworkers(11)有些名词仅有复数：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。(12)形复实单：physics,mathematics/maths,theUnitedStates,NiagaraFalls,news,falls(13)修饰复数的词：many,several,afew,anumberof,both以及不包括“一”的基数词,如two,three，后跟可数名词复数。(14)人名、地名的复数直接+s,字母、符号、数字的复数+’s☺TherearethreeJohnsinthisclass.这个班里有三个叫约翰的人。(此时threeJohns=threepersonscalledJohn)☺TheteacherhadonlyfourA'sinhisclass.(15)成双成套的词：trousers–裤子shorts–短裤glasses–眼镜gloves–手套compasses–圆规pants–裤子★单独做主语，谓语动词用复数。★和pair连用，谓语动词取决于pair的形式。☺Theglassesareonyournose.☺Thispairofglassesismine.☺Thistwopairsofshoesaremine.(16)形似复数实为新单词的名词：work(工作) – works(著作)paper(纸，报纸) – papers(资料，文件)wood(木头，木材)– woods(树林，森林)sand(沙) – sands(沙滩)(17)一些词汇的名词形式：teach(v，教) –teacher(n，教师)sing(v，唱歌)–singer(n，歌手)wait(v，等待)–waiter(n，服务员)win(v，获胜) –winner(n，获胜者)run(v，跑) –runner(n，跑步者)visit(v，参观) –visitant(n，参观者)sunny(adj，阳光充足的，暖和的)–sun(n，太阳)，sunshine(n，阳光)windy(adj，刮风的，风大的) –wind(n，风)cloudy(adj，多云的，阴天的) –cloud(n，云)2．不可数名词“量”的表示方法十大不可数名词：work 工作progress 进步news 消息health 健康information 信息advice 建议weather 天气music 音乐fun 乐趣luck 运气(1)用much,alittle,little,alotof,lotsof,some,any,abitof,plentyof等表示，例如：Therichmanhasalotofmoney．Thereissomemilkinthebottle．Isthereanywaterintheglass？Idon'tlikewinterbecausethere'stoomuchsnowandice．(2)用“数词+名词(量)+of+不可数名词”这类定语，例如：apieceofpaper/wood/bread/news/meatabottle/glassoforange/water/milk/juiceacupoftea/coffeeabagofricetwocupsofteafourpiecesofpaperthreeglassesofwate★谓语动词看“中心词”决定单复数，中心词：bottle,cup,bag,piece…名词的所有格1．单数+’s，复数+s’，复数不是s结尾，也+’sastudent'sroomstudents'roomsChildren'sDay2．以s结尾的单数名词或人名后应加-’s构成所有格awaitress’sjobCharles’saddress3．在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词时，所有格要用's，例如：atwentyminutes'walk=aten-minutewalktenmiles'journeyaboat'slengthtwopounds'weighttendollars'worthtoday’snewspaper4．如果某物为两人共有，只在后一个词尾+’s,如果不是两人共有，两个名词后都要+’sLucyandLily’sbedroom–Lucy和Lily的卧室,Jane’sandTom’sbooks–Jane的书和Tom的书(能分开)5．无生命名词的所有格则通常用of结构amapofChinatheendofthistermthecapitalofourcountrythecoloroftheflowerstwoboxesofapples–中心词和of后面的词都用复数。★谓语单复数看“中心词”，不看of后面的词。6．双重所有格：afriendofmyfather's7．表示“某人的家”、“店铺”等生活、工作场所的所有格后面的名词通常省略。如：atMrWang’s(在王先生家)atthedoctor’s(在医生诊所)二、冠词a,an的区别是以辅音或元音音素，不是字母。用不定冠词an的字母有：A.E.F.H.I.L.M.N.O.R.S.X。元音字母开头用a:ausefulbookauniversity辅音字母开头用an:anhour,anhonest冠词+(形容词+名词)，冠词由前面的形容词确定。1．不定冠词(1)表示“每一”的意思，=every☺Takethemedicinethreetimesaday.(everyday)☺Theygotoseetheirparentsonceaweek.(2)用在序数词前表示“又一,再一”I’vetriedthreetimes.Letmetryafourthtime.TheyhadadaughtercalledJane.Thentheyhadasecondchild－ason.(3)固定短语afew/littleacup/bottleofcatchacold/bushaveagoodtimehavealookinaminutemakeamistakealotofhavearesthalfanhourakindofanumberofmakeacontributionhaveatalkwith2．定冠词(1)特指某（些）人或某（些）事物☺ThebookonthedeskisanEnglishdictionary.☺BeijingisthecapitalofChina.(2)指说话人和听话人都知道或熟悉的人或事物☺Openthedoor,please.☺Whereistheteacher?☺Jackisinthelibrary.(3)上文提到过的人或事物☺YesterdayJohn’sfatherboughthimanewbike.Thebikecosthim200yuan.(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物☺Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.(5)用在序数词和形容词最高级之前☺ShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.☺Januaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.(6)用在某些形容词之前，表示某一类人或事物☺Thenurseiskindtothesick.☺Weshouldtakegoodcareoftheold.(7)用在某些由普通名词构成的专有名词之前theGreatWalltheSummerthePeople’sRepublicofChinainthemorningintheopenair(8)用在姓氏复数之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫妇”theBrownstheWhites(9)用在器乐名称和方位词前☺Heisplayingthepiano.ontheright/left,intheeast/south,inthefrontof(和infrontof的区别)[注意](1)moon，sun，morning/afternoon/evening之前有形容词时，可用a/anafullmoon,onacoldmorning(2)被ofthetwo修饰的比较级前要用定冠词☺Tomisthetallerofthetwo.(3)在表示“越….,越….”句型中,比较级前要用定冠词Thebusierthefarmersare，thehappiertheywillbe。(4)the+spring/summer…+of具体的某个阶段里的季节☺ThescientistcamebacktoChinainthespringof1984.(5)a/an+adj+supper/lunch…表示某一顿饭☺YesterdayBillhadaverynicesupper.3．不用冠词(1)专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词China,Canada,London,Japanese,Tom,glass,water,wood,love(2)名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every等代词时，不用冠词☺Thatismycap.(3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时，不用冠词☺Theyareworkers.☺Wearestudents.(4)称呼语前不用冠词，表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词☺Idon’tfeelwelltoday,Mother.☺OurEnglishteacherisMissGao.(5)三餐名称前，球类活动，学科和节目名词前，常不用冠词☺Ihavelunchathome.☺Heoftenplaysfootballafterclass.☺WehaveEnglishandmathseveryday.(6)在季节、月份、星期、节日前不加冠词☺Everythingbeginstocomeoutinspring.但如果这些词前面有修饰词，要加定冠词the☺HejoinedtheArmyinthespringof1982.(7)某些固定词组，名词之前常不用冠词①与by连用的交通工具名称前：bybus,bybike,byplane/air,byship/sea,bytrain,bycar②名词词组：dayandnight,brotherandsister,hourafterhour,hereandthere③介词词组athome,inbed/hospital,intime,ontime,atonce,infrontof,onfoot,atnoon,onduty,atnight等④常用词组gotobed,gotoschool/class/work,gohome,goshopping/swimming/fishing/boating等。4.冠词的位置(1)通常情况：冠词位于名词前，若名词前有形容词修饰，冠词要放在形容词之前。thebook，thebeautifulflower(2)特殊情况：①不定冠词在half,such,what,many之后suchanicegirl(=soniceagirl)halfanhour☺Manyastudenthaspassedtheexam.(=Manystudentshavepassedtheexam.)☺Whatabeautifulflower!(=Howbeautiful!)②不定冠词在as,so,how,too修饰的形容词之后☺Howcoldadayitis!(=Whatacolddayitis!)③副词quite和rather可置于不定冠词之前☺It’squiteanicehorse.(=It’saverynicehorse)☺It’sratherahotdaytoday.(=It’saveryhotdaytoday)④当名词由both或all,whole修饰时，定冠词须放在both或all之后,whole之前allthestudents,boththechildren,thewholestory5.有无冠词的词语辨析☺Lindawasillinhospital.☺Thewomanworksinthehospital.☺Don’treadinbed.☺Youcanputitonthebed.☺Don’ttalkinclass.☺Theyoftenhavepartiesintheclass.☺TheGreensareattablenow.☺Sheiswritingaletteratthetable.☺She’stooyoungtogotoschool.☺Theyaregoingtotheschooltohaveameeting.☺Bothofmychildrenareatschool.☺IteachEnglishattheschool.☺It’slate.I’llgotobed.☺Gotothebed,andyou’llfindabox.☺Shewassoillthatshehadtogotohospital.☺Mymotherhasgonetothehospitaltoseemygrandmother.☺We’llstudysixsubjectsnextterm.☺Theyarrivedatthesmallvillagethenextmorning.☺Putthisbookontopoftheothers.☺Therearesomehousesatthetopofthehill.☺Wheredidyougoonearth?☺Wearelivingontheearth.三、代词1．人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。 ☺Heisolderthanme.☺HeisolderthanIam.★人称代词的排列顺序：一般情况或受表扬：you,heandI----自己放最后承认错误，受批评：I,heandyou----自己放前面☺You,heandIareworkers.2．指示代词包括：this，that，these，those。(1)this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人。☺Thisisapenandthatisapencil．☺Wearebusythesedays．☺Inthosedaystheworkershadahardtime．(2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this和these则是指下面将要讲到的事物。☺Ihadacold.That'swhyIdidn'tcome.☺WhatIwanttosayisthis：pronunciationisveryimportantinlearningEnglish．(3)有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替。☺TheweatherinBeijingiscolderthanthatinGuangzhou.☺Televisionsets(电视机)madeinBeijingarejustasgoodasthosemadeinShanghai．(4)★在电话用语中this代表自己，that则代表对方。但都可以用it代替。☺Hello!ThisisMary.IsthatJackspeaking?(5)★it指代不明人和物:–敲门、照片、电话等☺Whotaughtyoumathslastterm?☺WasitMr.Smith?(6)★one,that,it,ones,those,them用法区别：one(ones)表示泛指，that(those)和it(them)表示特指，that(those)与所代表名词同类，但不是同一个；it(them)与所代表名词为同一个。☺Ican’tfindmyhat,IthinkImustbuyone.(不定)☺ThehatyouboughtisbiggerthanthatIbought.(同类但不同个)☺Ican'tfindmyhat.Idon'tknowwhereIputit.(同一物)☺Ican’tfindmypens,IthinkImustbuyones.(不定)☺ThepensyouboughtisbiggerthanthoseIbought.(同类但不同个)☺Ican'tfindmypens.Idon'tknowwhereIputthem.(同一物)3．反身代词(1)表示亲自，本人的意思。☺Shetoldmethenewsherself.☺Isawthegirlherself.(2)下列短语中必须用反身代词：helpyourself/yourselvesto ----别客气(口语)，请自便enjoyoneself ----玩得高兴，过得快乐leaveonebyoneself ----把某人单独留下allbyoneself ----独立，全靠自己第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词单数主格Iyouhesheit宾格meyouhimherit复数主格weyouthey宾格usyouthem形容词性物主代词单数myyourhisherits复数ouryourtheir名词性物主代词单数mineyourshishersits复数oursyourstheirs反身代词单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves4．不定代词(1)some和anysome多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中。☺Look!Somestudentsarecleaningthelibrary.☺Somericeinthebaghasbeensoldout.☺Ifyouhaveanyquestions,pleaseaskme.☺Thereisn'tanyorangeinthebottle.☺Haveyougotanytea?★any和some也可以作代词用，表示“一些”☺----Howmanypeoplecanyouseeinthepicture?----Ican'tseeany.☺Ifyouhavenomoney,I'lllendyousome.★Some用于表示邀请或请求的问句中,希望对方给予肯定回答☺Wouldyoulikesomebananas?☺MayIaskyousomequestions?★Any用于肯定句当中，表示任何一个，后面跟单数名词。☺Youmaycomeatanytime.☺Jimistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.【注意】与some,any结合的词如something,somebody,someone,anything,anyone,anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法，大致和some,any的用法相同。(2)few,afew,little,alittle在用法上的区别含义用法表示肯定表示否定用于可数名词afew虽少，但有几个few不多，几乎没有用于不可数名词alittle，虽少，但有一点little不多，没有什么(3)other,theother,others,theothers,another。用法代名词形容词单数复数单数复数不定another另一个others别人，其他人another(boy)另一个(男孩)other(boys)其他男孩特定theother另一个theothers其余那些人、物theother(boy)另一个男孩theother(boys)其余那些男孩1．other：泛指。+可数(单/复)/不可数，otherpencils,otherstudentsothertea.☺Putitinyourotherhand.☺Doyouhaveanyotherquestion(s)?2.theother：定指其它的…,+可数(单/复),theotherbook,theotherteachers.☺Hehastwodaughters.Oneisanurse,theotherisaworker.☺Maryismuchtallerthantheothergirls.3.others：泛指另外的，其余的,复数名词.☺Someofuslikesinginganddancing,othersgoinforsports.☺Givemesomeothers,please.4．4.theothers：特指其它的…,+可数(单/复).☺Twoboyswillgotothezoo,andtheotherswillstayathome.theothers=theother+复数名词5.another=an+other：泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”，只能代替或修饰单数可数名词☺Idon’tlikethisone.Pleaseshowmeanother.☺Ihavethreedaughters.Oneisanurse,anotherisateacherandanotherisaworker.(4)every与each的区别eachchild,eachstudent：想到的是一个人的情况。everychild和everystudent：想到的是全体的情况。Theteachergaveatoytoeachchild.Eachballhasadifferentcolour.EverystudentlovestheEnglishteacher.=AllthestudentslovetheEnglishteacher.Everychildlikesplaying.=Allthechildrenlikeplaying.(5)Everyone与everyone的区别everyone“每人，人人”，只指人，不指物，后面不能与of连用。everyone意为“每个”通常用来指物，后面可以与of连用。(6)everythreedays(每隔两天),everythirdday(每三天）。5．all,both(1)both和all都可直接修饰名词，如果名词前有限定词时其前只能用bothof或allof。(2)both和all在句中的位置是位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，行为动词之前。Bothofthetwonewbooksareinteresting.Weareallhere.★both的反义词是neither，all的反义词是noneBothofusaredoctors. (全部肯定)Bothofusarenotdoctors. (部分否定)Neitherofusisadoctor. (全部否定)Allofusaredoctors. (全部肯定)Noneofusisadoctor. (全部否定)(3)all放前，whole后置：allthestudents allthefoodthewholeschool thewholestory6．no和none误：NobodyofthemcanspeakEnglish.正：NobodycanspeakEnglish.正：NoneofthemcanspeakEnglish.四、数词1．基数词(1)十位与个位之间用连字符，百位与十位之间用and：258–twohundredandfifty-eight(2)inone’sforties：在某人40多岁的时候in1930s：20世纪30年代(3)时间：10:10 tenpastten,9:15 12:30 halfpasttwelve8:40 twentytonine(4)“基数词+名词”构成的合成形容词做定语时，其中的名词用单数。seven-dayholiday --7天假期five-minutewalk --5分钟步行thirty-year-oldgirl --30岁的女孩子(5)年龄表示4岁大： four-year-oldfouryearsold2．序数词(1)the+序数词：表示“第几个”☺Thefirsttruckiscarryingafoodbaskets.(2)序数词有时前面可加不定冠词来表示“再一”，“又一”这样的意思☺We'llhavetodoitasecondtime．我们不得不再来一次。☺ShallIaskhimathirdtime？我可以第三次问他吗？☺WhenIsatdown，afourthmanrosetospeak.当我坐下来，第四个男人起来发言。(3)世纪、年份、日期世纪：theeighteenthcentury=the18thcentury公元十八世纪the1900's二十世纪★某某世纪比阿拉伯数字本身多一个世纪。年代：年：月份是专有名词，要记忆，包括简写。日：五月五日：May5（读作Mayfifth）或the5thofMay。(4)分数：子基母序，分子是1，分母用单数，分子大于1时，分母+s1/3:onethird 3/4:threefourths(5)序数词的缩写：first→1stsecond→2ndthird→3rdfourth→4thtwenty-second→22ndthirty-first→31st五、形容词副词形容词：1．形容词修饰不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything等时后置。☺Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.☺Isthereanythinginterestinginthefilm.2．用and或or连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面，起进一步解释的作用。☺Everybody,manandwoman,oldandyoung,shouldattendthemeeting.☺Youcantakeanyboxaway,bigorsmall.3．the＋形容词表示一类人或物☺Therichshouldhelpthepoor.4．多个形容词修饰一个名词的顺序排列★美小圆旧黄，法国木书房一张小的圆木桌 －asmallroundwoodtable一件脏的棕色旧大衣 －adirtyoldbrowncoat5．像副词的形容词：lovely，friendly副词：1．very和muchvery修饰原级，much修饰比较级。☺Sheisaverynicegirl☺I’mfeelingmuchbetternow.Much可以修饰动词，而very则不能。例如：☺Idon’tliketheideamuch.☺Theydidnottalkmuch.2．too和either★too 意思是也，只能放在句尾，用于肯定句★either 意思是也，只能放在句尾，用于否定句★also 意思是也，一般放在句中，也可以放在句首☺Shecandance,andIcandance,too.☺Ihaven’treadthebookandmybrotherhasn’teither.3．already和yetalready一般用于语肯定句，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句☺Hehasalreadyleft.☺Haveyouheardfromhimyet?☺Hehasn’tansweredyet.4．so和neitherso和neither都可用于倒装句，但so表示肯定，neither表示否定☺MybrotherlikesfootballandsodoI.我哥哥喜欢足球，我也喜欢。☺Mybrotherdoesn’tlikedancingandneitherdoI.我哥哥不喜欢舞蹈，我也不喜欢。5．good和wellgood是形容词，well是形容词、副词。☺HespeaksgoodEnglish.☺HespeaksEnglishwell.【注意】①形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the，副词最高级前可不用。☺TheSaharaisthebiggestdesertintheworld.

②形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常”。☺Itisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.★两者比较用比较级；三者以上比较用最高级。☺Whichonedoyoulikebetter,theredoneortheblueone?☺Whichonedoyoulikethebest,there