英语听力入门step-by-step-3000第一册答案及原文

Unit1PartIA

1.Oxford/commitment/academicrecord2.oldest/largest/reputation/research/science

3.first/Australia/150years/excels4.excellence//location

5.largest/1883/situated/26,0006.1636/enrollment/18,500/schools

7.awards/degrees/20,0008.located/135/third

B

2,700languages/7,000dialects/regional/pronunciation

official/language

Onebillion/20percent

Fourhundredmillion/first/600million/second/foreign

500,000words/Eightypercent/other

Eightypercent/computers

Africancountry/same

1,000/Africa

spaceship/1977/55/message/theUnitedStates

C1–(a)2–(c)3–(d)4–(b)

Allright,class.Todaywe’regoingtobelookingatdifferentlanguagelearningstyles.Youmaybesurprisedtofindthattherearedifferentwaysofgoingaboutlearninglanguages,noneofwhichisnecessarilybetterthantheothers.Researchershaveidentifiedfourbasiclearner“types”–thecommunicativelearner,theanalyticallearner,theauthority-orientedlearnerandtheconcretelearner.Communicativelearnersliketolearnbywatchingandlisteningtonativespeakers.Athome,theyliketolearnbywatchingTVandvideos.Theyliketolearnnewwordsbyhearingthem.Inclass,theyliketolearnbyhavingconversations.Now,concretelearnersliketoleanbyplayinggames,bylookingatpicturesandvideosinclass,talkinginpairs,andbylisteningtocassettesathomeandschool.Now,authority-orientedlearners,ontheotherhand,liketheteachertoexplaineverything.Theyliketowriteeverythingdownintheirnotebook,andtheyliketohaveatextbook.Theyliketolearnnewwordsbyseeingthem.Andfinally,wehaveanalyticallearners.Theselearnersliketolearnbystudyinggrammar.Athome,theyliketolearnbystudyingEnglishbooks,andtheyliketostudybythemselves.Theyliketofindtheirownmistakes.Now,ofcourse,it’sunusualforapersontobeexclusivelyone“type”ratherthananother.Mostofusaremixturesofstyles.Whattypeoflearnerdoyouthinkyouare

PartIIA3

GCSEexaminationsstudents/highereducation

student/secondyear/highschool/collegegeneralexam/SchoolCertificate

sittingUniversityEntranceExaminationbachelor’sdegree:3/4years

master’sdegree:anotheryearortwodoctorate:afurther3-7years

Well,inBritain,fromtheagesoffivetoaboutelevenyoustartoffataprimaryschool,andthenfromeleventosixteenyougoontoasecondaryschooloracomprehensiveschoolandatsixteenyoutakeGCSEexaminations.Afterthis,somechildrentakevocationalcoursesorevenstartwork.OthersstayonatschoolforanothertwoyearstotakeAlevels.Andattheageofeighteen,afterAlevels,theymightfinishtheireducationorgoontoacourseofhighereducationatacollegeoruniversity,andthat’susuallyforthreeyears.

Well,itdependsonwhatstateyou’reinbutmostkidsintheUnitedStatesstartschoolataboutsixwhentheygotoelementaryschoolandthatgoesfromthefirstgradeuptothesixthgrade.Somekidsgotoakindergartentheyearbeforethat.Thentheygoontojuniorhighschool,that’sabouteleven,andthat’stheseventh,eighthandninthgrades.Andthentheygoontoseniorhighschoolaroundagefourteenstartinginthetenthgradeandfinishinginthetwelfthgradeusually.Somestudentswillleaveschoolatsixteenandthey’llstartwork,butmostofthemstayontograduatefromhighschoolatageeighteen.Inthefirstyearathighschoolorcollegestudentsarecalled“freshmen”,inthesecondthey’recalled“sophomores”,inthethirdyearwecallthem“juniors”andinthefourthyearthey’recalled“seniors”.Nowalotofhighschoolgraduatesthengotocollegeoruniversityandtheydoafour-yearfirstdegreecourse.Someofthemmightgotojuniorcollegewhichisatwo-yearcourse.

Well,inAustralia,wellmoststatesanyway,childrenstarttheirprimaryeducationatfiveafterperhapsabrieftimeinkindergarten.Theywillstayatprimaryschooluntilthey’reabouteleven,thenthey’lleitherstaythereorgotoanintermediateschoolforacoupleofyears.Thentheystarthighschoolusuallytwelveorthirteen,whichyoustartinthethirdform.Now,afterthreeyearsathighschoolyousitageneralexam,somestatescallitSchoolCertificateandthatisasortofgeneralqualificationandthatifasortofgeneralqualification.AfterthatyoucanleaveschoolatsixteenoryoucangoonandsityourUniversityEntranceExamination,whichthengivesyouentréeintoauniversityorit’sanotherusefulqualification,andfromthenonyougotovarioussortsofhighereducation.

EducationinCanadaisaprovincialresponsibility,butschoolsareadministeredbylocalschoolboards.

Kindergartenisforchildrenwhoarefourorfiveyearsold.Childrenbeginformalfull-dayschoolinginGrade1,whentheyareaboutsixyearsold.Theymuststayinschoolatleastuntiltheyaresixteen.However,moststudentscontinuetofinishhighschool.Somegotocollegeoruniversity.Eachyearofschoolingrepresentsonegrade.(TheschoolyearextendsfromthebeginningofSeptembertotheendofJune.)ElementaryschoolincludeskindergartentoaboutGrade8.Secondaryschool(orhighschool)maystartinGrade8,9,or10anditusuallycontinuesuntilGrade12.

InCanada,studentsmaygotouniversityortoacommunitycollege.Iftheywanttolearnskillsforspecificjob,theyattendcollegeforoneorfouryearstogetadiplomaorcertificate.Forexample,labtechnicians,child-careworkers,andhotelmanagersgotocollege.Universitiesofferdegreeprogramsaswellastrainingprofessions,suchaslaw,medicine,andteaching.

Universitiesofferthreemainlevelsofdegrees.Studentsearnabachelor’sdegreeafterthreeorfouryearsofstudy.Amaster’sdegreecantakeanotheryearortwo.Adoctoratemaytakeafurtherthreetosevenyearstocomplete.

B1Idioms/vocabulary/French/spelling/pronunciation

B21.F2.T3.F

I–InterviewerP–Professor

I:AndnowwehaveaninterviewwithProfessorJ.T.Lingo,ProfessorofLinguisticsatChimoUniversity,whoisheretotalktousaboutthegrowingbusinessofteachingEnglish.Goodmorning,professorLingo.

P:Goodmorning.

I:IunderstandthatteachingEnglishisbecoming“bigbusiness”allaroundtheworld.

P:Itseemsthatlanguageschoolsarespringingupeverywhere.

I:Whyisthat

P:Withthemovetowardaglobaleconomy,Englishhasbecomethemostwidelyusedlanguageintheworld.Itisthelanguageofbusiness,aviation,scienceandinternationalaffairsandpeoplefindthattheymustlearnEnglishtocompeteinthosefields.

I:AnddopeoplefindEnglishaneasylanguagetolearn

P:Well,everylanguagehassomethingaboutitthatotherpeoplefinddifficulttolearn.Englishissuchahodgepodgeofdifferentlanguages–it’sessentiallyGermanicbutalotofitsvocabularycomesfromFrench,andtechnicalwordsstemfromLatinandGreek.ThisfeaturemakesEnglishfairlyadaptable–whichisagoodthingforaworldlanguage–butitcausesirregularityinspellingandpronunciation.

I:Englishspellingbafflesme,too.

P:Englishalsohasthelargestvocabulary.Oftentherearewordsforthesamething,oneisAnglo-SaxonandonefromtheFrench–like“buy”whichisAnglo-Saxonand“purchase”whichisfromtheFrench.TheFrenchwordoftenhasmoreprestige.

I:Anglo-Saxon

P:That’sthewordforOldEnglish.TheNormanConquestin1066broughttheFrenchlanguagetoBritainandhelpedEnglishevolveintotheEnglishitistoday.

I:IsthereanythingelseparticularlydifficultaboutEnglish

P:Well,theidiomsininformalEnglishposeaproblemforsomestudents.

I:InformalEnglish

P:Aswithanylanguage,therearedifferentvarieties:slang,colloquial.Formal,written,aswellasthedifferentdialects–British,AmericanandCanadianEnglish.

I:AndhowisCanadianEnglishdifferentfromAmericanandBritish

P:CanadianEnglishisclosertoAmericaninpronunciationandidiom.SomeofourwordsandourspellingsdoreflectBritishusage,however.Wewouldn’tusetheBritishterm“lorry”fortruck,butwehavekeptthe“o-u-r”spellingsinwordssuchas“honour”and“colour”.

I:Thishasbeenveryinteresting.I’mafraidwe’reoutoftime.Ithasbeenapleasuretalkingtoyou.

PartIIIUniversityLifeA1I.Age/ForeignstudentpopulationII.15hrs(+2or3forlab)/Discussiongroup:15-20/muchsmaller/informal,friendly/2-3hrs:1hr

TodayI’dliketogiveyousomeideaabouthowlifeatanAmericanuniversityorcollegemightbedifferentfromthewayitisinyourcountry.Tobesure,thestudentbodyonaU.S.campusisaprettydiversegroupofpeople.Firstofall,youwillfindstudentsofallages.Althoughmoststudentsstartcollegeataroundtheageof18,youwillseestudentsintheir30sand40sandevenoccasionallyintheir60sand70s.Studentsona.campuscomefromawidevarietyofsocioeconomicbackgrounds.Manystudentsworkatleastpart-time,someofthemworkfull-time.Manystudentsliveindormitoriesoncampus,somehavetheirownapartmentsusuallywithotherstudents,andothersliveathome.Somecollegesanduniversitieshaveaverydiversestudentpopulationwithmanyracialandethnicminorities.Someschoolshaveafairlylargeforeignstudentpopulation.Soyoucanseethatonemeetsallkindsofpeopleona.collegeoruniversitycampus.Nowthatyouhavesomegeneralideaofdifferencesinthestudentpopulation,I’dliketotalkafewminutesaboutwhatIthinkanaveragestudentisandthendiscusswithyouwhatatypicalclassmightbelike.

Let’sbeginmytalkingaboutanaveragestudententeringhisorherfreshmanyear.Ofcourse,suchapersonneverreallyexists,butstillit’sconvenienttotalkaboutan“average”studentforourpurposes.ForeignstudentsareoftensurprisedathowpoorlypreparedAmericanstudentsarewhentheyenterauniversity.Actually,atveryselectschoolsthestudentsareusuallyverywellprepared,butatlessselectiveschools,theymaynotbeaswellpreparedasstudentsinyourcountryare.SchoolsintheStatessimplyadmitalotmorestudentsthanisusualinmostothercountries.Also,mostyoungAmericanuniversitystudentshavenottraveledinothercountriesandarenotverywell-versedininternationalmattersanddonotknowalotaboutpeoplefromothercountries.Foreignstudentsusuallyfindthemfriendlybutnotverywell-informedabouttheircountriesorcultures.

Whatkindofacademicexperienceswillthisso-called“average”studenthaveTheaverageundergraduatestudenttakesfiveclassesasemesterandisinclassfor15hoursaweek.Ifherorshetakesaclassthathasalaboratory,thiswillrequiretoworthreemorehours.Manyintroductoryundergraduateclassesaregiveninlargelecturesof100ormorestudents.However,manyoftheseclasseswillhavesmalldiscussiongroupsof15to20studentsthatmeetonceaweek.Inthesesmallergroups,ateachingassistantwillleadadiscussiontohelpclassifypointsinthelectures.Otherkindsofclasses–forexample,languageclasses–willbemuchsmallersothatstudentscanpracticelanguage.Ingeneral,Americanprofessorsareinformalandfriendlywiththeirstudents,and,asmuchaspossible,theyexpectandinviteparticipationintheformofdiscussion.Alargeamountofreadingandotherworkisoftenassignedtobedoneoutsideclass,andstudentsareexpectedtotakefullresponsibilityforcompletingtheseassignmentsandaskingquestionsinclassaboutthoseareastheydon’tunderstand.Asaruleofthumb,studentsspendtwotothreehourspreparingforeachhourtheyspendinclass.Americanprofessorsoftenencouragetheirstudentstovisitthemduringofficehours,especiallyifthestudentsarehavingproblemsintheclass.

A2II.Examinations/quizzes

III.Graduateschool/Seminars/someareaofinterest/aresearchpaper

Let’smoveonnowtodiscussstudentobligationsinatypicalAmericanclass.Theseobligationsareusuallysetdowninthecoursesyllabus.Asyllabusisgenerallyhandedouttostudentsonthefirstorsecondclassmeeting.Agoodsyllabuswillgivestudentsacourseoutlinethatmentionsallthetopicstobecoveredinclass.Itwillalsocontainalltheassignmentsandthedatestheyshouldbecompletedby.Anaverageuniversitycourseofonesemestermighthavethreeexaminationsortwoexaminationsandapaper.Thedatesoftheexaminationsandwhattheexaminationswillcovershouldbeonthesyllabus.Ifapaperidrequired,thedateitisdueshouldalsobeinthesyllabus.Theprofessormayalsodecidethatheorshewillbegivingquizzesduringthesemester,eitherannouncedorunannounced.Forstudentscomingfromasystemwherethereisoneexaminationineachsubjectattheendoftheyear,allthistestingcanbealittlesurprisingatfirst.Bytheby,maybethiswouldbeagoodplaceformetomentiontheissueofattendance.Anotherrealdifferenceinoursystemisoutattendancepolicies.Perhapsyoucomefromasystemwhereattendanceisoptional.Generallyspeaking,Americanprofessorsexpectregularattendanceandmayevengradeyoudownifyouareabsentalot.Allthisinformationshouldbeonyoursyllabus,alongwiththeprofessor’sofficenumberandofficehours.

Ihaveonlyacoupleofhoursleft,andI’dliketousethemtotalkabouthowgraduateschoolissomewhatdifferentfromundergraduateschool.Ofcourse,it’smuchmoredifficulttoentergraduateschool,andmoststudentsarehighlyqualifiedandhighmotivated.Studentsingraduateschoolareexpectedtodomuchmoreindependentworkthanthoseinundergraduateschools,withregularlyscheduledexams,etc.someclasseswillbeconductedasseminars.Inaseminarclass,theremaybenoexams,butstudentsareexpectedtoreadratherwidelyontopicsandbepreparedforthoroughdiscussionoftheminclass.Anotherpossibilityingraduateclassesisthatinadditiontoreadingsdonebyallstudents,eachstudentmayalsobeexpectedtoworkindependentlyinsomeareaofinterestandlatermakeapresentationthatsummarizeswhatherorshehaslearned.Usuallyeachstudentthengoesontowriteapaperonwhatheorshehasresearchedtoturnintotheprofessorforagrade.

Ihopethattoday’slecturehasgivenyousomeideaaboutstudentlifeonanAmericancampusandthatyouhavenoticedsomedifferencebetweenoursystemandyours.

B2tomakemistakes/everynewthing/thelanguage/Workingoutsidetheclassroom

Passive/theteach/stickhisneckout/morelikelytoberightthanhimself

Howwouldyoudescribeagoodstudentorabadstudent,sortofthingstheydoordon’tdointheclassroom

He’seagertoexperimentwitheverynewthingthathelearns,whetheritbeastructureofafunctionoranewword,heimmediatelystartstryingtouseit.

He’sinterestedinthemistakeshemakes,he’snotafraidtomakethem.

He’snotsimplyinterestedinhavingitcorrectedandmovingon

Heplayswithlanguage.

I’vedonethischapterIknowthis,withouttryingtoexperimentatall,withoutreallytestinghimself.

He’susuallypassive,hewon’tspeakupmuchintheclassroom.He’llrarelyaskyouwhythis…

Justsortofacceptswhatyougivehimanddoesn’tdoanythingmorewithit.

…andinatesthe’stheonepersonwho’slikelytosuddenlyrealizethathewasn’ttoosureaboutthatafterall.

Andpeepoverathisneighbor’spaper.

Analternativelearningstrategy.

Heinvariablydecidesthattheotherpersonismorelikelytoberightthanhimself.That’stheresultofthissortofunwillingnesstomakemistakesandstickhisneckout.

Thatcharacterizesthegoodorbadlearner

He’lldomoreoffhisownbataswell,hewon’trelyentirelyontheteacher.

He’llworkoutsidetheclassroomaswellasinit.

Studentswhomakemostprogressarefirstofallthosewhoexperimentandsecondlythosewhoreadbooks.

PartIVUniversityCampusA

2.theHistoryDepartment3.thePsychologyDepartment4.theLibrary

5.theEducationDepartment6.thePhilosophyDepartment7.theGeographyDepartment

8.theSportsGround9.theForeignLanguagesDepartment10.theChineseDepartment

11.thePhysicsDepartment12.theMathematicsDepartment13.theChemistryDepartment

14.theClinic15.theAuditorium16.theAdministrationBuilding

Lookatthemap.Atthebottomofthepage,finethegate(1).Nowlocate16.Itisbetweentheriverandthelake,closetotheMainRoad.ThebuildingbehindtheAdministrationis15.Whereis4It’sontheright-handsideoftheMainRoad,closetotheriver.AcrosstheMainroadfromtheLibrary,thebuildingbytheriveris5.Thefirstbuildingontheleft-handsideoftheMainRoadis7.6isbetweentheEducationandtheGeography.ThebuildingattheendoftheMainRoadis12.onitsleftis11andonitsright,nearthelake,is13.Anotherbuildingbehindthelikeis14.10isfacingthelake,acrosstheMainRoad.ThebuildingbetweentheChineseDepartmentandtheriveris9.2isthefirstbuildingontherightoftheMainRoad.NexttotheHistoryDepartmentis3.Andlast,8isbehindtheEducation,PhilosophyandGeographyDepartments.

BRobertMartin/biology/nextfall/sixyearsinapublicschoolinthehometown;twoyearsinamilitaryschool,highschoolinthehometown/science(biologyinparticular),sports

SoIhadtoearnalittlemoneytohelppaymyway.

Itsoundsasifyou’reaprettyresponsiblefellow.Iseethatyouattendedtwogradeschools.

Idon’tfindatranscriptamongyourpapers.

Butit’shardtokeepupwithbothsportsandstudies.

I’llholdyourapplicationuntilwegetthetranscript.

Whatdidyourguidancecounselortellyou

HetoldmeIhadarealknackforscientificthings.IhavebeenfascinatedwithsciencesinceIwasachild.Aninterestofthatkindreallysignifiessomething.

Unit2Colorfullands,colorfulpeople

16,998,000/64,186,300/840,000/1,000,000/3,320,000/143,244/32,483/2,966,000/5,105,700/29,028/-1,312/5,315/36,198/4,145/

ThebiggestcontinentintheworldisAsia.Itcovers16,998,000squaremiles.

ThePacificOceanisthelargestoceanwith64,186,300squaremiles.

WhichisthebiggestislandIt’sGreenland.Itoccupiesanareaof840,000squaremiles.

TheArabiaPeninsulaisthelargestpeninsulaandhasanareaof1,000,000squaremiles.

DoyouknowwhichisthelargestdesertYes,it’stheSaharaDesertinNorthAfrica.Itcovers3,320,000squaremiles.

ThebiggestsaltwaterlakeistheCaspianSea,whichis143,244squaremileslarge.

LakeSuperioristhebiggestfreshwaterlakeanditcoversatotalareaof32,483squaremiles.

ThesmallestcontinentisOceania,withanareaof2,966,000squaremiles,andthesmallestoceanistheArcticOceanwith5,105,700squaremiles.

Youallknowtheworld’shighestpeak,don’tyouMt.Qomolangma(orMt.Everest)is29,028feetabovesealevel.Incontrast,thelowestaltitudeintheworldistheDeadSea,1,312feetbelowsealevel,oryoucansay-1,312feet.

ThedeepestlakeisBaykalinRussia.Thedepthis5,315feet.

MarianaTrenchnearthePhilippinesisthedeepestoceanictrench,withadepthof36,198feet.

ThelongestriverintheworldistheNileinAfrica.Itis4,145mileslong.

B

1,243,738,000/955,220,000/267,901,000/199,867,000/159,884,000/147,105,000/138,150,000/125,638,000/122,013,000/118,369,000/96,400,000/82,071,000

ThecountrywiththelargestpopulationintheworldisChina.Accordingtothe1997census,thetotalpopulationwas1,243,738,000.

ThesecondlargestinpopulationisIndia.Itlistedapopulationof955,220,000in1997.

AndthethirdlargestistheUnitedStates,withitsestimatedpopulationof267,901,000in1997.

WhichcountryisthefourthlargestinpopulationIt’sIndonesia.About199,867,000peoplelivethere.

Brazilranksthefifthinitspopulation.Therethepopulationwas159,884,000.

NextcomestheRussianFederation,withapopulationof147,105,000.

TheseventhinlineisPakistan,withanestimatedpopulationof138,150,000.

Japanisthecountrywiththeeighthlargestpopulation.Itspopulationestimatedin1997reached125,638,000.

ThenextlargescountryinpopulationisBangladesh.Theestimatedpopulationwas122,013,000in1997.

NigeriainAfricaranksthetenthinitspopulation.Thereareabout118,369,000peoplelivingthere.

TheeleventhMexico.Accordingtostatistics,itspopulationwas96,400,000in1997.

Andlast,thetwelfthlargesisGermany.Its1997censusshowedithadapopulationof82,071,000.

C

Chinese1,300million/Spanish332million/English322million/189million/182million/170million/Russian170million/Japanese125million/German98million/million/Korean75million/French72million/Vietnamese67million/66million/64million/63million/Turkish59million/58million/44million/Polish44million/Arabicmillion/41million

Doyouknowwhichlanguagesarespokenbymorethan40millionpeople

Chinesehasthelargestnumberofspeakers,morethan1,300million.Next,Spanishisspokenby332millionpeople.ThenextonthelineisEnglish,whichhasmorethan322millionspeakers.Number4,Bengaliisspokenby189millionpeople.NextcomesHindi,thelanguagespokenchieflyinIndia,whichhas182millionspeakers.PortugueseandRussianarenextonthelineandtheyarebothspokenby170millionpeople.Number8,Japaneseisspokenby125million.Next,Germanhas98millionspeakers,whileJavanesehasmillion.WehaveKoreanonthelistwith75million,anditisfollowedbyFrench,whichisspokenby72million.Number13,Vietnameseisspokenby67millionandTeluguisspokenby66million.Next,wehaveMarathionthelistandithas64millionspeakers.MarathiisfollowedbyTamil,with63millionspeakers.NextcomesTurkish,thelanguagespokeninTurkey,andithas59millionspeakers.Number18,Urduisspokenby58millionpeople.Gujaratihas44millionspeakers,andPolishisalsospokenby44millionpeople.Number21,whichmillionpeoplespeak,isArabicandlast,thenumberofpeoplewhospeakUkrainianis41million.

PartII

Ababyboy

social/ecological/populations

longer/healthier

AbabyboyborninBosnia-Herzegovinaovernighthasofficiallybeennamedtheworld’ssixbillionthinhabitant.

Althoughseveralotherbabiesarelikelytohavebeenbornatthesametimeelsewhereintheworld,theUnitedNationshaddeclaredthatthefirstchildtobedeliveredattheKosovoHospitalinSarajevotodaywouldsymbolizethepassingofthemark.

TheUSecretaryGeneralisvisitingthemotherandhersonasaUNattempttodrawattentiontothesocialandecologicalproblemsofrapidlyexpandingpopulations

TheboywhocameintotheworldashorttimeagoinBosniatosuchinternationalacclaimwillbesharingabirthdaywithafewhundredthousandpeopleandinthenextyearanothereightymillionwillbejoininghimontheplanet.Theearth’spopulationhasdoubledsince1960andwithmorethanabillionyoungpeoplejustenteringtheirproductiveyears.Thepopulationgrowthhasplentyofmomentum.Butbirthcontrolprogramsarebeginningtohaveanimpact.Demographerspredictthatbythemiddleofthenewcenturytheglobalcountwillleveloffatsomethingundertenbillion.TheUNpopulationagencyhaspresentedtoday’sachievementasasuccessforhumanity,pointingoutthatpeoplearelivinglongerandhealthierlivesthananygenerationinthehistory.

Bbca

Theboywillbesharingabirthdaywithafewhundredthousandpeopleandinthenextyear,anothereightymillionwillbejoininghimontheplanet.

Theearth’spopulationhasdoubledsince1960andwithmorethanabillionyoungpeoplejustenteringtheirproductiveyears.

Demographerspredictthatbythemiddleofthenewcentury,theglobalcountwillleveloffatsomethingundertenbillion.

PartIIIA

water/70%redorbrown/plantcoversnow/continentsislandsarmsoftheoceanconnectingachannelvalleysplains

B12million/2/10million/10/3/6/4/16million/18million

1.MexicoCity2.SaoPaulo3.RiodeJaneiro4.Bombay

5.Delhi6.Shanghia7.Seoul

I-InterviewE-Expert

I:InBritainweareoftentoldthatpeopleareleavingthebigcitiestoliveinthecountrysidebutisthisthecaseworldwide

E:Notatall.Ifyoulookatthebiggestcitiesin1950,sevenoutofthetoptenwereinthedevelopedcountriesbutbytheyear2000,thedevelopingcountrieswillhaveeightoutofthetopten.NewYork,whichin1950wasnumberonewithapopulationofaround12million,willonlybethesixthlargestcityintheworldbutwithanextra2million.

I:AndLondon

E:London,whichwasnumbertwo,won’tevenbeinthetopten.Itspopulationin1950,bytheway,wasabout10million.

I:AndwhyisthishappeningWhyarepeoplemovingtothebigcitiesfromthecountryinthedevelopingcountries

E:Thereasonsarecomplexbutmanyaremovingtolookforwork.Andtheproblemsthiscreatesareenormous.It’sestimatedthat26millionpeoplewillbelivinginMexicoCitybytheyear2000,withSaoPauloinBrazilnotfarbehind.

I:It’sdifficulttobelieve.

E:Iknow.RiodeJaneirowillhaveapopulationofamere13million.Well,justimaginethekindsofdifficultiesthisisgoingtocauseintermsofhealth,transportandeducation.

I:Yes.WhataboutthecitiesofAsiaWilltheybeexperiencingasimilarsortofgrowth

E:Insomecases,yes.CalcuttainIndiawhichwasNo.10intheleaguein1950isexpectedtobethefourthbiggestcityintheworldwithapopulationof16million-quadruplingitssizeinjust50years.BombayandDelhitooareexpectedtobeinthetopten.

I:WhataboutJapan

E:Ah!Well,Tokyowasnumberthreein1950andthat’swhereit’llbeatthebeginningofthenextcentury,althoughitspopulationwillhavetrebledtoabout18million.LookingattheothermajorcitiesinAsia,ShanghaiandSeoulwillbeinthetoptenaswellbut,perhapssurprisingly,notBeijingorHongKong.

I:Now,ifwecouldturnourattentiontohome,whataboutthetrendofpeoplemovingoutofthecities…

PartIVskills/themainidea/wha