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初中英语词汇和语法总结
噩
L名词
2.形容词
形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。
1)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,
也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid
害怕的。
(错)Heisanillman.
(对)Themanisill.
(错)Sheisanafraidgirl.
(对)Thegirlisafraid.
这类词还有:well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,
awake等。
2)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing
为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:
somethingnice
3.副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。
Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.
副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。
HespeaksEnglishwell.
注意:副词very可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。
改错:(错)IverylikeEnglish.(对)IlikeEnglishverymuch.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
Idon'tknowhimwellenough.
Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.
Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat.
4.介词(prep)后面跟名词、动名词、代词
5、代词
6、连词
7、动词
一、宾语从句:
L主句若是一般现在时,从句根据实际情况用适当时态。
Hesays(that)hewillhaveawalksoon.
Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool.
Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning.
2.主句若是一般过去时,从句要用过去的时态。
HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhad
gotwell.
ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong.
3.无论主句是何时态,从句若表客观真理,要用一般现在时。
Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth.
4宾语从句无论有何引导词,都要用陈述句语序。
CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?(不是willyou)
Doyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?(不是isshe)
二.状语从句:
1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等,则if(如果),
unless(除非),when(当…的时候),assoonas(—...就…),before,after,until,till,
as(当…的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。
Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork.
IwillcallyouupifIleaveforShanghainextweek.
Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives.
2而主句若是一般过去时,从句也要用过去时,如:
IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars.
Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft.
Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet.
三.定语从句:
关系代词who只指人,which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必
须跟有名词,既指人,也可指物。关系词作主语时,不可省略,作宾语时可省略。
whom只指人,只作宾语。关系副词where指"在那里",when指"在那时"。
Sheisagirlwho/thatisbeautifulandkind-hearted.
Sheisagirl(who/whom/that)Iknowverywell.
Thatboywhosehairisverylongismybrother.(所属)
Thegirlwhoistallismysister./1ownabikewhosepriceishigh.
Iboughtawatch(which/that)Ipaid100yuanfor.(指物)
Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet.
IpreferaplacewhereIcanliveaquietlife.(在这JL,)
Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog.
四.wish和hope:
1.wish可接todosth./sbtodosth./that从句.
IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.
IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.
Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.
2hope接todosth.或that从句.但不接sbtodosth.
Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.
Ihope(that)everythinggoeswell./Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.
五.thanksfor和thanksto:
thankst。是"多亏了,由于"的意思
Thankstotheteacher,orwecan'tfinishthework.多亏了我们的老师,否
则我们不能完成作业
thanksfor是"因。。。而感谢某人的意思,这里的thanks可以说成thankyou,
但是上个结构中不能
Thanksforyourletter谢谢你的来信
Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.
Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn,tmakesuchmistakes.
六.感官动词用法之一:
see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel等词,后接宾语,再接动词原形/动词
ing,分别表示全过程和正在进行。句中有频率词时,以上的词也常跟动词原形。
IheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep.(正进行)
Iheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.(听的是全过程)
Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.(频率词)
若以上词用于被动语态,后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式:
Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife.一
Hewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife.
七.感官动词用法之二:
look,sound,smell,taste,feel可当系动词,后接形容词。
Helookshappy.
Itsoundsgood.
Theflowerssmellbeautiful.
Thesweetstastesweet.
Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired.
这些动词不用于被动语态。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是错误的。
注意:如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词,而接名词或代词:
Helookslikehismother.Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.
Itsmellslikeaflower.Ittasteslikesalt.
八.find和think部分用法:
find和think+宾语+宾语补足语。(代替宾从)
宾补有以下情况:
1.名词短语,Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.
2.形容词短语,Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.
3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式,Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.
九.wouldlike/want/feellike:
1wouldlike,和want类似:
◊都可接名词短语:Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.
。都可接带to不定式:Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.
。都可接sb,然后再跟带to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.
2feellike:
。后也可接名词短语:Doyoufeellikesometea?
。后若接动词,须用动词ing形式:Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idon,
tfeellikedrinkingtea.[feellike常用于疑问句或否定句中。】
十.词序易错的短语:
1形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词,形容词在后面。Isthereanything
deliciousinthefridge?
Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.
Iwanttogosomewherewarm.
2else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词,也放在后面。
Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom?
Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?
3enough修饰形容词和副词,enough放在后面。
Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork.
Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.
十一.对"评价"、"天气"的提问之区别:
1Whatdoyouthinkof...?=Howdoyoulike...?”你对...怎么看?
(How...?句中有like,是动词。)
2Whatstheweatherlikein...?=Howistheweatherin...?”…的天气
什么样?"(What…?句中有like,是介词"像)
十二.take,cost,pay,spend区别:
1It+take+sb+sometime+todosth.
Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.
2物+cost+sb+钱:Thebagcostmethirtyyuan,(cost,cost,cost)
若cost后无sb,则译作"价钱是":Thebagcosts30Yuan.
3人+pay+sb+钱+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.(pay,
paid,paid).(pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。)
4人+spend+时间/钱+onsth/(in)doingsth.
Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.
Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.
spend有时可指"度过":spendholiday/weekends/winter
十三.双宾结构:pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/
show/buy/
ask/tell/build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb+sth.
其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.
buy,build等可接sth+forsb.
若sth是代词时,不用双宾结构。Pleasepassittome.
十四.部分词作连词与介词:(连词接句子,介词接名词或代词)
KeepcareIwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.(连词)
KeepcareIwhenlisteningtotheteacher.(介词)
类似的,while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。
如:I'IIwaituntilIhearfromher.(连词)
FIIwaituntilnextFriday.(介词)
十五.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一:
1.动词ed作形容词:表示被动或已发生,常作定语。
TheboynamedPeterismyfriend.
He'seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸鸡。
Thereisnotimeleft.
IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。
Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.
2.动词ing作形容词:表示正进行或功能,常作定语。
arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad(正进行)
asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit(功能)
16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二:
和心理感受有关,但ed修饰人,ing常修饰物。
Ifeltsurprisedathiswords.
Howexcitingthefilmis!/1wanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing.
17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语:
Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess.
Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.
Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.(谓语用单数)
Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(谓语用单数)
Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult,(i胃语用复数)
18.later/after/ago/before:
1later"…时间后”结构:时间段+later常用于一般过去时。
TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater.
(later单独在句尾,常用于将来时:I'IIseeyoulater.)
2after"…时间后”结构:after+时间段,常用于一般过去时,和1相同。
TheywenttoBeijingafterfivedays.
(after也可加句子:I'IIsendyouane-mailafterIgethome.
HefoundouttheinformationafterhehadsearchedtheInternetfor
thirtyminutes.)
3ago"…时间前”结构:时间段+ago,用于一般过去时。TheGreensmoved
toShanghaifourweeksago.
(since+时间段+ag。,主句用现在完成时)
4before单独放在句尾,常用现在完成时:"以前"
IhavebeentoLondonbefore.Hehasseenthefilmbefore.
(若是时间段+before,则常用过去完成时,译为“…时间前”:
Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.
Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheproblemanhourbefore.)
19.四季:spring春;summer夏;autumn秋;winter冬;season季
20.月January,一月;February,二月;March,三月;April,四月;May,五
月;June,六月;July,七月;August,八月;September,九月;October;十
月;November,H-一月;December;十二月。
21.星期:Sunday,星期日;Monday,星期一;Tuesday,星期二;Wednesday,
星期三;Thursday,星期四;Friday,星期五;Saturday,星期六。Sunday为
第一天,Saturday为最后一天。
22."也”:either,用于否定句的末尾。
also,通常挨着动词,少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾,前常有逗号。aswell,只
用于句尾。注意:都不用于否定句。
23.带t。不定式用法之一:
Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach.
Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein.
24.(a)little/(a)few:
1few,little"几乎没有;少"否定词。few加可数名词复数,little加不可数
名词。
2afew"一些",加可数名词复数;alittle"一些;一点"也是肯定词,加不
可数名词。
3另外在too,very,so等词后用few,little;在only,just,still等词后用afew,
alittle.而quiteafew/alittle译为"很多”
25.及物动词+副词:
puton/off/;turnon/off/up/down;useup;letdown;cleanup/out;
setup;handin;fixup;workout;;dressup;pickup;writedown;
wakeup(叫酉星);takeoff;eatup;
宾语是名词时,可放在中间或后边,是代词时只放在中间。
26.as......as用法:
1和…一样…
Hisroomisasbigasmine.
HerunsasfastasI/me.
2as...aspossible/sbcan”尽可能
Wewentthereassoonaspossible.我们尽可能快地去了那儿。
Listentotheteacherascarefullyyoucan.
3有些短语有几个意思:assoonas和…一样快;一…就…;asmuchas和…
一样多;多达;aslongas和…一样长;长达;只要;aswellas和…一样好;
和…一样;asfaras远达;就…来说;
27.prefer用法:
prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起…更喜欢…
prefertodosthratherthandosth宁愿…也不愿…
prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜欢做某事
28.some-,any-,every-用法:
1$。1716-"某~,一些~",用于肯定的陈述句中。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.
Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或
表示请求或建议.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehim
somethingtoeat?Whataboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendme
somechairs?
2any-,在疑问句中仍译为"某~,一些Doyouhaveanythingtosay?
Isanybodyinthehouse?在肯定句和否定句中译为"任何Youmayput
theboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentinthe
class.Wedon'thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.
3every-"每~,强调所有,既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere?-No,
TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglasswasbroken,andthe
waterwenteverywhere.
29.动词时态和形式:八个时态:
一般现在时、
现在进行时(am/is/are+v.ing)、
一般将来时(will/shall/begoingto+动词原形)、
一般过去时、
过去进行时(was/were+v.ing)、
现在完成时(have/has+v.过去分词)、
过去完成时(had+v.过去分词)、
过去将来时(would+v.原形)
3O.if/whether区别:if如果(引导条件状从)/是否(引导宾从)
whether无论(引导让步状从)/是否(引导宾从)
都译为"是否"时,whether可接orn可,也可接带to不定式。
if则不可。
1)在引导主语从句时,一般用whether,而不用if。
WhethertheGermanenginewasthefirsttoflyisnotclear.
2)在引导宾语从句时,一般情况下whether和if可以通用。
Thepolicemanaskedif/whetherIhadseentheaccident.
3)只用whether的情况
HeaskedwhetherIwantedtogobyairorbysea.(从句中含有or,强调
选择,这里只宜用whether)
4Whether可用在介词之后,引导宾语从句而If则不能。如:Successdepends
onwhetherwemakeevougheffort
31.因为:
because,常是对why的回答,语气最强。
since,位置:Since...,....Sinceit'salreadylate,Imustgonow.
for,位置:…,for.…语气最弱。Idrovecarefully,foritfssnowing.
as有时也指"因为",用法基本无限制。
32.表推测:must,may,might,can,could,can't
must"一定",可能性最大,常用于肯定句。Thereisthedoorbell,itmust
beTom.
may/might"也许"一般用于肯定句,may比might可能性大。
Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.
can/could"可能"could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。
Youcouldberight,butIdon,tthinkyouare.
Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan1tbetherenow.
33.so与such区别:
so是副词,后跟形容词/副词,sotall/slowly...
such是形容词,后跟名词短语。suchbadweather/goodnews...;sucha
beautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone...;suchkindboys/
newdesks/friendlypeople;
若名词前形容词是many,much,few,little时,不用such,而用so.
somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater...
也常有Hso/such...that..//句型,译为"如此…以致于…”。
34.SO的另两个用法:
1so+be/情态动词/助动词+主语,"…也"
上下文所指不是同一个人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.
Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter.A:Iwokeuplatethis
morning.B:SodidI.
2so+主语+be/情态动词/助动词,"的确…是"上下文所指是同一个人或
物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.B:Soyoudo.
A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.B:Sohecan.
35.neither/nor用法之一:
neither/nor+be/情态动词/助动词+主语
”…也不"上文是否定句。Shedidn,tgetwell,nordidherbrother.
或对话形式:A:Jimhasnzthadbreakfast.B:NeitherhaveI.
36.keep,make,get,have用法:
1keep+sb/sthdoingsth”让...一直做..."I'msorryforkeepingyou
waitingsolong,keep+doingsth”坚持做某事”
2make+sb/sthdosth让…做某事FIItrytomakeyouunderstandwhat
Imean.IfeelsorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.
3get+sb/sthtodosth.让…做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.
4have+宾语+动词原形/ing/过去分词
Havehimdoit,please.让他做它吧。Wehadthemachineworking.我们让
那台机器一直工作着。
Wehadthemachinerepaired.我们让人修理了那台机器(让那台机器被修理
了1
5也都可接形容词:keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open,
makeushappy,getthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready.
37.used短语:
usedto+动原,"过去常常"Heusedtosmoke.
beusedto译为"被用来…",后接动原。Itisusedtocutthings.
beusedto译为"习惯于…",后接动词ing或名词/代词.
如:He'susedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers.
beusedfor+目的(名词或动词ing)如:
Englishisusedforbusiness./Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.
38.through/past/across/over:都可作介词。
Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.
Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywordsandclimbedoverthewall.
Heswamacrosstheriver,【through,空间;past,旁边;across,表面;over上
方。】
位移动词+past相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于cross.
39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者”…的数量";后者"许多的"都跟可
数名词复数。前者作主语,谓语用单数;后者作主语,谓语用复数。
Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用单数is.
Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用复数have.
40.延续性动词:Howlong,since,for,(以上见84)until/till等所在肯定句
中的主句谓语要用延续性动词。
HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?Fvelivedheresince2002.
Let'swaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暂性动词:
Ihaven,tseenyouforalongtime.
41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:
1Allboys/AIIoftheboysarefromChina.all接可数复数,谓语也用复
数。Allofthewaterispolluted.若接不可数,谓语用单数。
2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名词单数或
接of+限定词+复数,后谓语都用单数。
3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面谓语用复数。
4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore,none+of+限定词
+复数,谓语用单、复数都可。另见88
5Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-EitherdayisOK./Either
ofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。
6Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-Sorry,Ihavetolook
aftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherof
thedaysisOK.谓语用单数。
all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的"都"/"每一个"/"没有一个二
both/either/neither两者中"都"/"任何一个"/"没有一个"
42.计量表达法:数量+单位+形容词。
Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide.
Thefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.
若计量表达的后面跟有名词,则要用连字符,单位不用复数。
Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Iboughta10-kilo-heavyfish.
It'sapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.
It'satwo-monthholiday.(此处计量中的形容词long可省略。)
43.MustI/May1/NeedI...?用法:
1MustI…?我必须…吗?A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./
No,youneedn,t.
2MayI…?我可以…吗?A:MayIgooutforawalknow?B:Yes,you
can./No,youmustn,t/can,t.
3NeedI...?我有必要…吗?A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,you
must./No,youneedn't.
44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具体数字,不力口s及of.模糊
两有,有s必有of。
如:thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople,ninehundredpeople,
tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不力口s和ofseveralmillion
pounds
45.反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:
1something,nothing,anything,everything作主语,QT主语用it.
Somethingiswrong,isn'tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?
2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,canztshe?
Idon,tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?QT要结合think后
的从句而定。
3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?而Let's...用shallwe?
Getupnow,willyou?Don,tbenoisy,willyou?
Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedon'ttalk,willyou?
Letusdoitnow,willyou?Let'sdoitnow,shallwe?
4Therebe句型,QT主语用there.
Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn'tthere?
ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn,tthere?
Therewon'tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere?
46.puton,wear,dress,in:
1puton,"穿上"后接物。表行为,是短暂动词。Youshouldputonyour
coatwhenyouleave.
2wear,"穿,穿着"后接物,表状态,是延续性动词。Healwayswearsthe
yellowsweaterinwinter./Ilikewearingbeautifulclothes.
3dress,"给...穿衣’后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.
Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.
bedressedin后常接具有某种特征的衣物。
Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt/white.可直接加表颜色的词。
4in,"穿着"后接具有某种特征的衣物,表状态,是介词,不可作谓语,可
作状语。Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.
Doyouknowthegirlinaredcoat?rveseentheboyinyellow.
47.虚拟语气部分用法:在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气,即if从句中用一般过
去时,而主句动词用would/should+动词原形,表示与现在相反的主观设想,
也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。(注意:虚拟语气中的be
动词都要用were.)
Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(与现在事实相反)
IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很小)
48.other/others/theother/theothers/another:
other形容词
others名词
another另一个(点菜、买衣服等)
one...theother
some...others
Ifyouarestillthirsty,youmayhaveanothercupoftea.
Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours./Weneedanothersixdesks.
Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)
isgoodatscience.
Thispairofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.
Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,theotherstudentsare
girls/theothersaregirls.Twochildrenwent,buttheothersstayed.
LeiFenglikedhelpingotherpeople/others.
Haveyouanyotherquestions?
Alicedidn,tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesomeothers,
other的另一用法:用比较级的形式,体现最高级的含义。
Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass,(boy用单数)=
Heistallerthanalltheotherboysinhisclass,(boy用复数)
他比班里任何男孩都高(他是班里男孩中最高的1
49.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:
1howlong是对长度或时间段提问。Howlongistheriver?-Ifs5,000
kilometerslong.
Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?-Forfivemonths./Since2002.
2howoften是对频率提问,如:never;sometimes,often,usually,always,
onceaweek,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday等。
HowoftendoyouwatchTV?-Everytwodays./Twiceaweek.
【若只有次数,则用howmanytimes提问:
HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?-Twice./onlyonce.]
3howsoon是对"in+时间段"提问:将来时
HowsoonwillyoureturntoBeijing?-Inaweek./Intwodays.
4howfar是对时间段‘s+walk/ride/drive或计量表达提问。
-Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?
-Fiveminutes,walk./Anhour*sride./Thirteenminutes,drive.
或者说:It'sabout20kilometers(far)away.(问和回答不同。)
50.分数表达:
二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如:
halfanhour=ahalfhour半小时It'shalfpastseven.(省略冠词)
以下情况中,分子(基数词)若超过一,分母(序数词)需加s:
三分之一:a/onethird三分之二:twothirds
四分之一:a/onefourth或a/onequarter
四分之三threefourths或threequarters.
五分之一:a/onefifth五分之二:twofifths其它类推。
若分数所在of短语作主语,谓语依of后的名词而定:
Twofifthsofthestudentsareontime.(指名词复数时,谓用复)
Twofifthsofthelandispolluted.(指不可数时,谓用单)
51.到达:
1getto+地点gettoShanghai/London/China
接地点副词时,不带to.getthere/home/here.
2arrivein+大地点(Beijing/Zhengzhou),arriveat+小地点
(school/hospital),arrive只作不及物动词。所以也可单独用:Pleaseringme
upwhenyouarrive.
3reach只作及物动词,后直接加地点:reachBeijing/England
但常不说reachhome/there/here.
52.感叹句:What+名词短语+主语+谓语!
Whatlazyboys(theyare)!Whathardwork!Whatgoodnews!
Whatagoodidea!Whatbadweather(itis)!Whatapity!
How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!
Howhardtheworkis!Howfastheruns!Howrudeyouare!
Howcarefullytheyarelistening!Howbadtheweatheris!
53.because/instead/out等与力口of的区别:
1because后接句子,becauseof接名词或代词。
Hedidn1tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness.
2instead是副词,单独在句尾。insteadof还要接名词或代词。
Wedidn,thaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadofit.
3out副词,可单独用,但若接地点,先加of.(也可作介词,"向…外",可不
加of.一般不要求掌握。)
Hewentoutearly.或Hewentoutofthehouseearly.
54.toomuch,toomany与muchtoo:
去掉前面的词
muchtoo"过于",加形容词或副词原级。muchtoobig/slowly等。
toomuch"太多的",加不可数名词。toomuchwork/rain等。
toomany"太多的",加可数复数。toomanybooks/people等。
55.alone/lonely:
1alone,"独自一人;单独"不含感情色彩。
可当形容词,但只在系动词后作表语:Jackisalone.杰克是单身。
Theoldwomanisaloneinthehouse.那位老妇一个人在屋里。
可当副词,修饰动词:Shelivesalone.她独居。
Canyoumovethestonealone?你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗?
Dickiswalkingonthebeachalone.狄克独自在海滩漫步。
(注意:不可说veryalone.但可说verymuchalone.是特例)
2lonely,"孤独的;寂寞的"带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。
可在系动词后作表语:Theoldmanislonely.这位老人是孤独的。
Hehasmanyrelatives,buthefeelslonely.他有很多亲戚,但感到孤独。
(lonely和心理感受有关,而alone和心理感受无关。)
也可在名词前作定语:alonelyperson一位孤独的人
alonelyvillage一个偏僻的村庄(alone不可作定语)
56.belongto与be:Thissuitbelongstome/Lucy/mybrother.(A)
Thissuitismine/Lucy's/mybrother*s/hers.(某物是某人的)
57.by常见用法:
1"通过"IstudyEnglishbymemorizinggrammar.Youcanknowitby
lookingitupinadictionary.Hetravelsbybike.
2"截止到"Willyoufinishthetaskbytomorrow?
Thetrainhadleftbythetimehegotthere.
3"被"ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXun.
4"经过"Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme.
5"在..旁边"Sitbyme.Theyareplayingbytheriver.
58.部分用in的短语:inEnglish,inagoodway,inahurry,
inpen/ink(见105),intheday(见92),indifferentsizes,indifferent
shapes,inadifficultsituation,ingoodhealth,inaredcoat/inred(见
46),instyle,intheopenair(露天场所)
59.比较级与最高级部分要点:
1不规则形式或易错形式:
much/many—more—mostbad/badly/ill^worse^worst
far^farther/furtherarthest/furthestlittle-*less-^least
few—fewer—fewestold-*older/elder^oldest/eldest
以ly结尾的形容词常把-ly换成-lier/-liest.
2常见比较级/最高级句型:Herunsfasterthanme.(有than)
Hedidbetterthananyotherstudentintheschool.(参照48)
Tomisthecleverestboyinhisclass.(某个范围内)
Heisthetallerofthetwo(boys).(两者,此句型中加the)
Heisthetallestofthethree(boys).(三者)
Whichisbetter,teaormilk?(两者选择)
Whichisthebest,tea,milkorwater?(三者选择)
It'sthesecondlongestriverinChina.(序数词后用最高级。)
3"越来越…"比较级+and+比较级
Hecriedharderandharder.Sheisgettingtallerandtaller.
类似:biggerandbigger/happierandhappier/fatterandfatter/
strongerandstronger/richerandricher/worseandworse...
另一种情况:moreandmorebeautiful/slowly/carefullyI...
4"越…,越…""the+比较级”分别置于两句的开头"到装。
ThemoredifficultEnglishis,theharderyoushouldstudy.
Theyoungerweare,themoreenergywehave.
Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillget.
5”越来越多的...”moreandmore+名词
Moreandmorepeoplearegettingricherandricher.
Weneedmoreandmoredesks/paper/trees/water....
6"…得多"much+形容词/副词比较级
Thisroomismuchbiggerthanthatone.
类似:muchtaller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better...
以及:muchmorecareful/difficult/tiring/similar/mysterious...
7"另外的…(个)..."结构:数量+more+名词
onemoretowel,threemoresuits,manymoretiles,
muchmoretruth,somemoremeat,alotmorewood,
alittlemoreexperience,oncemore=onemoretime=again.
这种结构有时也可用another+数字+名词替代:
fivemoretrees=anotherfivetrees(记住词的位置)
6O.talk,tell,say,speak:
1talk只作不及物动词。(talkwith/tosbtalkaboutsth)
Don,ttalkinclass.ShallwetalkaboutourEnglishstudy?
Heistalkingwithhisteacher.MayItalktoyou?
2tell只作及物动词,"告诉;讲"。常接双宾结构。Tellsb(not)todosth
Mr.Litoldusaninterestingstory.Whotoldyouthenews?
3say必须接有内容。PleasesayitinEnglish.Hesaidnothing.
"Idisagreewithyou/'Tomsaid.Whatwillyousay?
say若接sb,则需先加to:Imustsaysorrytoyou.
"Ioversleptthismorning/'Hesaidtome.
4speak"说话"不及物动词。Hespoketoofastformetofollow.
接人时先加介词to.MayIspeaktoMr.Smith?
可表说话的能力。Thebabycanspeaknow.
Thereissomethingwrongwithhisthroat,hecan,tspeak.
”演讲,发言"Whowillspeakinthemeeting?
61osometimes/sometimes/sometime/sometime:
time可数是次数不可数是时间
sometimes:"有时”=attimes.Heisimeslateforschool.
sometimes:"几次"IhavebeentoNanjingsometimes.
sometime:"某一时刻"Iboughtitsometimelastspring.
We'IImeetagainsometimenextweek.
sometime:"一段时间"Wehavetostayhereforsometime.
62.need的用法:
1need可当情态动词【当情态动词时,need无时态变化。】(和can等用法类
似,但need只用于疑问句或否定句中):NeedIgonow?(need在一般疑问
句的开头)Ineedn,ttellyoutheanswer.(否定句中直接在need后力口not)
MustIstudynow?No,Youneedn,t.
2need可当行为动词(和want等用法类似):
Heneedsabike.(后可直接加名词)
Ineedtogoovermylessons.(后接带to不定式)
Doyouneedtohavearest?(一般疑问句中do,does,did在句首)
Wedon'tneedtowaitforhercoming.(否定句中do,does,did提前)
【注:need后接表被动的内容时,可表达为:
TheTVneedstoberepaired.=TheTVneedsrepairing.]
63.dowith与dealwith:都译为"处理,对付,安排,应付"
Whathaveyoudonewiththemilk?用what提问。
Howshallwedealwiththisproblem?用how提问。
下面两句由此而来:Couldyoutellmewhattodowiththemilk?
Couldyoutellmehowtodealwiththisproblem?
64.就近原则:常见的有:EitheryouorLucyiswrong.
Thereisadogandtwocatsintheyard,(therebe句型)
Notonlyyoubut(also)Iamstrictinthework.
NeitheryounorLucyhasseenthefilmbefore.
65.主谓一致:One/Neitherofyouisright.(单数谓语)
Tom,withhisfriends,hasgone.(主语是Tom,单数谓语)
Thispairofshoeslooksbeautiful.(主语是pair,单数谓语)
Theshoeslookbeautiful.(主语无pair,复数谓语)
Everyboyandeverygirlhasachancetodoit.(单数谓语)
Theoldneedtobelookedaftercarefully.Theyoungareenergetic,
(the加形容词表一类人,谓语用复数)
Mr.andMrsGreenarefromAmerica.指格林夫妇(复数谓语)
Theteacherandwriterisanableman.指教师兼作家,一个人,单数谓语。
BothyouandIareexcitedaboutthenews.(复数谓语)
thenumberof与anumberof参见39.(分数表达见50)
66.quite/such/really用法之一:如果出现不定冠词时,常放在后面。
It'squiteaneasyquestion.Heisquiteacleverboy.
It'ssuchanimportantlesson.(另见33)Lilyisreallyalazygirl.
67.部分用what提问的句型:
Whatsizedoyouwant?Whatwillyoudowiththeproblem?
What'sthepopulationofChina?Whatdayisittoday?
What'sthedatetoday?What'
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