冶金工程专业英语市公开课一等奖百校联赛特等奖课件

冶金工程专业英语金焱10/10//00:00:00第1页范文讲解：Part1FundamentalsofIronandSteelmakingPart2IronmakingPart3Steelmaking/05:49:54第2页Part1FundamentalsofIronandSteelmakingGlobalsteelindustryNewdevelopmentinEuropeFundamentalofironmakingReductionofironoxidesFundamentalofsteelmakingFundamentalsofLadleMetallurgicalReactions/05:49:54第3页Part2IronmakingSinterplantSinterqualityBlastFurnaceBlastfurnacegassystemandhotblaststovesPulverizedcoalinjectiontechnologyBlastfurnaceInstrumentationandControlCOREXplantHIsmelt/05:49:54第4页Part3SteelmakingHotmetalDesulfurizationTechnologyHotmetalpretreatmentprocessBasicOxygenFurnaceProcesscontrolstrategiesofBOFElectricArcFurnaceDirectCurrentElectricArcFurnaceLadleFurnace,TankDegasser,RH,andCAS-OBContinuousCasting/05:49:54第5页Unit1Globalsteelindustry10/10//00:00:00第6页1.OverviewTheglobalsteelindustryishighlycyclical,verycompetitiveandstillfragmentedintermsofmarketshare.Currentlytheindustryisattheheightofthebusinesscycleandisgoingthroughaconsolidationphase,whichmightresultinthesmallerplayersbeingacquiredbythelargerones.1.cyclical:周期；轮转，循环。2.fragment:(使)成碎片，(使)分裂。3.marketshare:市场份额。4.consolidation:合并。5.acquire:取得，取得。/05:49:54第7页Thetotaloutputfromtheindustryexceeds1.4billiontonsin,mostofitaugmentedbytheincreaseinoutputfromChina.Thisisexpectedtoincreasefurther,makingsteeloutputfromChinaamongthelargestintheworld.6.output:产量；生产，出产，产品。7.augment:(使)扩张，扩大；扩编；(使)增大，增加。/05:49:54第8页Thesteelindustrydemonstratesahighdegreeofvariability,bothintermsofearningsandproduction.Thefactorsattributablefordrivingthisvariabilityareglobaleconomicconditionswithaparticularsensitivitytotheperformanceoftheautomotive,construction,capitalgoodsandotherindustrialproductsindustries.8.variability:改变性；变异性。9.earning:利润。10.factor:要素，原因。11.attributable:由…引发。12.sensitivity:敏感(性)。13.capital:主要，资本。/05:49:54第9页Thecommoditynatureofsteel,theproducersandconsumerslimitedcontrolonprice,andthedemandandsupplydisparityhavemadesteelpricesvolatile.Significantincreasesinpricesformetalsandenergyoverthepasttwoyearshavealsocontributedtoincreasedvariabilityintheindustry.14.commodity:〔常pl.〕商品。15.disparity:不一样，不等。16.volatile:易变，重复无常。/05:49:54第10页2.BriefCompanyOverviews(1)Arcelor-Mittal:Thefive-monthlongduelbetweenNetherlands-basedMittalandLuxembourg-basedArcelorhasconcluded.Mittal’sunprecedentedtakeovervictoryinthebattlefortheglobalsteelgianthasbroughtthefive-monthbattletoahalt,afterthefinalshareholderapproval.InthenewArcelor-MittalcombinetheMittalfamilycollectivelyholdsa43.5percentshare.17.duel:竞争，斗争。18.conclude:结束，终止。19.unprecedented:没有前例。20.takeover:接收。21.giant:巨人；大汉。/05:49:54第11页Thenewsteelcompanywillhaveabout334,000employeesworld-wide,andrevenuescloseto$70billion.Arceloriswell-positionedinWesternEuropeandcateringthehigh-gradeautoandconstructionindustry.22.halt:暂停前进。23.shareholder:股东。24.approval:同意。25.combine:集团。26.collective:集合。27.revenue:(国家)岁入；〔pl.〕总收入。/05:49:54第12页Mittalwithmillsspreadoutthroughthefourcontinentsinlow-costlocationssuchasCzechRepublic,Mexico,andKazakhstan,producingmostlybasicsteelproducts.StilltherearethingstobesettledbetweenArcelorandMittal.Forexample,thefateoftheCanadiansteelmakerDofascoacquiredinAprilbyArcelorisyettobedecided.28.well-positioned:很好定位。29.cater:为(宴会等)供给酒菜；供给；迎合，投合。30.cost:费用；代价，价格；成本。31.Kazakhstan:哈萨克斯坦〔亚洲国名〕。/05:49:54第13页Mittal’saggressivebusinessmodelhashelpedthecompanycreateaprofitableenterpriseincountries

thatwerenotregardedasobviousinvestmenttargets(suchasUkraineandIndonesia).Ithastrackrecordofbuyingloss-making,bankruptorunder-producingsteelcompanies,andturningthemaroundbyrestructuring,costcuttingandlayoffs,therebycreatingleanerandmorecompetitiveoperations.32.Ukraine:乌克兰。33.Indonesia:印度尼西亚。34.profitable:有利可图，。35.trackrecord:成绩纪录。36.under-producing:半停产。37.layoffs:暂时辞退；停工；停顿活动。/05:49:54第14页Thecompanyhasproductionunitsin17countries.Incontrast,Arcelorholdsfrontrunningpositionsinitsmainmarkets:automotive,construction,householdappliancesandpackagingaswellasgeneralindustry.ArceloristhenumberonesteelproducerinEuropeandLatinAmerica.Takingadvantageofitsnowdominantposition,Arcelor-Mittalhasambitionstofurtherexpandinternationallyinordertotakeadvantageofthegrowthpotentialofdevelopingeconomiesandoffertechnologicallyadvancedsteelsolutionstoitsglobalcustomers.38.lean:精干。39.householdappliance:家庭用具。40.dominant:最有力，占优势。/05:49:54第15页Arcelor-Mittalismorethanthreetimeslargerintermsofproductionofandrevenuefromsteel,thanitsnearestrivalNipponSteelCorp.ofJapan.Thecombinedcompanywillnowhaveasignificantadvantageinsettingpricesandnegotiatingthetermsofvariouscontractswithkeycustomers.Thenewsteelindustrytitanwillbebetterequippedtocombatthevolatilenatureofthesteelindustry.Thisisduetothefactthatitwillhavegloballydiversifiedoperationsandadiversifiedproductlinegivingitthepowertonegotiatewithlargecustomer.41.rival:竞争者，对手。42.titan:巨头。43.diversified:多样化。/05:49:54第16页

(2)NipponSteelCorporation:

NipponSteelCorporationisJapan’sNo.1steelmakerandtheworld’sthirdlargest,intermsofcrudesteelproduction,withannualconsolidatedoutputofapproximately33milliontons.Itisbackedbyasolidbusinessfranchisesupportedbydiverseproductlineswithafocusonhighvalueaddedproducts,outstandingproductdevelopmentcapability,aswellasastrongcustomerbase.TheCompanyhasalsosecuredasolidpresenceoverseas,fueledbydistinctiveresearchanddevelopmentcapabilitiesandstrategicalliances.44.consolidated:加固；整理过，统一。45.franchise:某种特许权。46.diverse:各种多样。47.presence:存在。48.fuel:(给…)加[供给]燃料。49.distinctive:独特。50.strategic:战略(上)。51.alliance:同盟。/05:49:54第17页(3)Posco:ThePohangIronandSteelCompanybasedinPohang,SouthKorea,itisoneofthetopsteelproducers.PoscooperatestwosteelcompaniesinSouthKorea,oneinPohangandtheotherinGwangyang.Inadditiontothis,PoscooperatesinajointventurewithUSSteelwithnameofUSS–Posco,locatedinPittsburgh.52.jointventure:合资(企业)。/05:49:54第18页InJune,PoscosignedamemorandumofunderstandingwiththeStateGovernmentofOrissa,Indiaandplanstoinvest$12billiontoconstructaplantwithfourblastfurnaces,anelectricityplant,housing,andanannualproductioncapacityof12milliontonsofsteelandisexpectedtostartproductionin.53.memorandum:统计；备忘录；便笺[函]；通知书；寄售物品通知书。54.blastfurnace:高炉，鼓风炉。55.housing:房屋；住宅。/05:49:54第19页

(4)Severstal:SeverstalisthelargestRussiansteelproducer,withannualsteelproductionof17.1milliontons.Inaddition,SeverstalownsSeverstalNorthAmerica,thefifthlargestintegratedsteelmakerintheU.S.withproductionof2.7milliontons,andLucchini,Italy’ssecondlargeststeelgroupwithproductionof3.5milliontons./05:49:54第20页Severstalisoneoftheworld’slowestcostandmostprofitablesteelproducers,withEBITDAofapproximately150eurosperton.Severstal-Resource,itsownsubsidiaryowns70yearsofironorereservesand84yearsofcoalreserves,revenueandEBITDAwereapproximatelyEUR1.12billionandEUR506million,respectively.Severstal-Resourceproducescokingcoal,thermalcoal,ironorepelletsandironoreconcentrate.56.EBITDA:未计利息、税项、折旧及摊销前利润。57.euro:欧元。58.subsidiary:子企业。59.reserve:贮备。60.respectively:各自。61.cokingcoal:炼焦煤。62.thermalcoal:动力煤。63.ironore:铁矿石。64.pellet:球团矿。65.ironoreconcentrate:铁精矿。/05:49:54第21页(5)Corus:Corusisacustomerfocused,innovativesolutionsdrivencompany,whichmanufactures,processesanddistributesmetalproductsaswellasprovidingdesign,technologyandconsultancyservices.Thecompany’sheadquartersareinLondon,withfourDivisionsandoperationsworldwide.66.innovative:创新。67.manufacture:(大量)制造，加工。68.consultancy:咨询，顾问服务。69.headquarters:总部。70.division:政府或企业一个部分位。/05:49:54第22页Corusranksamongthe10largeststeelproducersintheworld,withabout18milliontonnesofcrudesteelproductionin.Activitiesincludecarbonsteelproductionwhichare90%ofsalesandaluminumsmelting,rolling,andextrusion10%ofsales.Thegroup'smainproductionbasesaretheU.K.,theNetherlands,Sweden,Germany,France,Belgium,andtheU.S.Itisoftenspokenaboutasapossibletakeovercandidate.71.crudesteel:粗钢。72.carbonsteel:碳素钢。73.smelt:精炼。74.roll:轧钢。75.extrusion:挤压成型。76.takeover:接收；接管。

/05:49:54第23页3.GlobalSteelIndustry

ThesteelindustryintheEuropeanUnionisstructureddifferentlythanthesteelindustryintheUnitedStates.Thekeydifferenceistheconsolidationoftheindustry.Arcelor-Mittal,ThyssenKrupp,andCorusenjoysubstantialmarketshareinalargelyconsolidatedmarketplace./05:49:54第24页ThesteelindustryintheUnitedStatesiscompletelydifferentcomparedtootherindustriesglobally.UScorporatebondissuershaveahigherhistoricaldefaultratethananyothersteelproducerglobally.77.bond:契约；联盟；证券，。78.issuer:发行者。79.default:不推行；违约；拖欠；不推行债务；缺席。/05:49:54第25页ThisreflectshighlyleveragedcapitalstructuresoftheUSsteelproducerscomparedtotheEuropeancounterpartswhoholdhighercashbalancesplacingsignificantimportancetoacautiousapproachtoliquidity.ThehighdefaultrateintheUSsteelindustrycanbeattributedtoanelevatedlevelofshareholderpressureforhighshort-termreturns,whichthenforcesthemanagementtodeployhigher-riskstrategies.80.leverage:为…提供杠杆装置；以“杠杆收购法”投资于(某个基金)。81.liquidity:流动性，流畅。/05:49:54第26页OversupplyinChina,particularlyincommoditybasedflatproductsandlongproducts,andtheinventorybuild-upinAsiancountriesarepressuringtheregion’sprofitabilityandcashflowandthuscontributingtothevariabilityintheglobalsteelindustry.Anewrecordhighwassetforworldtradeinsteel,whichgrew8%intoabout1.3billiontons.82.oversupply:过分供给。83.commodity:商品。84.flatproduct:扁平材产品。85.longproduct:长材产品。86.inventory:存货。87.build-up:上升，升高。/05:49:54第27页ThelargeststeelexportingcountriesinwereEU32.4milliontons,Japan32milliontons,Russia30.9milliontons,Ukraine27.3milliontonsand,enteringthetop5forthefirsttime,China27.4milliontonsupasolid37percent.ThelargestimportingcountrieswereChina27.5milliontons,theEU25.1milliontonsandJapan13.2milliontons.ThemajorexportersofironoreinwereAustralia239milliontonsandBrazil224milliontons.88.break-up:明细表。/05:49:54第28页ImportsintoChinaincreasedby32%in,comparedto,importsintotheEUandJapanactuallyfellby2%.ImportsintoChinafromAustraliainwere112milliontons,anincreaseof34milliontonson.ImportsfromIndia,at68.5milliontons,wereupby18milliontonsonwhichmeansthatimportsfromIndiahaveincreasedtenfoldsince1998.ImportsintoChinafromBrazilreached55milliontons,andincreaseof8milliontons.Thebreak-upofChineseimportsbycountryoforiginshowsthatAustraliasupplied41%,India25%andBrazil20%,othercountriessuchasSouthAfricacontributetotheremaining14%./05:49:54第29页(1)China:InsteelproductioninChinawas349milliontonsup25%from.Incomparison,productioninwas280milliontons,was222milliontonsand182milliontons.Importsinfell18%to27.3milliontonsfrom33.2milliontonsin./05:49:54第30页Importshadpreviouslyrisensignificantlyintoreach43milliontons.Exportsgrew36%intoreach27milliontonscomparedwith20milliontonsinand8milliontonsin.SinceSeptemberexportshaveexceededimportstomakeChinaanetsteelexporteralthoughthiswasreversedfromJuly.However,inDecember,exportsagainexceededimports.RealGDPinChinaisexpectedtobearound10percentinandwillmostlikelyremainhighinintherun-uptotheBeijingOlympics,hencefeedingdemand./05:49:54第31页China,whichisamajorproducerandconsumerglobally,isanetexporterofsteelanditsincreasedsupplyofproductsmightfinditswaytotheNorthAmericamarkets.ThesuddenincreaseinsteelimportsfromChinaisnotonlyfueledbytheBeijingOlympicsscheduledfor,butalsobecauseoftheincreaseindomesticdemandforinfrastructureignitedbytherapidindustrializationinChina.CurrentlytherearenumeroussmalllocalsteelcompaniesinChina,andingeneralviewtheChinesesteelindustryisripeforarapidconsolidationphase.AfterBeijingOlympicsin,thereareprospectsofaslowdownintheindustry.89.infrastructure:基础设施。90.ignite:点燃。91.ripe:成熟。92.beripefor:…时机成熟。/05:49:54第32页(2)UnitedStates:TheUS,whichistraditionallyasteelimporter,recordedimportsof30.2milliontonsinadropof8%on.Thekeyimportedproductsweresemis6.3milliontons,hotrolledcoil3.7milliontons,weldedtubes3.6milliontonsandwirerod2.8milliontons.KeysupplyingcountriesincludetheNAFTAmembersCanada5.6milliontonsandMexico3.8milliontonsfollowedbyBrazil2.4milliontonsandChina2.3milliontons.USsteelmillexportsinwere9.4milliontonscomparedwith7.8miliiontonsin.93.appetite:胃口。94.semis:半成品。95.hotrolledcoil:热轧钢卷。96.weldedtube:焊管。97.wire:钢丝。98.rod:线材。99.NAFTA:NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement北美自由贸易协定。100.steelmill:钢厂。/05:49:54第33页(3)EuropeanUnion:

EUimports,afterreachingtheirhighestleveleverinQ1at8.7milliontons,fellbacksharplyinthesecondquartertodownto7.7milliontonsandalsoinquarter3downto5.3milliontons.Henceinthefirst9monthsimports,at21.7milliontonswere11%downonthesameperiod./05:49:54第34页Consequently,overthefirst9monthstheEUhasresumeditspositionasanetsteelexporterwithasurplusof2milliontonsimports21.7milliontonsandexports23.7milliontons.KeyproductsimportedbytheEUincludesemis,hotrolledcoil,wirerod,galvanizedsheet,hotrolledplatesandcoldrolledsheet.KeyimportsourcesincludeRussia3.9milliontons,Turkey2.1milliontons,Ukraine2.2milliontons,China1.5milliontons,India0.9milliontonsandBrazil1.1milliontons.101.resume:拿回。102.surplus:盈余。103.galvanizedsheet:镀锌薄板。104.hotrolled:热轧。105.plate:（中厚板）。106.coldrolled:冷轧。107.sheet:薄板。/05:49:54第35页Readingmaterial1:NewdevelopmentinEurope10/10//00:00:00第36页1.SteelproductioninEuropeSteelisaglobalproduct,andduetotherapidinformationtransferworldwidetherearenofundamentaldifferencesregardingtheproductionprocesses.Nevertheless,therearedistinctionsinthetechnologiesapplied,causedbytherawmaterialsandenergysituation,consumerorientation,andalsocausedbythespeedoftheintroductionofinnovationsandnewprocessdevelopmentsinoperationalapplication.1.distinction:区分,分清。2.orientation:定位熟悉。3.innovation:革新,创新。/05:49:54第37页TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isoneofthemostimportanteconomicblocksintheworld.ThetreatyonthefoundationoftheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC),establishedin1952,wasoneoftheoriginsoftheEuropeanUnionwhichtodaycomprises15memberstates.Thisregionhasabout376millioninhabitants;in1999theproductionofcrudesteelamountedto155milliont.4.economicblock:经济板块。5.theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity:欧洲煤钢联营体。/05:49:54第38页Geographically,EuropecontainsseveralothersteelproducingcountriesoutsidetheEU.WithoutconsideringtheshareoftheCISmemberstates,thereisanadditionalcrudesteelproductionofabout50milliont.AnoverviewofthesteelproductionlocationsinEuropehavingacapacityofmorethan4milliont/yearcrudesteelrevealsthatthecityofDuisburginGermanyistheareawiththehighestproductionlevel.6.CIS:CommonwealthofIndependenceStates独联体。/05:49:54第39页Theshareofbasicoxygenfurnacesteelmakinginintegratedplantsisheadingtowards60%,andthatofscrapbasedelectricsteelmakingtowards40%.Today,andinthefuture,onlythoseproductionprocesseswhichachievehighproductivity,costefficiency,andalsoeasyandsufficientenvironmentalcontrolwillhaveachancetosurvive.Therefore,theBasicBessemerandOpen-Hearthprocesseshavebeenphasedout.7.basicoxygenfurnace:碱性氧气转炉。8.integratedplant:钢铁厂。9.scrap:废钢。10.electricsteelmaking:电炉炼钢。11.BasicBessemer:碱性贝塞麦转炉炼钢法。12.Open-Hearthprocess:平炉工艺。13.phaseout:分阶段停顿使用。/05:49:54第40页SinteristhemainferrousburdencomponentfortheblastfurnacesintheEuropeanUnion.TheaverageburdencompositioninEUcountriesis62.4%sinter,26.1%pelletsand11.5%lumporesandothers.OnlySwedenhasshutdownallitssinterplants.14.sinter:烧结物；烧结矿。15.burden:含铁原料。16.blastfurnace:高炉。17.lumpore:块矿。2.Sinterplants/05:49:54第41页Intheothercountries,theshareofsinterrangesfromabout45to85%.In1999,41sinterplantswereoperatedintheEUproducing100milliontofsinter.Over50%aremediumtolargeplantswith200to500m2effectivesuctionarea–thelargestbeingstrandNo.3atSollacDunkerquewith525m2.18.effectivesuctionarea:有效抽风面积。/05:49:54第42页SinterplantsintheEUarefocusingonreducingdioxinemissionstoextremelylowlevels.Therefore,severalactivitiestoreducedioxinemissionsarecarriedout.UreaisaddedtothesinterplantinLlanwern,UnitedKingdom.Thisresultedinadecreaseindioxinemissions.Onepossiblemechanismforthedioxinreductionusingureaisthereductionofchlorinelevels.Theaveragedioxinemissionlevelscouldbedecreasedto0.6ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.)inthewastegas.19.dioxin:二恶英。20.emission:散发。21.urea:尿素。22.chlorine:氯。23.TEQ:因为环境二恶英主要以混合物形式存在，在对二恶英毒性进行评价时，国际上常把不一样组分折算成相当于2,3,7,8-TCDD量来表示，称为毒性当量(ToxicEquivalentQuantity，简称TEQ)。24.s.t.p.标准温度和压力。/05:49:54第43页AtCorusinIjmuiden,theNetherlands,halfofthewastegasquantityisrecycledviahoodstothesinterstrand,whilsttheresidualgasiscleanedusingthewetscrubbingAirfinesystem.ThiscombinationofEOS(EmissionOptimisedSintering)andAirfineenabledthereductionofdioxinemissionstoapprox.0.20to0.24ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).TheauthoritiesintheNetherlandsprescribeamaximumallowableemissionvalueof0.5ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).25.hood:烟罩。26.strand:（烧结机）一台；（连铸机）一流。27.residual:残余，剩下。28.scrub:(使)(气体)净化；(从气体中)分离出，提出。29.wetscrubbing:湿法喷淋。/05:49:54第44页WithintheframeworkofaEuropeanconsortium,adrygascleaningsystemtoreducedioxinemissionswasdiscussedwiththeGermanauthorities.ThesystemwastobetestedataThyssenKruppStahlsinterplant,withtheaimtoreachavalueof0.1ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).Twomethodshavebeentesteduptonow:Theinjectionoflignitecokedustintothewastegasinfrontoftheelectrostaticprecipitatorandtheuseofcatalystsinfrontofthestack.ForthefutureofsinterplantsinGermanyitisessentialtoclarifythehealthrelevanceofadioxinemissionvalueof0.1ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).30.consortium:(国际)财团。31.drygascleaningsystem:干法气体清洗系统。32.lignite:褐煤。33.coke:焦(炭)。34.electrostaticprecipitator:静电除尘器。35.catalyst:触媒，催化剂。/05:49:54第45页3.Blastfurnaces72blastfurnaces(BF)areoperatedintheEU,producing91millionthotmetal(HM)peryear.Mostofthefurnacesareintherangeof9to13mhearthdiameter,6furnaceshaveahearthdiameterofover13m.Averageannualproductionperblastfurnace,isapprox.1.26millionthotmetal;thelargestfurnace,SchwelgernNo.2ofThyssenKruppStahl,producesover4milliont/a.36.hotmetal:铁水。37.hearth:(平炉)炉床；(高炉)炉膛，炉缸。38.hearthdiameter:（高炉）炉缸直径。/05:49:54第46页Highestproductivitiesachievedareintherangeof3.0t/m3workingvolumeper24h.TotalreductantrateoftheEUfurnaceshasonaverageremainedatalowlevelduringthelasttenyears(approx.485kg/tHM).Therelativedistributionofreducingagentshaschangedremarkably.Averagecokeratesdecreasedby60kg/tHMto358kg/tHM,resultinginasavingofcokecapacitiesofaround5.5milliont/a.39.productivity:生产率；生产能力；（高炉）利用系数。40.workingvolume:有效容积。41.totalreductantrate:总还原剂比。42.reducingagent:还原剂。43.cokerate:焦比。44.HM:hotmetal简称。/05:49:54第47页Thesesavingsincokewerebasicallyachievedbyincreasingtheaveragecoalinjectionrate.In1999thehighestcoalinjectionratesachievedbysomeblastfurnaceswereintherangeof190to200kg/tHM.Astodaycertainblastfurnacesarealreadyconstantlyoperatedatacokerateof300kg/tHMandbelow,itcanbeexpectedthattheaveragecokelevelcanbedecreasedfrom358kg/tHMtoapprox.320kg/tHMbytheyear.45.injectionrate:喷吹比。46.coalinjection:煤粉喷吹。/05:49:54第48页Thiscanberealizedbyfurtherincreasingtheinjectionratesandbyreplacingoilinjectionbycoalinjectioniftheoilpriceremainsatahighlevel.Toimprovecoalgasificationatthelancetipduringinjectionathighrates,ademonstrationprojectfortheinjectionofpreheatedpulverizedcoalisbeingcarriedoutwithintheECSC.47.lancetip:喷枪端部。48.pulverizedcoal:煤粉。/05:49:54第49页Atthreeblastfurnaces,alllocatedinGermany,processedwasteplasticsareinjectedasareplacementforoil.Plasticinjectionrateswereupto44kg/tHM,andtheevaluatedoilreplacementratiowas1:1.Theblastfurnacesusingtheseplasticsarepaidanagreedpremiumbytheplasticsrecyclingindustry.49.replacementratio:置换比。50.premium:奖赏，奖励；奖金；奖状，奖品；奖分。/05:49:54第50页Theplasticsusedhavetofulfillextremelyexactingrequirementsregardingchemicalcompositionandgrainsizedistribution.In1999,104000tofplasticswereinjectedintotheseblastfurnaces.AfurtherincreaseofplasticsinjectioninEuropeisnotlikelyatthemoment.51.grainsize:颗粒粒度。/05:49:54第51页Inthefieldofblastfurnaceplantequipment,newdevelopmentsincoolingtechnologyshouldbehighlighted.Inadditiontocastironcoolingstaves,thenewlydevelopedcopperstavesarebecomingincreasinglyestablishedinthemiddleshaftareadowntotheheartharea.Comparedwithcastironstaves,copperstavesenablesignificantlyhigherheatremoval.52.castiron:铸铁。53.coolingstave:冷却壁。54.copperstave:铜冷却壁。55.middleshaftarea:（高炉）炉身中部区域。56.heatremoval:散热。/05:49:54第52页Theyareconsiderablythinner,thusincreasingthefurnacevolumewithoutchangingtheshellsize.Itisadvisabletoinstallcopperstaveswithoutrefractorybrickworkinthelowershaftandbellyarea,becauseduetotherapidheatremovaldepositsareformedontheirsurfaceandprotectthestavesagainstabrasivewear.BlastfurnaceNo.2StahlwerkeBremen(12.0mhearthdiameter)wasthefirstfurnaceintheworldequippedwithcoppercoolingstavesinthehearthduringitsreliningin1999.57.furnacevolume:炉容。58.shell:炉壳。59.refractory:耐火材料。60.brickwork:砖砌体。61.lowershaft:（高炉）炉身下部。62.belly:（高炉）炉腹。63.deposit:淤积[沉积]物。64.abrasive:有磨损力。65.wear:磨损。66.reline:（换衬）大修。/05:49:54第53页4.BasicoxygenfurnacesteelmakingThetotalEUbasicoxygenfurnace(BOF)productionofabout100milliont/ahasremainednearlyconstantduringthelastl0years,althoughtheshareofthisprocesslineisslightlydecreasing.ThestrongincreaseinvacuumtreatmentcapacitiesintheEUreflectsthedemandforhighqualitysteelgrades.ThelastfewyearshavebeencharacterizedbythetrendofintegratingladlefurnacesinBOFshopstoenablelowertappingtemperaturesandindependenttemperaturemanagement.67.basicoxygenfurnace(BOF):碱性氧气转炉。68.vacuumtreatment:真空处理。69.steelgrade:钢种。70.ladlefurnace:钢包炉。/05:49:54第54页HighqualityflatproductsaremainlyproducedbytheBF-BOFsteelmakingrouteinintegratedsteelplants.Scrapbasedflatsteelproductionrequiresscrappreparationandselection,andhighamountsofvirginmaterialslikeDRIandhotmetal.Thecomparisonoflongandflatproductionandthescrap/hotmetalsituationintheworldandintheEU，makesitobviousthatthehighshareofflatproductsintheEU，andespeciallyinGermany,islinkedwithahighhotmetalinputforsteelmaking.71.BF:blastfurnace简称，高炉。72.virginmaterials:纯净原料。73.DRI:DirectReducedIron简称，直接还原铁。/05:49:54第55页"Extreme"situationscanbeidentifiedinJapanandtheUnitedStates，theformerbeingcharacterizedbyverylowscrapinputandthelatterbyhighscrapinput(alsoforflatproduction).InsomeEuropeancountriesthespecificscrapinputinBOFsteelmakinghasbeendecreasedsincel980；thesecountrieshavestillsomepotentialforloweringCO2emissionsbyincreasingscrapconsumption./05:49:54第56页Ameasuretoincreasescrapconsumptionintheconverteristheachievementofahighdegreeofpost-combustion.Pilottrialsusingajetofhotairat1200℃,bottomblowingofoxygenandfinecoal,haveledtopost-combustiondegreesof60to65%andexcellentheattransfertothemelt.Successfultrialswitha10tconverterhaverecentlybeenperformedatNeueMaxhfutteinGermany.74.converter:炼钢炉，转炉。75.post-combustion:二次燃烧。76.finecoal:煤粉。/05:49:54第57页DevelopmentsinBOFsteelmakinginEuropearemainlyaimedatimprovingproductivity.DynamicBOFmodelsandstandardizingtheblowingoperationareundercontinuousdevelopment.Neuralnetworksforprocessconditionpredictionofferagreatpotential,particularlywhererelationshipsarenon-linearorinputdataaremissing.Withhighscraprates,strictdemandsconcerningtheresidualelementsareanecessity.TheproductivityofEuropeanBOFvesselsisabout400to550t/hworkingtimefor280to380tvessels.Topproductivityismostlyobtainedinsteelshopsworkingwithonevesseloutoftwo.77.neuralnetwork:神经网络78.non-linear:非线性。79.scraprate:废钢比。80.residualelement:残余元素。81.steelshop:炼钢车间。82.onevesseloutoftwo:（转炉车间）二吹一操作。/05:49:54第58页Regardingthequalityoftheproducedsteel,