钻井设备简介（英文版）drillingrigcomponent

DrillingRigComponents

PetexandtheUniversityofTexasAustin

©Petex2001

DrillingRigComponents

\o"CrownBlockandWaterTable"

CrownBlockandWaterTable

\o"CatlineBoomandHoistLine"

CatlineBoomandHoistLine

\o"DrillingLine"

DrillingLine

\o"Monkeyboard"

Monkeyboard

\o"TravelingBlock"

TravelingBlock

\o"TopDrive"

TopDrive

\o"Mast"

Mast

\o"DrillPipe"

DrillPipe

\o"Doghouse"

Doghouse

\o"BlowoutPreventerControlUnit"

BlowoutPreventer

\o"WaterTank"

WaterTank

\o"ElectricCableTray"

ElectricCableTray

\o"EngineGeneratorSets"

EngineGeneratorSets

\o"FuelTank"

FuelTank

\o"ElectricalControlHouse"

ElectricalControlHouse

\o"MudPumps"

MudPumps

\o"BulkMudComponentTanks"

BulkMudComponentTanks

\o"MudTanks(Pits)"

MudTanks(Pits)

\o"ReservePit"

ReservePit

\o"Mud-GasSeparator"

Mud-GasSeparator

\o"ShaleShakers"

ShaleShakers

\o"ChokeManifold"

ChokeManifold

\o"PipeRamp"

PipeRamp

\o"PipeRacks"

PipeRacks

\o"Accumulator"

Accumulator

Additionalrigcomponentsnotillustratedatright.

\o"Annulus"

Annulus

\o"Brake"

Brake

\o"CasingHead"

CasingHead

\o"Cathead"

Cathead

\o"Catwalk"

Catwalk

\o"Cellar"

Cellar

\o"ConductorPipe"

ConductorPipe

\o"Degasser"

Degasser

\o"Desander"

Desander

\o"Desilter"

Desilter

\o"Drawworks"

Drawworks

\o"DrillBit"

DrillBit

\o"DrillCollars"

DrillCollars

\o"Driller'sConsole"

Driller'sConsole

\o"Elevators"

Elevators

\o"HoistingLine"

HoistingLine

\o"Hook"

Hook

\o"Kelly"

Kelly

\o"KellyBushing"

KellyBushing

\o"KellySpinner"

KellySpinner

\o"Mousehole"

Mousehole

\o"MudReturnLine"

MudReturnLine

Equipmentusedindrilling

\o"RamBOP"

RamBOP

\o"Rathole"

Rathole

\o"RotaryHose"

RotaryHose

\o"RotaryTable"

RotaryTable

\o"Slips"

Slips

\o"Spinningchain"

Spinningchain

\o"Stairways"

Stairways

\o"Standpipe"

Standpipe

\o"SurfaceCasing"

SurfaceCasing

\o"Substructure"

Substructure

\o"Swivel"

Swivel

\o"Tongs"

Tongs

\o"Walkways"

Walkways

\o"WeightIndicator"

WeightIndicator

CrownBlockandWaterTable

Anassemblyofsheavesorpulleysmountedonbeamsatthetopofthederrick.Thedrillinglineisrunoverthesheavesdowntothehoistingdrum.

CatlineBoomandHoistLine

Astructuralframeworkerectednearthetopofthederrickforliftingmaterial.

DrillingLine

Awireropehoistingline,reevedonsheavesofthecrownblockandtravelingblock(ineffectablockandtackle).Itsprimarypurposeistohoistorlowerdrillpipeorcasingfromorintoawell.Also,awireropeusedtosupportthedrillingtools.

Monkeyboard

Thederrickman'sworkingplatform.Doubleboard,tribbleboard,fourableboard;amonkeyboardlocatedataheightinthederrickormastequaltotwo,three,orfourlengthsofpiperespectively.

TravelingBlock

Anarrangementofpulleysorsheavesthroughwhichdrillingcableisreeved,whichmovesupordowninthederrickormast.

TopDrive

Thetopdriverotatesthedrillstringendbitwithouttheuseofakellyandrotarytable.Thetopdriveisoperatedfromacontrolconsoleontherigfloor.

Mast

Aportablederrickcapableofbeingerectedasaunit,asdistinguishedfromastandardderrick,whichcannotberaisedtoaworkingpositionasaunit.

DrillPipe

Theheavyseamlesstubingusedtorotatethebitandcirculatethedrillingfluid.Jointsofpipe30feetlongarecoupledtogetherwithtooljoints.

Doghouse

Asmallenclosureontherigfloorusedasanofficeforthedrillerorasastorehouseforsmallobjects.Also,anysmallbuildingusedasanofficeorforstorage.

BlowoutPreventer

Alargevalve,usuallyinstalledabovetherampreventers,thatformsasealintheannularspacebetweenthepipeandwellboreor,ifnopipeispresent,onthewellboreitself

WaterTank

Isusedtostorewaterthatisusedformudmixing,cementing,andrigcleaning.

ElectricCableTray

Supportstheheavyelectricalcablesthatfeedthepowerfromthecontrolpaneltotherigmotors.

EngineGeneratorSets

Adiesel,LiquefiedPetroleumGas(LPG),naturalgas,orgasolineengine,alongwithamechanicaltransmissionandgeneratorforproducingpowerforthedrillingrig.Newerrigsuseelectricgeneratorstopowerelectricmotorsontheotherpartsoftherig.

FuelTanks

Fuelstoragetanksforthepowergeneratingsystem.

ElectricHouse

Ondieselelectricrigs,powerfuldieselenginesdrivelargeelectricgenerators.Thegeneratorsproduceelectricitythatflowsthroughcablestoelectricswitchesandcontrolequipmentenclosedinacontrolcabinetorpanel.Electricityisfedtoelectricmotorsviathepanel.

MudPump

Alargereciprocatingpumpusedtocirculatethemud(drillingfluid)onadrillingrig.

BulkMudComponentsinStorage

Hoppertypetanksforstorageofdrillingfluidcomponents.

MudPits

Aseriesofopentanks,usuallymadeofsteelplates,throughwhichthedrillingmudiscycledtoallowsandandsedimentstosettleout.Additivesaremixedwiththemudinthepit,andthefluidistemporarilystoredtherebeforebeingpumpedbackintothewell.Mudpitcompartmentsarealsocalledshakerpits,settlingpits,andsuctionpits,dependingontheirmainpurpose.

ReservePits

Amudpitinwhichasupplyofdrillingfluidhasbeenstored.Also,awastepit,usuallyanexcavated,earthen-walledpit.Itmaybelinedwithplastictopreventsoilcontamination.

MudGasSeparator

Adevicethatremovesgasfromthemudcomingoutofawellwhenakickisbeingcirculatedout.

ShaleShaker

Aseriesoftrayswithsievesorscreensthatvibratetoremovecuttingsfromcirculatingfluidinrotarydrillingoperations.Thesizeoftheopeningsinthesieveisselectedtomatchthesizeofthesolidsinthedrillingfluidandtheanticipatedsizeofcuttings.Alsocalledashaker.

ChokeManifold

Thearrangementofpipingandspecialvalves,calledchokes,throughwhichdrillingmudiscirculatedwhentheblowoutpreventersareclosedtocontrolthepressuresencounteredduringakick.

PipeRamp

Anangledrampfordraggingdrillpipeuptothedrillingplatformorbringingpipedownoffthedrillplatform.

PipeRacks

Ahorizontalsupportfortubulargoods.

Accumulator

Thestoragedevicefornitrogenpressurizedhydraulicfluid,whichisusedinoperatingtheblowoutpreventers.

Annulus

Thespacearoundapipeinawellbore,theouterwallofwhichmaybethewallofeithertheboreholeorthecasing;sometimestermedtheannularspace.

Brake

Thebrakingdeviceonthedrawworkstostopaloadbeinglifted.

CasingHead

Aheavy,flangedsteelfittingconnectedtothefirststringofcasing.Itprovidesahousingforslipsandpackingassemblies,allowssuspensionofintermediateandproductionstringsofcasing,andsuppliesthemeansfortheannulustobesealedoff.Alsocalledaspool.

Cathead

Aspool-shapedattachmentonawincharoundwhichropeforhoistingandpullingiswound.

Catwalk

Therampatthesideofthedrillingrigwherepipeislaidtobeliftedtothederrickfloorbythecatlineorbyanairhoist.

Cellar

Apitinthegroundtoprovideadditionalheightbetweentherigfloorandthewellheadtoaccommodatetheinstallationofblowoutpreventers,ratholes,mouseholes,andsoforth.Italsocollectsdrainagewaterandotherfluidsfordisposal.

ConductorPipe

Thelargestdiametercasingandthetopmostlengthofcasing.Itisrelativelyshortandencasesthetopmoststringofcasing.

Degasser

Theequipmentusedtoremoveunwantedgasfromaliquid,especiallyfromdrillingfluid.

Desilter

Acentrifugaldevice,similartoadesander,usedtoremoveveryfineparticles,orsilt,fromdrillingfluid.Thiskeepstheamountofsolidsinthefluidtothelowestpossiblelevel.

Drawworks

Thehoistingmechanismonadrillingrig.Itisessentiallyalargewinchthatspoolsoffortakesinthedrillinglineandthusraisesorlowersthedrillstemandbit.

DrillBit

Thecuttingorboringelementusedindrillingoilandgaswells.Mostbitsusedinrotarydrillingareroller-conebits.Thebitconsistsofthecuttingelementsandthecirculatingelement.Thecirculatingelementpermitsthepassageofdrillingfluidandusesthehydraulicforceofthefluidstreamtoimprovedrillingrates.

DrillCollar

Aheavy,thick-walledtube,usuallysteel,usedbetweenthedrillpipeandthebitinthedrillstem.Itisusedtoputweightonthebitsothatthebitcandrill.

DrillersConsole

Thecontrolpanel,locatedontheplatform,wherethedrillercontrolsdrillingoperations.

Elevators

Asetofclampsthatgripsastand,orcolumn,ofcasing,tubing,drillpipe,orsuckerrods,sothestandcanberaisedorloweredintothehole.

HoistingLine

Awireropeusedinhoistingoperations.MustconformtotheAPIstandardsforitsintendeduses.

Hook

Alarge,hook-shapeddevicefromwhichtheelevatorbailsortheswivelissuspended.Itisdesignedtocarrymaximumloadsrangingfrom100to650tonsandturnsonbearingsinitssupportinghousing.

Kelly

Theheavysquareorhexagonalsteelmembersuspendedfromtheswivelthroughtherotarytable.Itisconnectedtothetopmostjointofdrillpipetoturnthedrillstemastherotarytableturns.

KellyBushing

Adevicefittedtotherotarytablethroughwhichthekellypasses.Itisthemeansbywhichthetorqueoftherotarytableistransmittedtothekellyandtothedrillstem.Alsocalledthedrivebushing.

KellySpinner

Adeviceforspinningthedrillpipe.Replacesthespinningchain.

Mousehole

Shallowboresundertherigfloor,usuallylinedwithpipe,inwhichjointsofdrillpipearetemporarilysuspendedforlaterconnectiontothedrillstring.

MudReturnLine

Atroughorpipe,placedbetweenthesurfaceconnectionsatthewellboreandtheshaleshaker.Drillingmudflowsthroughituponitsreturntothesurfacefromthehole.

RamBlowoutPreventer

Ablowoutpreventerthatusesramstosealoffpressureonaholethatiswithorwithoutpipe.Itisalsocalledarampreventer.Ram-typepreventershaveinterchangeableramblockstoaccommodatedifferentO.D.drillpipe,casing,ortubing.

Rathole

Aholeintherigfloor30to35feetdeep,linedwithcasingthatprojectsabovethefloor.Thekellyisplacedintheratholewhenhoistingoperationsareinprogress.

RotaryHose

Thehoseonarotarydrillingrigthatconductsthedrillingfluidfromthemudpumpandstandpipetotheswivelandkelly;alsocalledthemudhoseorthekellyhose.

RotaryTable

Theprincipalcomponentofarotary,orrotarymachine,usedtoturnthedrillstemandsupportthedrillingassembly.Ithasabeveledgeararrangementtocreatetherotationalmotionandanopeningintowhichbushingsarefittedtodriveandsupportthedrillingassembly.

Notethepipespinner(inred)onthesideoftheswivel.

Slips

Wedge-shapedpiecesofmetalwithteethorothergrippingelementsthatareusedtopreventpipefromslippingdownintotheholeortoholdpipeinplace.Rotaryslipsfitaroundthedrillpipeandwedgeagainstthemasterbushingtosupportthepipe.Powerslipsarepneumaticallyorhydraulicallyactuateddevicesthatallowthecrewtodispensewiththemanualhandlingofslipswhenmakingaconnection.Packersandotherdownholeequipmentaresecuredinpositionbyslipsthatengagethepipebyactiondirectedatthesurface.

SpinningChain

Arelativelyshortlengthofchainattachedtothetongpullchainonthemanualtongsusedtomakeupdrillpipe.Thespinningchainisattachedtothepullchainsothatacrewmembercanwrapthespinningchainseveraltimesaroundthetooljointboxofajointofdrillpipesuspendedintherotarytable.Aftercrewmembersstabthepinofanothertooljointintotheboxend,oneofthemthengraspstheendofthespinningchainandwitharapidupwardmotionofthewrist"throwsthespinningchain"—thatis,causesittounwrapfromtheboxandcoilupwardontothebodyofthejointstabbedintothebox.Thedrillerthenactuatesthemakeupcatheadtopullthechainoffofthepipebody,whichcausesthepipetospinandthusthepinthreadstospinintothebox.