青岛工学院《大学英语》2017-2018学年期末试卷

青岛工学院《大学英语》2017-2018学年第一学期期末试卷

Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(20points)

TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers，ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethat

has1acrosstheWeb.

Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3？

Lastmonth，HowardSchmidt，thenation'scyber-czar，offeredthefederal

governmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-a"voluntarytrustedidentity"system

thatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey，afingerprintandaphotoIDcard，allrolled6one.Thesystemmightusea

smart

identitycard，oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.User

could9whichsystemtojoin，andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver'slicense10bythegovernment.

GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese"singlesign-on"systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

12.theapproachwouldcreatea"walledgarden"ncyberspace，withsafe

"neighborhoods"andbright"streetlights"toestablishasenseofa13community.

Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa"voluntaryecosystem"inwhich"individualsand

organizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14，trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns".

Still，theadministration'splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach；othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet"drive'slicense"mentality.

Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts，whoworrythatthe"voluntaryecosystem"envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves，inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

1．A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden

2．A.forB.withinC.whileD.though

3．A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless

4．A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal

5．A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent

6．A.byB.intoC.fromD.over

7．A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared

8．A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve

9．A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize

10．A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered

11．A.carryonB.lingeronC.setinD.login

12．A.InvainB.IneffectC.InreturnD.Incontrast

13．A.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingD.competing

14．A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience

15．A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across

16．A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united

17．A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually

18．A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm

19．A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible

20．A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forced

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions：

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000：ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadeshe

apparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman'scompensationcommittee；howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked？ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime，shesaid.

Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful，yetlessbiased，advisersonafirm'sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere，theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'sproposals.Ifthesky，

andthesharepriceisfalling，outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.

TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10，

000firmsandmorethan64，000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themost

likelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage，sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose"surprise"disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthataftera

surprisedeparture，theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases，andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive，itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey"tradeup."Leavingriskier，smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.

Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks，evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswho

wanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons，onceagainverypopularoncampus.

.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1，Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor

[A]gainingexcessiveprofits

[B]failingtofulfillherduty

[C]refusingtomakecompromises

[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes

22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.

[A]generousinvestors

[B]unbiasedexecutives

[C]sharepriceforecasters

[D]independentadvisers

23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector'ssurprisedeparture，thefirmislikelyto.

[A]becomemorestable

[B]reportincreasedearnings

[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket

[D]performworseinlawsuits

24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.

[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm

[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm

[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm

[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm

25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.

[A]permissive

[B]positive

[C]scornful

[D]critical

Text2

Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper？Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfled

totheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations？Shouldthestatesubsidizethem？Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.

Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershave

shruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers，whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry，havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago，butprofitallthesame.

Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalists

overboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13，500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand，sadlyformanyjournalists，theycanbepushedfurther.

Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses，withahealthiermixof

revenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008，

accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.

Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody，butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreign

bureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.

26.Bysaying"Newspaperslike…theirowndoom"(Lines3-4，Para.1)，theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper.

[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis

[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies

[C]werenotcharitablecorporations

[D]wereinadesperatesituation

27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.

[A]readersthreatenedtopayless

[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts

[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas

[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts

28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey.

[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue

[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms

[C]arelessdependentonadvertising

[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership

29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness？

[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.

[B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.

[C]Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.

[D]Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.

30.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe.

[A]AmericanNewspapers：StrugglingforSurvival

[B]AmericanNewspapers：GonewiththeWind

[C]AmericanNewspapers：AThrivingBusiness

[D]AmericanNewspapers：AHopelessStory

Text3

WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeof

prosperityandgrowth，withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions，goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebureaus.

Butwhenitcametotheirhouses，itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar，Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless，andthatrestraint，incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture，madesmall，efficienthousingpositivelystylish.

Economicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.The

phrase"lessismore"wasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerman，thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe，wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus，aschoolofdesign，emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarII

andtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.ThesedesignerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture，butnonemoresothatMies.

Mies'ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration，properlyorganized，hasmoreimpactthatalot.Elegance，hebelieved，didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects，heemployedmetal，glassandlaminatedwood-materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybuythatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Mies'ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient，

ratherthanbigandoftenempty.

TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago'sLakeShoreDrive，forexample，weresmaller-two-bedroomunitsunder1，000squarefeet-thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalongthecity'sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls，theviewstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildings'detailsand

proportions，thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractartsopopularatthetime.

Thetrendtoward"less"wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWright

startedbuildingmoremodestandefficienthouses-usuallyaround1，200squarefeet-thanthespreadingtwo-storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.

The"CaseStudyHouses"commissionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsby

CaliforniaArts&Architecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanother

homegrowninfluenceonthe"lessismore"trend.Aestheticeffectcamefromthe

landscape，newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse，Ralpheverydaylife-fewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelicopters，thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryers-buthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.

31.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans'.

[A]prosperityandgrowth

[B]efficiencyandpracticality

[C]restraintandconfidence

[D]prideandfaithfulness

32.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3aboutBauhaus？

[A]ItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.

[B]ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.

[C]MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.

[D]IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.

33.Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign.

[A]wasrelatedtolargespace

[B]wasidentifiedwithemptiness

[C]wasnotreliantonabundantdecoration

[D]wasnotassociatedwithefficiency

34.WhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuildingChicago'sLakeShoreDrive？

[A]Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.

[B]Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.

[C]Theyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.

[D]Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.

35.Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe"CaseStudyHouse"？

[A]Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.

[B]Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration

[C]Detailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect.

[D]Eco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.

Text4

WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit？Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.Noweventheproject'sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga

"Bermudatriangle"ofdebt，populationdeclineandlowergrowth.

Aswellasthosechronicproblems，theEUfaceanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore，the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozone'seconomies，weakerorstronger，willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency，whichdeniesuncompetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluation.

YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope'ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone'sdominantpowers，FranceandGermany，

agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonizationwithintheeurozone，butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonies.

Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowspendingand

competitiveness，barkedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega-projectsandeventhesuspensionofacountry'svotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub，amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityforfree-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour；intheinnercorealone，Germanyfears，asmallmajorityfavourFrenchinterference.

A"southern"campheadedbyFrenchwantssomethingdifferent："European

economicgovernment"withinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.Translated，that

meanspoliticiansinterveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers，viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.Finally，figuresclosetotheFrancegovernmenthave

murmured，curo-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonization：e.g.，curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxratesorlabourcosts.

ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworld'slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest，theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal：builtaroundasinglemarketof27richand

poorcountries，itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods，capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesof

globalization，andmakecapitalismbenign.

36.TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat.

[A]ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarkets

[B]evenitssupportersbegintofeelconcerned

[C]someofitsmembercountriesplantoabandoneuro

[D]itintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluation

37.Thedebateovert