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初中英语词汇和语法总结

L名词

2.形容词

形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。

1)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,

也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid

害怕的。

(错)Heisanillman.

(对)Themanisill.

(错)Sheisanafraidgirl.

(对)Thegirlisafraid.

这类词还有:well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,

awake等。

2)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing

为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:

somethingnice

3.副词及其基本用法

副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。

Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.

副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。

HespeaksEnglishwell.

注意:副词very可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。

改错:(错)IverylikeEnglish.(对)IlikeEnglishverymuch.

注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。

Idon'tknowhimwellenough.

Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.

Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat.

4.介词(prep)后面跟名词、动名词、代词

5、代词

6、连词

7、动词

一、宾语从句:

L主句若是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况用适当时态。

Hesays(that)hewillhaveawalksoon.

Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool.

Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning.

2.主句若是一般过去时,从句要用过去的时态。

HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhad

gotwell.

ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong.

3.无论主句是何时态,从句若表客观真理,要用一般现在时。

Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth.

4宾语从句无论有何引导词,都要用陈述句语序。

CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?(不是willyou)

Doyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?(不是isshe)

二.状语从句:

1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等,则if(如果),

unless(除非),when(当…的时候),assoonas(—...就…),before,after,until,till,

as(当…的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。

Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork.

IwillcallyouupifIleaveforShanghainextweek.

Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives.

2而主句若是一般过去时,从句也要用过去时,如:

IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars.

Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft.

Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet.

三.定语从句:

关系代词who只指人,which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必

须跟有名词,既指人,也可指物。关系词作主语时,不可省略,作宾语时可省略。

whom只指人,只作宾语。关系副词where指"在那里",when指"在那时"。

Sheisagirlwho/thatisbeautifulandkind-hearted.

Sheisagirl(who/whom/that)Iknowverywell.

Thatboywhosehairisverylongismybrother.(所属)

Thegirlwhoistallismysister./1ownabikewhosepriceishigh.

Iboughtawatch(which/that)Ipaid100yuanfor.(指物)

Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet.

IpreferaplacewhereIcanliveaquietlife.(在这JL,)

Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog.

四.wish和hope:

1.wish可接todosth./sbtodosth./that从句.

IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.

IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.

Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.

2hope接todosth.或that从句.但不接sbtodosth.

Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.

Ihope(that)everythinggoeswell./Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.

五.thanksfor和thanksto:

thankst。是"多亏了,由于"的意思

Thankstotheteacher,orwecan'tfinishthework.多亏了我们的老师,否

则我们不能完成作业

thanksfor是"因。。。而感谢某人的意思,这里的thanks可以说成thankyou,

但是上个结构中不能

Thanksforyourletter谢谢你的来信

Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.

Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn,tmakesuchmistakes.

六.感官动词用法之一:

see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel等词,后接宾语,再接动词原形/动词

ing,分别表示全过程和正在进行。句中有频率词时,以上的词也常跟动词原形。

IheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep.(正进行)

Iheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.(听的是全过程)

Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.(频率词)

若以上词用于被动语态,后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式:

Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife.一

Hewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife.

七.感官动词用法之二:

look,sound,smell,taste,feel可当系动词,后接形容词。

Helookshappy.

Itsoundsgood.

Theflowerssmellbeautiful.

Thesweetstastesweet.

Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired.

这些动词不用于被动语态。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是错误的。

注意:如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词,而接名词或代词:

Helookslikehismother.Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.

Itsmellslikeaflower.Ittasteslikesalt.

八.find和think部分用法:

find和think+宾语+宾语补足语。(代替宾从)

宾补有以下情况:

1.名词短语,Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.

2.形容词短语,Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.

3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式,Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.

九.wouldlike/want/feellike:

1wouldlike,和want类似:

◊都可接名词短语:Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.

。都可接带to不定式:Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.

。都可接sb,然后再跟带to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.

2feellike:

。后也可接名词短语:Doyoufeellikesometea?

。后若接动词,须用动词ing形式:Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idon,

tfeellikedrinkingtea.[feellike常用于疑问句或否定句中。】

十.词序易错的短语:

1形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词,形容词在后面。Isthereanything

deliciousinthefridge?

Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.

Iwanttogosomewherewarm.

2else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词,也放在后面。

Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom?

Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?

3enough修饰形容词和副词,enough放在后面。

Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork.

Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.

十一.对"评价"、"天气"的提问之区别:

1Whatdoyouthinkof...?=Howdoyoulike...?”你对...怎么看?

(How...?句中有like,是动词。)

2Whatstheweatherlikein...?=Howistheweatherin...?”…的天气

什么样?"(What…?句中有like,是介词"像)

十二.take,cost,pay,spend区别:

1It+take+sb+sometime+todosth.

Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.

2物+cost+sb+钱:Thebagcostmethirtyyuan,(cost,cost,cost)

若cost后无sb,则译作"价钱是":Thebagcosts30Yuan.

3人+pay+sb+钱+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.(pay,

paid,paid).(pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。)

4人+spend+时间/钱+onsth/(in)doingsth.

Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.

Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.

spend有时可指"度过":spendholiday/weekends/winter

十三.双宾结构:pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/

show/buy/

ask/tell/build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb+sth.

其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.

buy,build等可接sth+forsb.

若sth是代词时,不用双宾结构。Pleasepassittome.

十四.部分词作连词与介词:(连词接句子,介词接名词或代词)

KeepcareIwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.(连词)

KeepcareIwhenlisteningtotheteacher.(介词)

类似的,while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。

如:I'IIwaituntilIhearfromher.(连词)

FIIwaituntilnextFriday.(介词)

十五.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一:

1.动词ed作形容词:表示被动或已发生,常作定语。

TheboynamedPeterismyfriend.

He'seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸鸡。

Thereisnotimeleft.

IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。

Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.

2.动词ing作形容词:表示正进行或功能,常作定语。

arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad(正进行)

asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit(功能)

16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二:

和心理感受有关,但ed修饰人,ing常修饰物。

Ifeltsurprisedathiswords.

Howexcitingthefilmis!/1wanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing.

17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语:

Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess.

Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.

Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.(谓语用单数)

Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(谓语用单数)

Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult,(i胃语用复数)

18.later/after/ago/before:

1later"…时间后”结构:时间段+later常用于一般过去时。

TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater.

(later单独在句尾,常用于将来时:I'IIseeyoulater.)

2after"…时间后”结构:after+时间段,常用于一般过去时,和1相同。

TheywenttoBeijingafterfivedays.

(after也可加句子:I'IIsendyouane-mailafterIgethome.

HefoundouttheinformationafterhehadsearchedtheInternetfor

thirtyminutes.)

3ago"…时间前”结构:时间段+ago,用于一般过去时。TheGreensmoved

toShanghaifourweeksago.

(since+时间段+ag。,主句用现在完成时)

4before单独放在句尾,常用现在完成时:"以前"

IhavebeentoLondonbefore.Hehasseenthefilmbefore.

(若是时间段+before,则常用过去完成时,译为“…时间前”:

Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.

Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheproblemanhourbefore.)

19.四季:spring春;summer夏;autumn秋;winter冬;season季

20.月January,一月;February,二月;March,三月;April,四月;May,五

月;June,六月;July,七月;August,八月;September,九月;October;十

月;November,H-一月;December;十二月。

21.星期:Sunday,星期日;Monday,星期一;Tuesday,星期二;Wednesday,

星期三;Thursday,星期四;Friday,星期五;Saturday,星期六。Sunday为

第一天,Saturday为最后一天。

22."也”:either,用于否定句的末尾。

also,通常挨着动词,少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾,前常有逗号。aswell,只

用于句尾。注意:都不用于否定句。

23.带t。不定式用法之一:

Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach.

Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein.

24.(a)little/(a)few:

1few,little"几乎没有;少"否定词。few加可数名词复数,little加不可数

名词。

2afew"一些",加可数名词复数;alittle"一些;一点"也是肯定词,加不

可数名词。

3另外在too,very,so等词后用few,little;在only,just,still等词后用afew,

alittle.而quiteafew/alittle译为"很多”

25.及物动词+副词:

puton/off/;turnon/off/up/down;useup;letdown;cleanup/out;

setup;handin;fixup;workout;;dressup;pickup;writedown;

wakeup(叫酉星);takeoff;eatup;

宾语是名词时,可放在中间或后边,是代词时只放在中间。

26.as......as用法:

1和…一样…

Hisroomisasbigasmine.

HerunsasfastasI/me.

2as...aspossible/sbcan”尽可能

Wewentthereassoonaspossible.我们尽可能快地去了那儿。

Listentotheteacherascarefullyyoucan.

3有些短语有几个意思:assoonas和…一样快;一…就…;asmuchas和…

一样多;多达;aslongas和…一样长;长达;只要;aswellas和…一样好;

和…一样;asfaras远达;就…来说;

27.prefer用法:

prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起…更喜欢…

prefertodosthratherthandosth宁愿…也不愿…

prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜欢做某事

28.some-,any-,every-用法:

1$。1716-"某~,一些~",用于肯定的陈述句中。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.

Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或

表示请求或建议.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehim

somethingtoeat?Whataboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendme

somechairs?

2any-,在疑问句中仍译为"某~,一些Doyouhaveanythingtosay?

Isanybodyinthehouse?在肯定句和否定句中译为"任何Youmayput

theboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentinthe

class.Wedon'thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.

3every-"每~,强调所有,既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere?-No,

TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglasswasbroken,andthe

waterwenteverywhere.

29.动词时态和形式:八个时态:

一般现在时、

现在进行时(am/is/are+v.ing)、

一般将来时(will/shall/begoingto+动词原形)、

一般过去时、

过去进行时(was/were+v.ing)、

现在完成时(have/has+v.过去分词)、

过去完成时(had+v.过去分词)、

过去将来时(would+v.原形)

3O.if/whether区别:if如果(引导条件状从)/是否(引导宾从)

whether无论(引导让步状从)/是否(引导宾从)

都译为"是否"时,whether可接orn可,也可接带to不定式。

if则不可。

1)在引导主语从句时,一般用whether,而不用if。

WhethertheGermanenginewasthefirsttoflyisnotclear.

2)在引导宾语从句时,一般情况下whether和if可以通用。

Thepolicemanaskedif/whetherIhadseentheaccident.

3)只用whether的情况

HeaskedwhetherIwantedtogobyairorbysea.(从句中含有or,强调

选择,这里只宜用whether)

4Whether可用在介词之后,引导宾语从句而If则不能。如:Successdepends

onwhetherwemakeevougheffort

31.因为:

because,常是对why的回答,语气最强。

since,位置:Since...,....Sinceit'salreadylate,Imustgonow.

for,位置:…,for.…语气最弱。Idrovecarefully,foritfssnowing.

as有时也指"因为",用法基本无限制。

32.表推测:must,may,might,can,could,can't

must"一定",可能性最大,常用于肯定句。Thereisthedoorbell,itmust

beTom.

may/might"也许"一般用于肯定句,may比might可能性大。

Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.

can/could"可能"could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。

Youcouldberight,butIdon,tthinkyouare.

Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan1tbetherenow.

33.so与such区别:

so是副词,后跟形容词/副词,sotall/slowly...

such是形容词,后跟名词短语。suchbadweather/goodnews...;sucha

beautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone...;suchkindboys/

newdesks/friendlypeople;

若名词前形容词是many,much,few,little时,不用such,而用so.

somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater...

也常有Hso/such...that..//句型,译为"如此…以致于…”。

34.SO的另两个用法:

1so+be/情态动词/助动词+主语,"…也"

上下文所指不是同一个人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.

Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter.A:Iwokeuplatethis

morning.B:SodidI.

2so+主语+be/情态动词/助动词,"的确…是"上下文所指是同一个人或

物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.B:Soyoudo.

A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.B:Sohecan.

35.neither/nor用法之一:

neither/nor+be/情态动词/助动词+主语

”…也不"上文是否定句。Shedidn,tgetwell,nordidherbrother.

或对话形式:A:Jimhasnzthadbreakfast.B:NeitherhaveI.

36.keep,make,get,have用法:

1keep+sb/sthdoingsth”让...一直做..."I'msorryforkeepingyou

waitingsolong,keep+doingsth”坚持做某事”

2make+sb/sthdosth让…做某事FIItrytomakeyouunderstandwhat

Imean.IfeelsorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.

3get+sb/sthtodosth.让…做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.

4have+宾语+动词原形/ing/过去分词

Havehimdoit,please.让他做它吧。Wehadthemachineworking.我们让

那台机器一直工作着。

Wehadthemachinerepaired.我们让人修理了那台机器(让那台机器被修理

了1

5也都可接形容词:keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open,

makeushappy,getthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready.

37.used短语:

usedto+动原,"过去常常"Heusedtosmoke.

beusedto译为"被用来…",后接动原。Itisusedtocutthings.

beusedto译为"习惯于…",后接动词ing或名词/代词.

如:He'susedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers.

beusedfor+目的(名词或动词ing)如:

Englishisusedforbusiness./Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.

38.through/past/across/over:都可作介词。

Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.

Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywordsandclimbedoverthewall.

Heswamacrosstheriver,【through,空间;past,旁边;across,表面;over上

方。】

位移动词+past相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于cross.

39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者”…的数量";后者"许多的"都跟可

数名词复数。前者作主语,谓语用单数;后者作主语,谓语用复数。

Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用单数is.

Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用复数have.

40.延续性动词:Howlong,since,for,(以上见84)until/till等所在肯定句

中的主句谓语要用延续性动词。

HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?Fvelivedheresince2002.

Let'swaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暂性动词:

Ihaven,tseenyouforalongtime.

41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:

1Allboys/AIIoftheboysarefromChina.all接可数复数,谓语也用复

数。Allofthewaterispolluted.若接不可数,谓语用单数。

2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名词单数或

接of+限定词+复数,后谓语都用单数。

3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面谓语用复数。

4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore,none+of+限定词

+复数,谓语用单、复数都可。另见88

5Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-EitherdayisOK./Either

ofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。

6Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-Sorry,Ihavetolook

aftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherof

thedaysisOK.谓语用单数。

all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的"都"/"每一个"/"没有一个二

both/either/neither两者中"都"/"任何一个"/"没有一个"

42.计量表达法:数量+单位+形容词。

Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide.

Thefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.

若计量表达的后面跟有名词,则要用连字符,单位不用复数。

Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Iboughta10-kilo-heavyfish.

It'sapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.

It'satwo-monthholiday.(此处计量中的形容词long可省略。)

43.MustI/May1/NeedI...?用法:

1MustI…?我必须…吗?A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./

No,youneedn,t.

2MayI…?我可以…吗?A:MayIgooutforawalknow?B:Yes,you

can./No,youmustn,t/can,t.

3NeedI...?我有必要…吗?A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,you

must./No,youneedn't.

44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具体数字,不力口s及of.模糊

两有,有s必有of。

如:thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople,ninehundredpeople,

tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不力口s和ofseveralmillion

pounds

45.反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:

1something,nothing,anything,everything作主语,QT主语用it.

Somethingiswrong,isn'tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?

2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,canztshe?

Idon,tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?QT要结合think后

的从句而定。

3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?而Let's...用shallwe?

Getupnow,willyou?Don,tbenoisy,willyou?

Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedon'ttalk,willyou?

Letusdoitnow,willyou?Let'sdoitnow,shallwe?

4Therebe句型,QT主语用there.

Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn'tthere?

ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn,tthere?

Therewon'tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere?

46.puton,wear,dress,in:

1puton,"穿上"后接物。表行为,是短暂动词。Youshouldputonyour

coatwhenyouleave.

2wear,"穿,穿着"后接物,表状态,是延续性动词。Healwayswearsthe

yellowsweaterinwinter./Ilikewearingbeautifulclothes.

3dress,"给...穿衣’后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.

Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.

bedressedin后常接具有某种特征的衣物。

Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt/white.可直接加表颜色的词。

4in,"穿着"后接具有某种特征的衣物,表状态,是介词,不可作谓语,可

作状语。Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.

Doyouknowthegirlinaredcoat?rveseentheboyinyellow.

47.虚拟语气部分用法:在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气,即if从句中用一般过

去时,而主句动词用would/should+动词原形,表示与现在相反的主观设想,

也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。(注意:虚拟语气中的be

动词都要用were.)

Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(与现在事实相反)

IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很小)

48.other/others/theother/theothers/another:

other形容词

others名词

another另一个(点菜、买衣服等)

one...theother

some...others

Ifyouarestillthirsty,youmayhaveanothercupoftea.

Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours./Weneedanothersixdesks.

Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)

isgoodatscience.

Thispairofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.

Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,theotherstudentsare

girls/theothersaregirls.Twochildrenwent,buttheothersstayed.

LeiFenglikedhelpingotherpeople/others.

Haveyouanyotherquestions?

Alicedidn,tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesomeothers,

other的另一用法:用比较级的形式,体现最高级的含义。

Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass,(boy用单数)=

Heistallerthanalltheotherboysinhisclass,(boy用复数)

他比班里任何男孩都高(他是班里男孩中最高的1

49.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:

1howlong是对长度或时间段提问。Howlongistheriver?-Ifs5,000

kilometerslong.

Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?-Forfivemonths./Since2002.

2howoften是对频率提问,如:never;sometimes,often,usually,always,

onceaweek,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday等。

HowoftendoyouwatchTV?-Everytwodays./Twiceaweek.

【若只有次数,则用howmanytimes提问:

HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?-Twice./onlyonce.]

3howsoon是对"in+时间段"提问:将来时

HowsoonwillyoureturntoBeijing?-Inaweek./Intwodays.

4howfar是对时间段‘s+walk/ride/drive或计量表达提问。

-Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?

-Fiveminutes,walk./Anhour*sride./Thirteenminutes,drive.

或者说:It'sabout20kilometers(far)away.(问和回答不同。)

50.分数表达:

二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如:

halfanhour=ahalfhour半小时It'shalfpastseven.(省略冠词)

以下情况中,分子(基数词)若超过一,分母(序数词)需加s:

三分之一:a/onethird三分之二:twothirds

四分之一:a/onefourth或a/onequarter

四分之三threefourths或threequarters.

五分之一:a/onefifth五分之二:twofifths其它类推。

若分数所在of短语作主语,谓语依of后的名词而定:

Twofifthsofthestudentsareontime.(指名词复数时,谓用复)

Twofifthsofthelandispolluted.(指不可数时,谓用单)

51.到达:

1getto+地点gettoShanghai/London/China

接地点副词时,不带to.getthere/home/here.

2arrivein+大地点(Beijing/Zhengzhou),arriveat+小地点

(school/hospital),arrive只作不及物动词。所以也可单独用:Pleaseringme

upwhenyouarrive.

3reach只作及物动词,后直接加地点:reachBeijing/England

但常不说reachhome/there/here.

52.感叹句:What+名词短语+主语+谓语!

Whatlazyboys(theyare)!Whathardwork!Whatgoodnews!

Whatagoodidea!Whatbadweather(itis)!Whatapity!

How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!

Howhardtheworkis!Howfastheruns!Howrudeyouare!

Howcarefullytheyarelistening!Howbadtheweatheris!

53.because/instead/out等与力口of的区别:

1because后接句子,becauseof接名词或代词。

Hedidn1tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness.

2instead是副词,单独在句尾。insteadof还要接名词或代词。

Wedidn,thaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadofit.

3out副词,可单独用,但若接地点,先加of.(也可作介词,"向…外",可不

加of.一般不要求掌握。)

Hewentoutearly.或Hewentoutofthehouseearly.

54.toomuch,toomany与muchtoo:

去掉前面的词

muchtoo"过于",加形容词或副词原级。muchtoobig/slowly等。

toomuch"太多的",加不可数名词。toomuchwork/rain等。

toomany"太多的",加可数复数。toomanybooks/people等。

55.alone/lonely:

1alone,"独自一人;单独"不含感情色彩。

可当形容词,但只在系动词后作表语:Jackisalone.杰克是单身。

Theoldwomanisaloneinthehouse.那位老妇一个人在屋里。

可当副词,修饰动词:Shelivesalone.她独居。

Canyoumovethestonealone?你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗?

Dickiswalkingonthebeachalone.狄克独自在海滩漫步。

(注意:不可说veryalone.但可说verymuchalone.是特例)

2lonely,"孤独的;寂寞的"带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。

可在系动词后作表语:Theoldmanislonely.这位老人是孤独的。

Hehasmanyrelatives,buthefeelslonely.他有很多亲戚,但感到孤独。

(lonely和心理感受有关,而alone和心理感受无关。)

也可在名词前作定语:alonelyperson一位孤独的人

alonelyvillage一个偏僻的村庄(alone不可作定语)

56.belongto与be:Thissuitbelongstome/Lucy/mybrother.(A)

Thissuitismine/Lucy's/mybrother*s/hers.(某物是某人的)

57.by常见用法:

1"通过"IstudyEnglishbymemorizinggrammar.Youcanknowitby

lookingitupinadictionary.Hetravelsbybike.

2"截止到"Willyoufinishthetaskbytomorrow?

Thetrainhadleftbythetimehegotthere.

3"被"ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXun.

4"经过"Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme.

5"在..旁边"Sitbyme.Theyareplayingbytheriver.

58.部分用in的短语:inEnglish,inagoodway,inahurry,

inpen/ink(见105),intheday(见92),indifferentsizes,indifferent

shapes,inadifficultsituation,ingoodhealth,inaredcoat/inred(见

46),instyle,intheopenair(露天场所)

59.比较级与最高级部分要点:

1不规则形式或易错形式:

much/many—more—mostbad/badly/ill^worse^worst

far^farther/furtherarthest/furthestlittle-*less-^least

few—fewer—fewestold-*older/elder^oldest/eldest

以ly结尾的形容词常把-ly换成-lier/-liest.

2常见比较级/最高级句型:Herunsfasterthanme.(有than)

Hedidbetterthananyotherstudentintheschool.(参照48)

Tomisthecleverestboyinhisclass.(某个范围内)

Heisthetallerofthetwo(boys).(两者,此句型中加the)

Heisthetallestofthethree(boys).(三者)

Whichisbetter,teaormilk?(两者选择)

Whichisthebest,tea,milkorwater?(三者选择)

It'sthesecondlongestriverinChina.(序数词后用最高级。)

3"越来越…"比较级+and+比较级

Hecriedharderandharder.Sheisgettingtallerandtaller.

类似:biggerandbigger/happierandhappier/fatterandfatter/

strongerandstronger/richerandricher/worseandworse...

另一种情况:moreandmorebeautiful/slowly/carefullyI...

4"越…,越…""the+比较级”分别置于两句的开头"到装。

ThemoredifficultEnglishis,theharderyoushouldstudy.

Theyoungerweare,themoreenergywehave.

Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillget.

5”越来越多的...”moreandmore+名词

Moreandmorepeoplearegettingricherandricher.

Weneedmoreandmoredesks/paper/trees/water....

6"…得多"much+形容词/副词比较级

Thisroomismuchbiggerthanthatone.

类似:muchtaller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better...

以及:muchmorecareful/difficult/tiring/similar/mysterious...

7"另外的…(个)..."结构:数量+more+名词

onemoretowel,threemoresuits,manymoretiles,

muchmoretruth,somemoremeat,alotmorewood,

alittlemoreexperience,oncemore=onemoretime=again.

这种结构有时也可用another+数字+名词替代:

fivemoretrees=anotherfivetrees(记住词的位置)

6O.talk,tell,say,speak:

1talk只作不及物动词。(talkwith/tosbtalkaboutsth)

Don,ttalkinclass.ShallwetalkaboutourEnglishstudy?

Heistalkingwithhisteacher.MayItalktoyou?

2tell只作及物动词,"告诉;讲"。常接双宾结构。Tellsb(not)todosth

Mr.Litoldusaninterestingstory.Whotoldyouthenews?

3say必须接有内容。PleasesayitinEnglish.Hesaidnothing.

"Idisagreewithyou/'Tomsaid.Whatwillyousay?

say若接sb,则需先加to:Imustsaysorrytoyou.

"Ioversleptthismorning/'Hesaidtome.

4speak"说话"不及物动词。Hespoketoofastformetofollow.

接人时先加介词to.MayIspeaktoMr.Smith?

可表说话的能力。Thebabycanspeaknow.

Thereissomethingwrongwithhisthroat,hecan,tspeak.

”演讲,发言"Whowillspeakinthemeeting?

61osometimes/sometimes/sometime/sometime:

time可数是次数不可数是时间

sometimes:"有时”=attimes.Heisimeslateforschool.

sometimes:"几次"IhavebeentoNanjingsometimes.

sometime:"某一时刻"Iboughtitsometimelastspring.

We'IImeetagainsometimenextweek.

sometime:"一段时间"Wehavetostayhereforsometime.

62.need的用法:

1need可当情态动词【当情态动词时,need无时态变化。】(和can等用法类

似,但need只用于疑问句或否定句中):NeedIgonow?(need在一般疑问

句的开头)Ineedn,ttellyoutheanswer.(否定句中直接在need后力口not)

MustIstudynow?No,Youneedn,t.

2need可当行为动词(和want等用法类似):

Heneedsabike.(后可直接加名词)

Ineedtogoovermylessons.(后接带to不定式)

Doyouneedtohavearest?(一般疑问句中do,does,did在句首)

Wedon'tneedtowaitforhercoming.(否定句中do,does,did提前)

【注:need后接表被动的内容时,可表达为:

TheTVneedstoberepaired.=TheTVneedsrepairing.]

63.dowith与dealwith:都译为"处理,对付,安排,应付"

Whathaveyoudonewiththemilk?用what提问。

Howshallwedealwiththisproblem?用how提问。

下面两句由此而来:Couldyoutellmewhattodowiththemilk?

Couldyoutellmehowtodealwiththisproblem?

64.就近原则:常见的有:EitheryouorLucyiswrong.

Thereisadogandtwocatsintheyard,(therebe句型)

Notonlyyoubut(also)Iamstrictinthework.

NeitheryounorLucyhasseenthefilmbefore.

65.主谓一致:One/Neitherofyouisright.(单数谓语)

Tom,withhisfriends,hasgone.(主语是Tom,单数谓语)

Thispairofshoeslooksbeautiful.(主语是pair,单数谓语)

Theshoeslookbeautiful.(主语无pair,复数谓语)

Everyboyandeverygirlhasachancetodoit.(单数谓语)

Theoldneedtobelookedaftercarefully.Theyoungareenergetic,

(the加形容词表一类人,谓语用复数)

Mr.andMrsGreenarefromAmerica.指格林夫妇(复数谓语)

Theteacherandwriterisanableman.指教师兼作家,一个人,单数谓语。

BothyouandIareexcitedaboutthenews.(复数谓语)

thenumberof与anumberof参见39.(分数表达见50)

66.quite/such/really用法之一:如果出现不定冠词时,常放在后面。

It'squiteaneasyquestion.Heisquiteacleverboy.

It'ssuchanimportantlesson.(另见33)Lilyisreallyalazygirl.

67.部分用what提问的句型:

Whatsizedoyouwant?Whatwillyoudowiththeproblem?

What'sthepopulationofChina?Whatdayisittoday?

What'sthedatetoday?What'

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