现代语言学自考历年真题

全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题

connotationsreflectthesexistviewssocietyhasaboutanunmarriedwomanasopposed

I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneofthetoanunmarriedman.

fourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,C,orDintheA.importantB.unusualC.pejorativeD.commendatory

brackets.(2%X10=20%)9.Humanlinguisticabilitydependsprimarilyonhuman.()

1.ThepurposeofChomsky'sdefinitionistofbcusattentiononthepurelyA.brainB.vocalcordsC.tongueD.articulatoryorgans

propertiesoflanguage,andthesepropertiescanbestudiedfromamathematicallyprecise10.Inthestage,childrenbegintoproducelongerutteranceswithmorecomplex

pointofview.grammaticalstructures.()

A.lexicalB.grammaticalC.semanticD.structuralA.prelinguisticB.one-wordC.two-wordD.multi-word

2.WerefertothelimitedrangeofsoundsasthephonicmediumoflanguageandindividualII.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,the

soundswithinthatrangeas.firstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEword

A.vowelsB.consonantsC.soundsD.speechsoundsonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%X10=10%)

3.A(n)referstotheexistingfonntowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.11.Dlinguisticsisthesystematicdescriptionandelucidationofalllinguistic

A.rootB.stemC.affixD.morphemechangesthroughtime.Itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodof

4.Allsentencesinalllanguagescanberepresentedbyconstituentstructuretrees,andalltime.Forexample,astudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesincethetimeof

havesyntacticrulesthatdetenninethelinearorderofwordsandtheirstructure.Shakespearewouldbeadiachronicstudy.

A.linearB.hierarchicalC.constituentD.syntactic12.Thephonemesofalanguagecannotbestrungtogetherinanyrandomordertofbnn

5.Insemanticanalysisofasentence,a(n)isalogicalparticipantinapredication,words.Thephonologicalsystemdetermineswhichphonemescanbeginaword,enda

largelyidenticalwiththenominalelementinasentence.()

word,andfolloweachother,inotherwords,therearesrulesthatgovernthe

A.argumentB.subjectC.objectD.predicatecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.

6.SpeakerA:Canyouanswerthetelephoned13.Morphologycanbedividedintotwosub-branches:inflectionalmorphologyandd

SpeakerB:I'minthebath.morphology.

SpeakerBisviolatingthemaximof.()

14.Syntaxconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithother

A.quantityB.qualityC.relationD.mannerwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.Itisuniversallyfoundthatsyntacticrulescomprise

7.Newwordsmaybeformedfromexistingwordsbytheremovalofasuffixthoughttobeaspeaker'ssystemofjlinguisticknowledgeknownaslinguisticcompetence.

partoftheoldword.Suchaprocessiscalled,e.g.,caretakefromcaretaker.15.Pairsofwordswhichexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthelexicalitemsare

A.back-formationB.clippingC.blendingD.abbreviatingcalledropposites.

8.Itisinsultingtoawomantobecalledaspinster,butitisnotinsultingtoamantobe16.Pragmaticsandsemanticsarebothlinguisticstudiesofm,butwhatdistinguishes

calledabachelor.Thereisnothinginherentlyaboutthewordspinster.Thethemiswhetherthecontextofuseisconsidered.

17.InOldEnglishthewordorderisdifferentfromthatofModemEnglish,andthereare26.()AccordingtoAustin'sclassificationofperlocutionaryacts,speechactsfallinto

twonegatives,une"(“not")and"nasfre"("notevernever").Sodrulefivegeneralcategories,whicharerepresentatives,directives,commissives,

isoneofthegrammaticalrulesinOldEnglish.expressivesanddecalrations.

18.Whenapidgincomestobeadoptedbyacommunityasitsnativetongueandislearned27.()ForsomespeakersofAmericanEnglish,thewordaskispronounced[«ks],but

bychildrenastheirfirstlanguage,itbecomesc.thewordaskingispronounced[sesklq].ItisinterestingthatinOldEnglish

19.Thecagefortheacquisitionofthefirstlanguagecoincideswiththeperiodoftheverbaskwasaksian,withthe/k/precedingthe/s/.Thismeansthata

brainlateralization.historicalmetathesisruleswitchedthesetwoconsonants,producingaskin

20.Insecondlanguagelearning,instnimentalmotivationoccurswhenthelearner'sgoalismostdialectsofEnglish.Metathesisisthephonologicalprocessthatreorders

f,andintegrativemotivationoccurswhenthelearner'sgoalissocial.segments,oftenbytransposingtwoadjoiningsoundsegments.

III.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaT28.()Languagevarietiesmaybestandardandnonstandard.Nonstandardvarieties

fortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkaareregardedassubstandardlanguages.Onlystandardvarietiesareregarded

statementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandthengivethecorrectastheonlycorrect,logicalandpure,andareeffectiveinexpressingideasin

version.(2%X10=20%)communication.

21.()Languageisarbitrarybynature.Anditisentirelyarbitrary.29.()Languageistheonlymeansofexpressingthought.

22.()Inproducingstopsorplosives,theobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansis30.()TheErrorAnalysisapproachshowsthattherearestrikingsimilaritiesinthe

totalorcomplete,withtheobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingwaysinwhichdifferentL2learnersacquireanewlanguage.

outagain,suchasEnglishstops[p]and[t]inpit.Inproducing[p]and[t]theIV.Directions:Explainthefollowingtermsandgiveexamplesforillustrationwhere

flowofairisblockedthroughthemouthonly.appropriate.(3%X10=30%)31.descriptivelinguistics32.diphthong33.morphological

23.()Fromthesemanticpointofview,themeaningofacompoundisalwaysrules34.casecondition35.collocationalsynonyms36.declarations37.Grimm'sLaw38.

perceivedfromthemeaningsofitscomponents.registers39.languagecenters40.formalinstruction

24.()Accordingtotheaprinciples-and-parameterstheory,uprinciplesMreferV.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%X2=20%)

tohighlyabstractpropertiesofgrammarwhichareappliedtolanguagein41.Explainsyntacticmovement,NP-movementandWH-movementwithexamples.

generalandwhichgeneratephrasesandatthesametimerestrainthepower42.Explaintheterm“euphemism“withexamples.Describetheuseofeuphemismsin

ofMovea,whileuparametersvallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinsocialcommunication.Whatwillresultineuphemisticcliches?

全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题

certainrestrictedways,accordingtowhichparticulargrammarsofnatural

I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneofthe

languagesvary.

fourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,C,orDinthe

25.()Indiscussingthesenserelationsbetweensentences,YisaprerequisiteofX.brackets.(2%X10=20%)

SoifYistrue,Xmustbetrue.1.Thelanguagebehaviorofparticularpersonsonparticularoccasionsisdeterminedby

manyotherfactorsoverandabovetheirlinguistic.()ofdiscreteunitsattwolevels.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whichare

A.systemB.structureC.competenceD.performancemeaningless.Atthehigherleveltherearemoiphemesandwords,whicharemeaningful.

2.Whenwepronouncethelongvowels[i:]or[u:],our,whichisabonystructureat12.Intheproductionofv,thebackofthetongueisbroughtintocontactwiththe

theendofthewindpipe,isinastateoftension.()softpalate,orvelum,e.g.,[k]incat,[g]ingetand[n]insting.

A.larynxB.hardpalateC.glottisD.vocalcords13.Morphologicalrulesaretherulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeof

3.Theword“manuscriptwisatwo-morphemeclusterwhichcontains.()stoformanewword.

A.tworootsB.arootandaprefixC.arootandasuffixD.arootandafreemorpheme14.Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwords.

4.ThegrammaticalknowledgeisrepresentedthroughPhraseStructureRules,whichstateAphrasestructuretreediagramassignsahstructuretosentences.

explicitlyallandonlythepossiblecombinationsoftheofalanguage,for15.Thewordssuchas“pop"meaningacertainsoundand“pop"meaningpopularare

example,inEnglish,NP一(Det)(Adj)N(PP)(S).()inrelationshipofchomonyms.

A.phrasesB.clausesC.sentencesD.constituents16.Thecviewinthediscussionofsemanticsisoftenconsideredastheinitialeffort

5.Theviewthatthemeaningofalinguisticformisdefinedastheusituationinwhichthetostudymeaninginapragmaticsense.

speakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer“wasproposedby.17.ExtensivechangesinrulesofmorphologyhaveoccurredinthehistoryofEnglish.

A.PlatoB.OgdenandRichardsC.JohnFirthD.BloomfieldEnglishhaslostmostofitsiendings,bywhichitisnolongerpossibleto

6.AccordingtoJohnAustin'stheoiyofspeechact,a(n)actisthechangebroughtidentifythefunctionalrolesofnouns.

aboutbytheutterance.()18.Diglossiadescribesanystablelinguisticsituation,inwhichthereexistsastrictf

A.prelocutionaryB.locutionaryC.illocutionaryD.perlocutionarydifferentiationbetweenalow-varietyorL-varietyandahighvarietyorH-variety.

7.In1786,SirWilliamJonessuggestedthatboretoGreekandLatinastronger19.Thelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualftinctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthe

affinitythancouldpossiblyhavebeenproducedbyaccident.()brainiscalled1.

A.GermanicB.PersianC.SanskritD.Lithuanian20.Iisthelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofsecondlanguage

8.Theexistenceoftaboowordsandtabooideasstimulatesthecreationofeuphemism,acquisition.

whichshowsthatawordorphrasenotonlyhasalinguisticdenotativemeaningbutalsoIII.Directions:Judgewhethereach,ofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaT

hasa.()fortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinka

A.conceptualmeaningB.connotativemeaningC.culturalmeaningD.socialmeaningstatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandthengivethecorrect

9.Dichoticlisteningresearchtellsusasignalcomingintheleftearwillfirstgototheversion.(2%x10=20%)

hemisphere,fromwhereitistransferredtotheleftsideofthebrainfbr21.()AccordingtoHall(1968),languageis"theinstitutionwherebyhumans

processing.communicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyused

A.rightB.leftC.frontD.backoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.**Mostlinguiststodayaccepttheviewof

10.Studiesoftheeffectsoffbrmalinstructiononsecondlanguageacquisitionsuggestthatlanguageasasetof"habituallyusedsymbols.0

formalinstructionmayhelplearnersperformsomeofthefollowingtypesoftasks22.()Intonationreferstoadistinctivepatternoftonesoverstretchofspeechin

except.A.plannedspeechB.writingC.casualandspontaneousconversationD.principlelongerthanaword,inotherwords,whenpitch,stressandsound

career-orientedexaminationlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyare

ILDirections:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thecollectivelyknownasintonation.

firstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEword23.()Suffixesareaddedtotheendofstems,duringtheprocessofwhichtheymodify

only,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%X10=10%)themeaningoftheoriginalwordbutusuallydonotchangeitspartofspeech.

11.Doubleareferstothepropertyoflanguagewhichmeanslanguageiscomposed

24.()Whenwesayasentencehastwolevelsofstructure,D-structureandS-structure,

ofaspeechcommunity.()

wedonotmeanthatthesyntacticrepresentationsofthesetwolevelsmustbe

A.performanceB.paroleC.langueD.competence

different.Sincesyntacticmovementoccurstoallsentences,sothe

representationsofthetwo2.InEnglish,aphonememayberepresentedbytwoormoreallophones.Thechoiceofthe

levelslookdifferent.allophoneis.()

25.()“HehasbeentoNewYorkpresupposes“HehasbeentoAmerica”.

A.randomB.rule-governedC.haphazardD.unpredictable

26.()JohnSearlemadeadistinctionbetweenwhathecalled"constatives”and

uperformatives,,.3.Inword-formation,aisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.()

27.()Regularizationofexceptionalpluralformsofnounsconstantlyoccurs.ByA.phonemeB.wordC.compoundD.morpheme

analogytofoe/fbes,anddog/dogs,Englishspeakersstartedsayingcowsasthe

4.Acategoryusuallyreferstoawordorphrasethatperformsaparticular

pluralofcowinsteadoftheearlierpluralkine.Thisanalogicalchangedoesnot

grammaticalfunction,suchasthesubjectorpredicateinasentence.()

occurwhenwordsareboiTowedfromforeignlanguages.

28.()ThecommonEnglishaddresstermsareFirstName(e.g.,John),LastName(e.g.,A.lexicalB.phrasalC.syntacticD.phonetic

Smith),Title+LastName(e.g.,D匚Green),Title+Title(e.g.,Mr.President),5.Inthefollowingpairsofwords,areapairofrelationalopposites.()

Titlealone(e.g.,Sir)andKinterm(e.g.,Dad).Andoutsideofmarkedsettings,

A."buy”and"sell"B."male”and唯male'C."hot”and"cold"D."alive”and“dead”

betweenfriends,neighboursandcolleagues,firstnamesarealwayspreferred.

29.()Thankstocerebralplasticity,peoplesufferingdamagetothelefthemisphereare6.Theillocutionarypointofhasthecharacteristicthatthesuccessfulperformance

abletotransfertheirlanguagecenterstotherighthemisphereandtoreacquireofanactofthiskindbringsaboutthecorrespondencebetweenwhatissaidandreality.

thelostlinguisticskillswithrelativelylittledisruption.

A.directivesB.declarationsC.commissivesD.representatives

30.()Theearliestsoundsproducedbyinfantscanbeconsideredasearlylanguage

7.OldEnglishhadarichcase-endingsystem,eg,OldEnglishnounhadfourcases,i.e.,

IV.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration,

ifnecessary.(3%x10=30%)31.designfeatures32.nan'owtranscription33.boundnominative,genetive,dativeand.()

morphemes34.deepstructures5.missives37.soundassimilation38.A.possessiveB.vocativeC.accusativeD.locative

idiolect39.Wemicke*sarea40.interference

8.dialectsarecharacteristicofaparticulartypeoflinguisticactivityandappropriate

V.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%x2=20%)

fbruseinparticularspeechsituations.()

41.PleaseillustratethesyntacticandsemanticfeaturesofcompoundsinEnglishlanguage

withexamples.A.SocialB.EthnicC.RegionalD.Situational

42.Pleaseexplicatehowlanguageandthoughtdevelopandblendeachotherinorderto9.Lyingundertheskull,thehumanbraincontainsanaverageoftenbillionnervecells

understandtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought.

called.()

全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题

A.nervefibersB.nervesC.neuronsD.cerebralcortex

I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneof

10.Bythetimechildrenaregoingbeyondthestage,theybegintoincorporatesome

thefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,C,orDinthe

oftheinflectionalmoiphemes.()

brackets.(2%X10=20%)

A.telegraphicB.multiwordC.two-wordD.one-word

I.Saussureusedtorefertotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembers

ILDirections:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,the

firstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEword21.()Thearbitrarynatureoflanguageisabsolute,i.e.,therearenowordsinworld

only,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%X10=10%)languagesthatmaintainacorrespondencebetweenfbiTnandsound.

11.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior,i.e.,totellpeople22.()Certainstringsofphonemesarepermissibleandothersarenot.Ifaword

whattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnot,itissaidtobeg.

beginswithan/l/or/r/,thenextsegmentmustbeavowel.Thatiswhy/Ibik/doesnot

12.Languagesthatusethepitchofindividualsyllablestocontrastmeaningsarecalledt

soundlikeanEnglishword.Itviolatestherestrictiononthesequencingofphonemes.

languages.Pitchvariationscanbeusedtodistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.

23.()Thedifferentstressesusedinacompounddonotusuallyaffectthemeaningof

13.Imorphemesarethosemorphemesthatshowvariousgrammatical

thecompound.

relationsorcategoriessuchasnumber,tenseandcase.

24.()Therecursivepropertiesofphrasestructurerulesenabletheserulestogenerate

14.Acsentencecontainstwoormoreclauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintothe

aninfinitenumberofsentences,andsentenceswithinfinitelength.

other.

15.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemantic25.()Entailmentisarelationofinclusion.IfXentailsY,themeaningofXisincludedinY.

analysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalledg,whichistheabstractionofthe26.()Performativesaresentencesthatdonotstateafactordescribeastate,andare

meaningofasentence.notverifiable.

16.ThesignificanceofGrice'sCPrincipleliesinthatitexplainshowitispossible27.()Anotherkindofchangethatcanbethoughtofas“economyofmemory”

forthespeakertoconveymorethanisliterallysaid.resultsinareductionofthenumberofexceptionalorirregularmorphemes.For

17.Themethodofrofaparentlanguagef?omacomparisonofitsdaughterexample,childrenandadultsarepresentlysayingIdreamedlastnight(insteadof

languagesiscalledthecomparativemethod.dreamt).Thiskindofchangehasbeencalledrulesimplification.

18.Theavoidanceofusingtlanguagemirrorssocialattitude,emotionsandvalue28.()Onestrikingfactabouttheasymmetrybetweenmaleandfemaletennsin

judgements.manylanguagesisthatwhentherearemale/femalepairs,themalefbrmfbrthemost

19.Genie'scasenotonlyconfinnsthecriticalperiodhypothesis,butalsotheviewthatpartisunmarkedandthefemaletermisproducedbyaddingaboundmorphemeorby

human'slanguageadeviceisindependentofotherintellectualabilities.compounding.

20.Ifthetargetlanguagefunctionsasaforeignlanguage,thelearnerislikelytobenefit29.()Researchfindingshaveshownthatlanguageprocessingcentersaresituatedin

fromanasingleareaofthelefthemisphere.

jmotivation.30.()Thegrammaticalerrorsthatoccurinsecondlanguageacquisitioncanallbe

III.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTexplainedbymothertongueinterference.

fortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.IfyouthinkaIV.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration,

statementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinkso.(2%X10=20%)ifnecessary.(3%X10=30%)31.synchronicstudy32.competences3.sentence

stress34.freemorpheme35.majorlexicalcategory36.behaviourismasasemantic

view37.stylisticsynonyms38.expressives39.euphemism40.Broca'sarea5.Insemanticanalysisofasentence,a(n)isalogicalparticipantina

V.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%X2=20%)predication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.()

41.InsomedialectsofEnglish,theword"ask"ispronounced[aeks],andchildren'sspeechA.argumentB.subjectC.objectD.attribute

showsanumberofcasesofsoundmovement,forexample,€€aminal,,for“animal”.Now

6.Ofthethreespeechactsaspeakermightbeperformingsimultaneouslywhen

explainsoundmovementbygivingexamples.Statethedifferencebetweensound

speaking,linguistsaremostinterestedintheactbecauseitisidenticalwiththe

movementandsoundadditionbyexamples.