04Unit4单元话题阅读精练(阅读理解15篇七选五5篇)(译林版2020)

Unit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld(译林版2020必修第三册)单元话题阅读精练(阅读理解15篇+七选五5篇)I.阅读理解A(2023上·黑龙江鸡西·高一密山市第一中学校考期中)Inspirationalideashaveahabitofstrikinginthemostunforeseenplaces.Forexample,dreamsoperateonthelevelofstories,makingthemprimarysourcesofideasandinspirations.Thefollowingarefourgreatideascreatedfromdreams.EliasHowe’ssewingmachineIn1895,EliasHowewasstrugglingwiththeneedle(针)design.Onenight,hehadadreamthatsomepeopleonanunknownislandcaughthimandwerepreparingtoturnhimintoameal.Theyweredancingaroundwavingtheirspears(矛)intheair,andthenhesawit.Thespearshadholesatthetip.Ithelpedhimsolvehisproblem.Einstein’stheoryofrelativityInhisdream,AlbertEinsteinwastalkingtoafarmerwhowastellinghimaboutthefenced(被围住的)cows.However,thefarmersawsomethingdifferentfromhim.Whenwakingup,herealizedthatasimilareventcouldbedifferentfromadifferentpointofview.Throughthis,thetheoryofrelativityslowlybegantofallintoplace.Beatles’hitsongYesterdayYesterdaybythefamousbandBeatlesisoneofthemostcoveredsongsinhistory.Itallcametooneofthebandmembers,PaulMcCartney,inadream.Onenightin1963hesuddenlywokeupwithatune(曲调)inhishead.Hegotupandstartedplayingthenotesuntilthesongcameintobeing.TheperiodictableWhileinhismidthirties,DmitriMendeleev,aknownRussianchemist,wasstrugglingtoplace56knownelementsonaperiodictable.Thenonenightinadream,hesawatablewhereallaspectsfellintoplaceascalledfor.Whenhewokeup,hewroteitdownonapieceofpaper.1.WhatinspiredEliasHowetodesigntheneedleofsewingmachines?A.Spearswithholesatthetip. B.Abigmealhehadinhisdream.C.Atalkwiththepeopletrappinghim. D.Thedancingmovesofsomestrangers.2.Whichofthefollowingwasinspiredbyadreamwhichincludedafarmer?A.Thesewingmachine. B.Thetheoryofrelativity.C.ThesongYesterday. D.Theperiodictable.3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthefourstories?A.Adreamcanbeawishthatyourheartmakes.B.monpeoplecanalsohavegreatcreations.C.Clevermindsneverstopthinkingintheirlives.D.Greatideassometimesariseinanunexpectedway.【答案】1.A2.B3.D【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了四个做梦启发的伟大发明。1.细节理解题。根据EliasHowe’ssewingmachine中“Thespearshadholesatthetip.Ithelpedhimsolvehisproblem.(矛的尖端有洞。这帮他解决了问题)”可知，那些尖端上有洞的长矛给了EliasHowe设计针的灵感。故选A项。2.细节理解题。根据Einstein’stheoryofrelativity中“Inhisdream,AlbertEinsteinwastalkingtoafarmerwhowastellinghimaboutthefenced(被围住的)cows.However,thefarmersawsomethingdifferentfromhim.Whenwakingup,herealizedthatasimilareventcouldbedifferentfromadifferentpointofview.Throughthis,thetheoryofrelativityslowlybegantofallintoplace.(在他的梦里，阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦正在和一个农夫谈话，农夫正在给他讲围栏里的奶牛。然而，农夫从他身上看到了一些不同的东西。醒来后，他意识到，从不同的角度来看，类似的事件可能会有所不同。通过这一过程，相对论开始慢慢成形)”可知，爱因斯坦梦中的那个农民让其意识到，从不同的角度来看，类似的事件可能会有所不同，这促成了相对论的形成。故选B项。3.推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Inspirationalideashaveahabitofstrikinginthemostunforeseenplaces.Forexample,dreamsoperateonthelevelofstories,makingthemprimarysourcesofideasandinspirations.Thefollowingarefourgreatideascreatedfromdreams.(鼓舞人心的想法总是在最意想不到的地方出现。例如，梦在故事的层面上运作，使它们成为想法和灵感的主要来源。下面是四个从梦中产生的伟大想法)”并结合全文内容例子，这篇文章通过四个实例说明伟大的想法有时会以出人意料的方式出现。故选D项。B(2023上·北京·高一北京市第九中学校考开学考试)Muchoftoday’sscienceofphysicsisbasedonNewton’sdiscoveryofthethreelawsofmotion(运动)andhistheoryofgravity(重力).Newtonalsodevelopedoneofthemostpowerfultoolsofmathematics.IsaacNewtonwasborninWoolsThorpe,England,onDec25,1642.Hewasbornearly.Hewasasmallbabyandveryweak.Nooneexpectedhimtosurvive.Buthesurprisedeveryone.Newton’sfatherdiedbeforehewasborn.Theboywasnotagoodstudent.Yethelikedtomakethings,suchaskitesandclocksandsimplemachines.Newtonalsoenjoyedfindingnewwaystoanswerquestionsorsolveproblems.Asaboy,forexample,hedecidedtofindawaytomeasurethespeedofthewind.Onawindyday,hemeasuredhowfarhecouldjumpwiththewindatthisback.Thenhemeasuredhowfarhecouldjumpwiththewindinhisface.Fromthedifferencebetweenthetwojumps,hemadehisownmeasureofthestrengthofthewind.Itsoonbecameclear,however,thattheboywasnotagoodfarmer.Hespenthistimesolvingmathematicalproblems,insteadoftakingcareofthecrops.Hespenthoursvisitingabookstoreinthetown,insteadofsellinghisvegetablesinthemarket.NewtonbecameastudentofCambridgeUniversity.TheleadingEnglishpoetofNewton’stime,AlexanderPope,honoredthescientistwiththesewords,“Natureandnature’slawslayhidinnight.Godsaid,‘LetNewtonbe!’andallwaslight.”4.Everyonewas__________whenNewtonsurvivedfromtheweaknessatlast.A.happy B.angry C.surprised D.interested5.From__________,hemadehisownmeasureofthestrengthofthewind.A.takingcareofthecropsB.sellinghisvegetablesinthemarketC.thedifferencebetweenthetwojumpsD.makingthings,suchaskitesandsimplemachines6.WhenIsaacwasaboy,he__________.A.likedtomakethingsB.spenthistimetakingcareofthecropsC.enjoyedfindingnewwaystomakethingsD.spenthourssellinghisvegetablesinthemarket【答案】4.C5.C6.A【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了著名科学家牛顿童年和青年时期的经历，以及他获得的主要成就和评价。4.细节理解题。根据第二段中“Hewasbornearly.Hewasasmallbabyandveryweak.Nooneexpectedhimtosurvive.Buthesurprisedeveryone.(他出生得很早。他是一个很小的婴儿，非常虚弱。没人指望他能活下来。但他让所有人都大吃一惊)”可知，当牛顿最终从虚弱中活下来时，每个人都感到惊讶。故选C项。5.细节理解题。根据第三段中“Fromthedifferencebetweenthetwojumps,hemadehisownmeasureofthestrengthofthewind.(根据两跳之间的不同，他自己测出了风力)”可知，牛顿是根据两跳之间的不同测出了风力。故选C项。6.细节理解题。根据第二段中“Theboywasnotagoodstudent.Yethelikedtomakethings,suchaskitesandclocksandsimplemachines.(这个男孩不是一个好学生。但他喜欢做一些东西，比如风筝、时钟和简单的机器)”可知，当牛顿还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢制作东西。故选A项。C(2023上·安徽芜湖·高一芜湖一中校考期中)Throughouthumanhistory,thereisabottomlesswellofpeoplewhomadegreatcontributionssothatwecannowenjoyabetterlife.Thefollowingare,justfourofthosegreatminds.JosephLister(1827—1912)Englishsurgeon(外科医生).Listerpioneeredtheuseofantiseptic(防腐的)andantisepticsurgerywhichgreatlyimprovedsurvivalratesfrommajorsurgery.Forthis,heisoftenreferredtoasthefatherofmodernsurgeryashisuseofantisepticgreatlyincreasedthekindsofoperationsthatcouldbecarriedout.MaximilianBircherBenner(1867—1939)BircherBennerwasapioneeringSwissphysicianandnutritionist.Headvocatedtheeatingofrawfruitandvegetablesanddiscouragedeatingmeatandheavilyprocessedfoods.Althoughhewasquestionedbythescientificestablishment,hishealthyeatingideastookoffandhelpedcreateadietofprocessedbread,meatandcarbs(碳水化合物).Thehealthyeatingtrendsheestablishedhavecontinuedtogrowinpopularitywithmorescientificresearchshowingthehealthbenefitsofsuchadiet.Paracelsus(1493—1541)SwissGermanphysicianandleadinghealthreformer.Paracelsusfoundedthedisciplineoftoxicology(毒理学)andpioneeredtheuseofchemicalsintreatingpatients.Heemphasizedpracticalexperience.Hewasalsooneofthefirstdoctorstonoteillnesscanbepsychologicalinnature.PeterMansfield(1933—2017)EnglishphysicistwhowithPeterLauterburhelpedtodevelopmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)whichgetsdoctorstoseeinsideapatient’sbodywithoutneedingtocutitopen.WithMRI,doctorscanseefarmorethanwithxray,whichislimitedtobones.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinMedicinein2003.7.WhatisMaximilianBircherBenner’scontribution?A.Hediscoveredxray.B.Hesetupahealthyeatingtrend.C.Heimprovedsurvivalratesofoperation.D.Hedidexperimentswithchemicalstotreatdiseases.8.WhoinventedMRItogivedoctorsmoreinformationofapatient’sbody?A.JosephLister. B.MaximilianBircherBenner.C.Paracelsus. D.PeterMansfield.9.Whatdothefourpeoplehaveinmon?A.TheyallreceivedNobelPrize.B.TheywereallborninSwitzerland.C.Theyallmadecontributionstotreatingpatients.D.Theyallhelpedtomakepeopleliveabetterlife.【答案】7.B8.D9.D【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了为人类可以享受更好生活做出杰出贡献的四个伟大人物。7.细节理解题。根据MaximilianBircherBenner部分中“Althoughhewasquestionedbythescientificestablishment,hishealthyeatingideastookoffandhelpedcreateadietofprocessedbread,meatandcarbs(碳水化合物).Thehealthyeatingtrendsheestablishedhavecontinuedtogrowinpopularitywithmorescientificresearchshowingthehealthbenefitsofsuchadiet.(尽管他受到了科学界的质疑，但他的健康饮食理念得到了普及，并帮助创造了一种由加工面包、肉类和碳水化合物组成的饮食。随着越来越多的科学研究表明这种饮食对健康的好处，他所建立的健康饮食趋势继续受到欢迎。)”可知，BircherBenner的贡献在于他树立了健康饮食的风尚。故选B。8.细节理解题。根据PeterMansfield部分中“EnglishphysicistwhowithPeterLauterburhelpedtodevelopmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)whichgetsdoctorstoseeinsideapatient’sbodywithoutneedingtocutitopen.(英国物理学家PeterMansfield他与彼得·劳特伯帮助开发了磁共振成像(MRI)，使医生无需切开就能看到病人体内的情况。)”可知，PeterMansfield与彼得·劳特伯帮助开发了磁共振成像(MRI)，使医生无需切开就能看到病人体内的情况。故选D。9.推理判断题。根据第一段“Throughouthumanhistory,thereisabottomlesswellofpeoplewhomadegreatcontributionssothatwecannowenjoyabetterlife.Thefollowingare,justfourofthosegreatminds.(在整个人类历史上，有无数的人做出了巨大的贡献，所以我们现在可以享受更好的生活。以下是其中的四位伟人。)”可知，文章介绍的是为人类可以享受更好生活做出杰出贡献的四个伟大人物，故这四个人物的共通之处在于他们为了人类可以享受更好的生活做出了杰出贡献。故选D。D(2023上·江苏·高一校联考阶段练习)StephanieLouiseKwolekwasborninthesmalltownofNewKensington,Pennsylvania,in1923.HerparentswereimmigrantsfromPoland.Stephanie’sschoolwassosmallthattwogradesweretaughtinoneclassroom.Shewasanexcellentreaderwithagreatmemory.Shewasalsoverygoodatmath.Theolderkidsinherclassgotannoyedwhensheknewanswersthattheydidn’t.Stephanie’sloveoflearningcamefromherfather.Everynightwhenhecamehomefromwork,hesatandreadabookornewspaper.HeencouragedStephanietoexplorethegreatoutdoors.Together,theyoftenwalkedinthewoods,collectingleaves,flowers,andseeds.Stephanie’smother,aseamstress(女裁缝),inspiredStephanie’screativity.Shecopiedhermother’spatternstomakecostumesforpaperdolls.Sometimes,sheusedthesewingmachinewhenhermotherwasn’tlooking.Stephanielikedworkingwithfabric(织物),andshewasgoodatit.Shethoughtaboutacareerinfashiondesign.AsStephaniegrewolder,shedecidedshewantedtousesciencetohelppeopleanddecidedtobeeadoctor.Shestudiedchemistryincollege,butwhenshegraduated,shecouldn’taffordtogotothemedicalschool.Instead,shegotajobasachemistattheDuPontpanytoearnhertuitionfees.Thejobwassupposedtobetemporary,butStephaniefellinlovewithitandneverlookedback.HerworkatDuPontbinedherchildhoodloveofscienceandfabricwithherinterestinhelpingpeopleandsolvingproblems,andhercreationswouldchangetheworld.AtDuPont,StephanieinventedKevlarfiber.It’sfivetimesstrongerthansteel.Kevlarfiberisnowusedinmorethan200products,includingspacecraftandbulletproofvest(防弹衣).Stephanie’sinventionhassavedcountlesslives.Shespentherliferesearchingandteachingpeopleaboutherwork,andwasastrongadvocateforwomeninsciencearoundtheworld.10.WhichwordcanbestdescribeStephanieLouiseKwolekasachild?A.Popular. B.Friendly. C.Smart. D.Hardworking.11.WhatdoweknowaboutStephanie’sparents?A.Stephanie’sfatherusedtotakehertofieldtrips.B.Stephanie’smothertaughthertousesewingmachines.C.TheyencouragedStephanietoworkinfashiondesign.D.TheymovedtoPolandtosendStephanietoabetterschool.12.WhydidStephanieworkattheDuPontpanyinthefirstplace?A.Tosavemorepeople’slives. B.Tostudythescienceoffabric.C.Tosolvetheproblemoffiber. D.Tomakemoneyforhereducation.13.Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?A.Stephanie’scontributiontoscienceB.Womenscientists’influenceontheworldC.TheadvantagesofKevlarfiberinthewarD.ThepopularityofStephanie’sinventionindailylife【答案】10.C11.A12.D13.A【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了女性化学家StephanieLouiseKwolek的生平和贡献。10.推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Shewasanexcellentreaderwithagreatmemory.Shewasalsoverygoodatmath.Theolderkidsinherclassgotannoyedwhensheknewanswersthattheydidn’t.(她是一位记忆力很好的优秀读者。她数学也很好。当她知道他们不知道的答案时，班上年龄较大的孩子都很生气。)”可知，StephanieLouiseKwolek记忆力很好，擅长数学，上课时知道别人不知道的答案，由此可推测出，她很聪明。故选C。11.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“HeencouragedStephanietoexplorethegreatoutdoors.Together,theyoftenwalkedinthewoods,collectingleaves,flowers,andseeds.(他鼓励Stephanie去户外探险。他们经常一起在树林里散步，收集树叶、鲜花和种子。)”可知，她的父亲过去常常带她去户外实地考察旅行。故选A。12.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Instead,shegotajobasachemistattheDuPontpanytoearnhertuitionfees.(相反，她在杜邦公司找到了一份化学家的工作来赚取学费。)”可知，当初她在杜邦公司工作是为了赚学费。故选D。13.标题归纳题。结合最后一段“Stephanie’sinventionhassavedcountlesslives.Shespentherliferesearchingandteachingpeopleaboutherwork,andwasastrongadvocateforwomeninsciencearoundtheworld.(Stephanie的发明挽救了无数生命。她一生都在研究她的工作，并向人们传授她的工作，她是世界各地科学领域女性的坚定倡导者。)”通读全文可知，第一段介绍了StephanieLouiseKwolek的家庭背景、幼时学校生活；第二段介绍了父母对StephanieLouiseKwolek有深刻影响，让她热爱学习和织物，并且有创造力；第三段讲述了她的学习和工作经历；最后一段讲述了她在工作中的发明具有的意义。全文围绕StephanieLouiseKwolek展开，旨在告诉人们她对科学的贡献，所以A项“Stephanie对科学的贡献”最适合作本文标题。故选A。E(2023上·浙江·高一校联考阶段练习)TheNobeleconomicsprizewasawardedonMondaytoHarvardUniversityprofessorClaudiaGoldinforresearchthathasadvancedtheunderstandingofthegender(性别)gapinthelabormarket.TheannouncementwentatinysteptoclosingtheNobelmittee’sowngendergap:Goldinisjustthethirdwomantowintheprizeoutof93economicslaureates(获奖者).Shehasstudied200yearsofwomen’sparticipationintheworkplace,showingthatdespitecontinuedeconomicgrowth,women’spaydidnotcontinuouslycatchuptomen’sandadividestillexistsdespitewomengaininghigherlevelsofeducationthanmen.“I’vealwaysbeenanoptimist.ButwhenIlookedatthenumbers,Ifoundinthe1990s,ourlaborforceparticipationrateforwomenwasthehighestintheworld,andnowitisn’tthehighestintheworld,”GoldintoldTheAssociatedPress.“AlthoughGoldin’sresearchdoesnotoffersolutions,itallowspolicymakerstodealwiththeproblem,”saidRandiHjalmarsson,amemberoftheNobelmittee.“Sheexplainsthesourceofthegap,andhowit’schangedovertimeandhowitchangeswiththestageofdevelopment.Byfinallyunderstandingtheproblemandcallingitbytherightname,wewillfindasolution.”Goldin,77,toldAPthatwhathappensinpeople’shomesreflectswhathappensintheworkplace.Womenoftenhavetotakejobsthatallowthemtobeoncallathome—workthatoftenpaysless.“Goldintriedtofillinmissingdataforherresearch,”Hjalmarssonsaid.Forpartsofhistory,systematiclabormarketrecordsdidnotexist,and,iftheydid,informationaboutwomenwasmissing.“SoGoldinhadtobeadetectivetofindnoveldatasourcesandcreativewaystousethemtomeasuretheseunknowns.”14.Whatcanweinferfromthesecondparagraph?A.Mengainedhigherlevelsofeducationthanwomen.B.Thewomen’spaycaughtuptomen’s200hundredsyearsago.C.ManywomenscientistshavewontheNobeleconomicsprizetheseyears.D.Atthelate20thcentury,Americanwomenlaborforceparticipationratewasthetop.15.Whichofthefollowingisright?A.RandiHjalmarssondidn’tagreewithGoldin.B.Mostofthewomenusuallyprefertobehousewives.C.Whathappensinfamilylifeoftenmirrorsthatintheworkplace.D.Goldin’sresearchofferedthepolicymakerssolutionstotheproblem.16.WhichisachallengethatClaudiaGoldinfacedinherresearch?A.Lackofexperience. B.Lackofsupport.C.Lackofmoney. D.Lackofdata.17.What’sthebesttitleofthepassage?A.ASolutiontotheGenderGapintheLaborMarketB.ClaudiaGoldin—aGreatEconomicsDataDetectiveC.TheThirdWomanWhoWinstheNobelPrizeintheWorldD.NobelEconomicsPrizeGoestoHarvardUniversityWomanProfessor【答案】14.D15.C16.D17.D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍的是哈佛大学教授Claudia获得诺贝尔经济学奖的事迹。14.推理判断题。根据文章第二段“ButwhenIlookedatthenumbers,Ifoundinthe1990s,ourlaborforceparticipationrateforwomenwasthehighestintheworld,andnowitisn’tthehighestintheworld,”GoldintoldTheAssociatedPress.(但当我看到这些数字时，我发现在20世纪90年代，我们的女性劳动力参与率是世界上最高的，而现在它不是世界上最高的，”Goldin告诉美联社。)”可知，在20世纪末，美国妇女的劳动参与率是最高的。故选D。15.细节理解题。根据第四段第一个句子“Goldin,77,toldAPthatwhathappensinpeople’shomesreflectswhathappensintheworkplace.(77岁的Goldin告诉美联社，人们家里发生的事情反映了工作场所发生的事情。)”可知，人们在家庭中发生的情况往往在工作中有相同的反映。故选C。16.细节理解题。根据最后一段“Goldintriedtofillinmissingdataforherresearch,”Hjalmarssonsaid.Forpartsofhistory,systematiclabormarketrecordsdidnotexist,and,iftheydid,informationaboutwomenwasmissing.(Goldin试图为她的研究填补缺失的数据，”Hjalmarsson说。在历史上的某些时期，系统的劳动力市场记录并不存在，即使存在，关于女性的信息也缺失了。)”可知，她研究需要的很多数据缺失，或者是有关女性部分的数据缺失，所以她不得不像侦探一样去寻找新的数据并运用。即ClaudiaGoldin在她的研究中面临的挑战是缺乏数据。故选D。17.主旨大意题。根据第一段“TheNobeleconomicsprizewasawardedonMondaytoHarvardUniversityprofessorClaudiaGoldinforresearchthathasadvancedtheunderstandingofthegender(性别)gapinthelabormarket.(周一，诺贝尔经济学奖被授予哈佛大学教授克劳迪娅·戈尔丁，以表彰她在促进人们对劳动力市场性别差距的理解方面所做的研究。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了今年的诺贝尔经济学奖由哈佛大学的一位女教授获得。故D“NobelEconomicsPrizeGoestoHarvardUniversityWomanProfessor(诺贝尔经济学奖授予哈佛大学女教授)”为最佳选项。其他选项中均有错误信息。故选D。F(2024上·吉林辽源·高一辽源市实验高级中学校校联考期末)AsEuropeenteredthe17thcentury,whentraditionalattitudesstillheldthatawoman’sproperrolewasasadaughter,wife,andmother,morefemaleswereattractedtotheScientificRevolution,justliketheyhadbeendrawntohumanismoverthepreviouscenturies.Oneofthemostwell­knownfemalescientistsofthe17thcentury,MargaretCavendishcamefromanoblefamilyinEngland.Cavendishwasanactiveparticipant(参与者)intheimportantscientificdebatesofhertime.Despiteherachievements,however,shewasnotincludedintheRoyalSociety.Shewroteanumberofworksonscientificmatters.Intheseworks,sheattackedwhatsheconsideredthefaultsoftheconventionalapproachestoscientificknowledgeandwasespeciallydoubtfulaboutthegrowingbeliefthathumanswerethemastersofnature:“Wehavenopoweratallovernaturalcausesandeffects...formanisbutasmallpart.HispowersarebutparticularactionsofNature,andhecannothaveasupremeandabsolutepower.”AnotherfamousfemalescientistwasMariaWinkelmannwholivedinGermanyandwaseducatedbyherfatherandreceivedadvancedtrainingfromalocalself­taughtastronomer(天文学家).WhenshemarriedGottfriedKirch,Germany’sforemostastronomer,shebecamehisassistant.Shemadesomeoriginalcontributions,includinganundiscoveredet,asherhusbandrelated:“Earlyinthemorning(about2：00a.m.)theskywasclearandstarry.Somenightsbefore,Ihadobservedavariablestar,andmywife(asIslept)wantedtofindandseeitforherself.Indoingso,shefoundaetinthesky,atwhichtimeshewokeme,andIfoundthatitwasindeedaet.Ihadnotseenitthenightbefore.”In1710,sheappliedforapositionasanassistantastronomer.Asawoman,withnouniversitydegree,shewasdeniedthepostbytheAcademyofSciencesinBerlin.Cavendish’sandWinkelmann’sdifficultieswiththescientificsocietiesoftheirtimesreflectthebarrierswomenfacedinthefieldofearlymodernscience.Theworkofthesefemalescientistsisstillviewedasbeingagainstthedomesticdutieswomenareexpectedtoperform.18.WhichofthefollowingwouldCavendishprobablyagreewith?A.Naturewasthemasterofhumans.B.Conventionalmethodsalwaysworked.C.Humans’knowledgehadabsolutepower.D.Sciencechangednaturalcausesandeffects.19.WhatwasWinkelmanndoingwhenshemadeherdiscovery?A.Walkingunderthestarrysky.B.Studyingaknownet.C.Workingwithherhusband.D.Watchingastar.20.WhatdidCavendishandWinkelmannhaveinmon?A.Bothreceivedformaleducation.B.Bothcamefromafamilyofscientists.C.Bothwererejectedbyscientificsocieties.D.Bothworkedformalescientistsasanassistant.21.Whatwouldbeasuitabletitleforthepassage?A.Women’sStudyofHumanisminthe17thCenturyB.FemaleScientists’DifficultieswithEarlyModernScienceC.TheRoleofWomenintheOriginsofModernEducationD.TheCooperationBetweenMaleandFemaleScientists【答案】18.A19.D20.C21.B【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章回顾了17世纪欧洲女性科学家进入科研领域的艰难与不易。18.推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Intheseworks,sheattackedwhatsheconsideredthefaultsoftheconventionalapproachestoscientificknowledgeandwasespeciallydoubtfulaboutthegrowingbeliefthathumanswerethemastersofnature:“Wehavenopoweratallovernaturalcausesandeffects...formanisbutasmallpart.HispowersarebutparticularactionsofNature,andhecannothaveasupremeandabsolutepower.”(在这些作品中，她抨击了她所认为的传统科学知识方法的错误，尤其对人类是自然主人的日益增长的信念表示怀疑:“我们对自然的因果完全没有权力……因为人只是一小部分。他的权力只是自然的特殊行为，他不可能拥有至高无上的绝对权力。”)”可推知，卡文迪什可能会认为自然是人类的主人。故选A。19.细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Somenightsbefore,Ihadobservedavariablestar,andmywife(asIslept)wantedtofindandseeitforherself.Indoingso,shefoundaetinthesky,atwhichtimeshewokeme,andIfoundthatitwasindeedaet.(几天前的晚上，我观察到一颗变星，我的妻子(在我睡觉的时候)想自己去找它看看。在这样做的时候，她发现天空中有一颗彗星，这时她叫醒了我，我发现那确实是一颗彗星)”可知，温科尔曼在观测一颗变星时发现了那颗彗星。故选D。20.推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Despiteherachievements,however,shewasnotincludedintheRoyalSociety.(然而，尽管她取得了成就，她却没有被列入皇家学会)”和文章第三段“Asawoman,withnouniversitydegree,shewasdeniedthepostbytheAcademyofSciencesinBerlin.(作为一名没有大学学位的女性，她被柏林科学院拒绝了这一职位)”可知，这两位女科学家都被当时的科学团体拒绝了。故选C。21.主旨大意题。通读全文并根据最后一段中的“Cavendish’sandWinkelmann’sdifficultieswiththescientificsocietiesoftheirtimesreflectthebarrierswomenfacedinthefieldofearlymodernscience.(卡文迪什和温克尔曼在她们那个时代的科学团体中遇到的困难反映了女性在早期现代科学领域所面临的障碍)”可知，本文回顾了17世纪欧洲女性科学家进入科研领域的艰难与不易，所以“女性科学家在早期现代科学的困境”适合作为文章标题。故选B。G(2024上·广东广州·高一校联考期末)ProfessorHeinzWolff,whohasdiedaged89,wasabioengineeringpioneer.Heestablishedthediscipline,nameditand,ina60yearcareer,madesignificantcontributionstomedicalresearch.ButtotheBritishpublic,hewasbestknownasthedottyscientistwhofrontedTheGreatEggRace,aBBCshowinwhichcolourcodedteamsweresetengineeringchallenges(thefirstwastotransportanegginavehiclepoweredbyrubberbands).Withhistrademarkbowtie,halfmoonglassesandMittelEuropeanaccent,helookedreallylikeProfessorBranestawn,asdescribedbyW.HeathRobinson.Yetwhilehecheerfullyexploitedhisreputationasa“peculiaregghead”,hewasveryseriousabouthisworkandinspiredthousandsofyoungpeopletoconsiderscientificcareers.BorninBerlinin1928,HeinzWolffwasthesonofJewishparents.Hismotherdiedin1938,andthenextyearthefamilyfled.TheyarrivedinBritainonthedaywarwasdeclared.“Wereallycutitratherfine,”hesaidonDesertIslandDiscsin1998.Afterleavingschool,heworkedasatechnicianattheRadcliffeInfirmaryinOxford,whereheinventedamachinetocountredbloodcells,andthenattheNationalInstituteforMedicalResearch’spneumoconiosisresearchunitinCardiff,wherehedesignedameansofmeasuringdustlevelsincoalminers.HewentontostudyatUniversityCollegeLondonandgraduatedwithafirstinphysicsandphysiology.Then,in1983,hefoundedtheInstituteforBioengineeringatBrunelUniversity.Hisparticularinterestwasintechnologiestoimprovethelivesofolderpeople,buthewasalsoheavilyinvolvedinspaceresearchandworkedasanadvisertotheEuropeanSpaceAgency.WolffhadmadehisfirstappearanceonTVonPanoramain1966,encouragingRichardDimblebytoswallowa“radiopill”.OnTheGreatEggRace,whichranfrom1979,histaskwastogetopponentteamsrepresentingorganizationssuchasthechemicalpanyICI.Challengesincludedbuildingahovercraftfromalawnmower,andinventingabicyclethatcouldrideonwater.Markswereawardedforentertainmentvalueandtechnicalacplishment.Theshowendedinthemid1980s,butWolffcontinuedtojudgescientificpetitions,onTVandelsewhere.Anaturalentertainerwithaninexhaustiblecuriosityabouttheworld,hesaidhe’dbehappytodressupasaclownifitgotchildreninterestedinscience.22.Theword“dotty”(paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto________.A.strange B.serious C.famous D.genius23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEofHeinzWolffaccordingtothepassage?A.HisfamilyleftBerlinafterWorldWarIIbegan.B.Heusedtomajorinphysicsandphysiology.C.HeinventedamachinewhileinUniversityCollegeLondon.D.Hisinterestlayinhelpingthoselivinginwarstrickenareas.24.HeinzWolffdidn’tmindlookingridiculousaslongas________.A.hecouldkeepbeingcuriousabouttheworldB.hecouldbineentertainmentandtechnologyC.hecouldhelparousechildren’sinterestinscienceD.hecouldappearonTVtojudgescientificpetitions25.WhichofthefollowingisanachievementmadebyHeinzWolff?A.Representingachemicalpany.B.Designingamethodtocountredbloodcells.C.BeingthefirstscientisttofrontTVshows.D.Settingupthesubjectofbioengineering.【答案】22.A23.B24.C25.D【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍的是生物工程的先驱HeinzWolff教授的个人生平和贡献。22.词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“Yetwhilehecheerfullyexploitedhisreputationasa“peculiaregghead”,hewasveryseriousabouthisworkandinspiredthousandsofyoungpeopletoconsiderscientificcareers.(然而，当他兴高采烈地利用自己“古怪的书呆子”的名声时，他对自己的工作非常认真，并激励了成千上万的年轻人考虑从事科学事业。)”可知，HeinzWolff教授应该是很享受被人们称为“古怪的书呆子”，结合划线单词后的定语从句“whofrontedTheGreatEggRace,aBBCshowinwhichcolourcodedteamsweresetengineeringchallenges(thefirstwastotransportanegginavehiclepoweredbyrubberbands).(他是主持英国广播公司(BBC)节目《伟大的鸡蛋赛跑》的科学家，在这个节目中，用不同颜色编码的队伍接受工程挑战(第一个挑战是用橡皮筋驱动的车辆运送鸡蛋)。)”可知，他最为人所知的身份是主持英国广播公司节目《伟大的鸡蛋赛跑》，所以“peculiaregghead”应是对他称呼的再次出现，由此可知，划线单词的意思应与“古怪的(strange)”意义相近。故选A项。23.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“HewentontostudyatUniversityCollegeLondonandgraduatedwithafirstinphysicsandphysiology.(他继续在伦敦大学学院学习，并以物理学和生理学的第一名毕业。)”可知，他在伦敦大学学院学习，并且以物理学和生理学第一名毕业，由此可知，HeinzWolff以前应该是主修物理学和生理学，B项正确。故选B项。24.细节理解题。根据尾段中的“Anaturalentertainerwithaninexhaustiblecuriosityabouttheworld,hesaidhe’dbehappytodressupasaclownifitgotchildreninterestedinscience.(他是一个天生的表演者，对世界有着无穷无尽的好奇心。他说，如果能让孩子们对科学感兴趣，他很乐意打扮成小丑。)”可知，HeinzWolff说，只要能让孩子对科学感兴趣，他愿意打扮成小丑的模样，由此可知，HeinzWolff教授不介意自己看起来有多滑稽，只要孩子们对科学感兴趣。故选C项。25.细节理解题。根据首段中的“ProfessorHeinzWolff,whohasdiedaged89,wasabioengineeringpioneer.Heestablishedthediscipline,nameditand,ina60yearcareer,madesignificantco