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ObjectivesTobeabletoconstructasimpleC++programTo
beabletobefamiliarwithinput/outputstreamToknowhowtouseC++constantsTounderstandhowtoconstructprogramsmodularlybyusingfunctions(data
abstraction)01C++ProgramStructure03Constants02Input/OutputStream04Functions01C++ProgramStructureABriefDescriptionofC++C++isageneral-purposeprogramminglanguagewithadvantagestowardsthesystemprogrammingthatisabetterCsupportsdataabstractionsupportsstructuredprogrammingsupportsobject-orientedprogrammingsupportsgenericprogrammingC++ProgramStructureProblem:Writeaprogramforagradebookofagivencourse.Thegradebookincludescourse’sname,hourandlecturer,aswellasstudent’sID,nameandgradeInputallinformationoncourseandstudent;Calculatetheaveragegradeofthecourse;Printthegradebook.CaseStudy1Requirements:C++ProgramStructureDataToacourse,name,hourandlecturer,averagegrade;Tomanystudents,ID,nameandgrade;2.Datatypesname,lecturer-string(char*),grade-int,average-float3.Outputagradebookhavingacoursename,hourandlecturer,manystudents’ID,nameandgrade,
and
course
average
grade.4.Procedures(algorithm)InputalldataincludeacourseandstudentsCalculateaveragegradePrintagradebookProblem-solvingIDNameGrade200405XXXwang89………average70.67Name:OOPHour:48Lecturer:LIUJMGradeBookofOOPC++ProgramStructuremainsetCoursesetStudentaverageGradeprintCourseprintStudentGradeprintGradeBookinputStructuredprogrammingC++ProgramStructure////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////gradebook.cpp//Theprogramreadscourseinformationandstudents'gradefromthe//console,calculatestheaveragegradeandoutputsstudents'grades.//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////#include
<iostream>#include
<string>#include
<iomanip>using
namespacestd;//declarationofconstantsconst
intstudentNum=5;//declarationofinputfunctionsvoidsetCourseInfo(string&cName,string&lectName,int&cHour);voidsetGrade(int(&sNo)[studentNum],string(&sName)[studentNum],
int(&g)[studentNum]);doubleaverage(int
g[]);//declarationofoutputfunctionsvoidprintCourseInfor(string,string,int);voidprintGradeBook(int*,string*,int*);intmain(){stringcourseName;stringlecturer;intcourseHour;intstudentNo[studentNum];stringstudentName[studentNum];intgrade[studentNum];//ReadthecourseandstudentdatasetCourseInfo(courseName,lecturer,courseHour);setGrade(studentNo,studentName,grade);//DisplaythecourseandstudentdataprintCourseInfor(courseName,lecturer,courseHour);printGradeBook(studentNo,studentName,grade);return0;}C++ProgramStructuredoubleaverage(int
g[]){intsum=0;for(inti=0;i<studentNum;i++) sum+=g[i];return
static_cast<double>(sum)/studentNum;}C++ProgramStructure//ReadthecourseandstudentdatavoidsetCourseInfo(string&cName,string&lectName,int&cHour){cout<<"EntercourseInformation\n";cin>>cName>>lectName>>cHour;}voidsetGrade(int(&sNo)[studentNum],string(&sName)[studentNum],
int(&g)[studentNum]){cout<<"Enterstudent'sgrades\n";for(inti=0;i<studentNum;i++){sNo[i]=i;cin>>sName[i]>>g[i];}}C++ProgramStructurevoidprintCourseInfor(string
cName,string
lectName,int
cHour){cout<<"Coursename:"<<cName
<<"Coursehour:"<<cHour
<<"Lecturer:"<<lectName<<endl;}voidprintGradeBook(int*sNo,string*sName,int*sg){cout<<"----------------------------\n";cout<<"StudentNoNameGrade\n";for(inti=0;i<studentNum;i++)cout<<setw(9)<<right<<sNo[i]<<setw(10)<<sName[i]<<setw(7)<<right<<sg[i]<<endl;cout<<"----------------------------\n";cout<<"Theaveragegrade:"<<average(sg)<<endl;}C++ProgramStructureAcommonstructureofsimple,onefile,C++programsCommentsdescribe
theprogram,name,…Includestatementsspecifytheheaderfilesforlibraries.//gradebook.cpp//Theprogramreadscourseinformation…Usingnamespacestatement.#include<iostream>usingnamespacestd;LinecommentsBlockcommentsGlobaldeclarations(consts,types,variables,...).const
intstudenNum=5;Functionprototypes(declarations)voidprintGradeBook(int*,string*,int*);The
mainfunctiondefinitionintmain(){stringcourseName;stringlecturer;intcourseHour;intstudentNo[studentNum];stringstudentName[studentNum];intgrade[studentNum];//ReadthecourseandstudentdatasetCourseInfo(courseName,lecturer,courseHour);setGrade(studentNo,studentName,grade);……}C++ProgramStructureFunctiondefinitionsdoubleaverage(int
g[]){intsum=0;for(inti=0;i<studentNum;i++) sum+=g[i];return
static_cast<double>(sum)/studentNum;}02Input/Output
Stream//ReadthestudentdatavoidsetGrade(int(&sNo)[studentNum],string(&sName)[studentNum],
int(&g)[studentNum]){cout<<"Enterstudent'sgrades\n";for(inti=0;i<studentNum;i++){sNo[i]=i;cin>>sName[i]>>g[i];}}Input/OutputStreamOutputstreamInputstreamTheiostreamlibrarydefinesinput/outputforeverybuilt-intype.#include<iostream>Input/OutputStreamAstream
isasequenceofcharactersfromthesourcetothedestination.Therearetwotypesofstreams:Inputstream:Asequenceofcharactersfromaninputdevice(keyboard)tothecomputer(variables).Outputstream:Asequenceofcharactersfromthecomputer(variables)toanoutputdevice(screen).Input/OutputStreamTheextractionoperator(>>)isusedasaninputoperator.Inputstreamisfromthedevicetovariables.Keyword
cinisthestandardinputstream.Theinsertionoperator(<<)isusedasoutputoperator.Outputstreamisfromvariablestothedevice.Keyword
coutisthestandardoutputstream.cin>>courseName>>courseHour>>lecturer;
cout<<“Coursename:“<<courseName<<endl;ConsoleinputConsoleoutput//ReadthestudentdatavoidsetGrade(int(&sNo)[studentNum],string(&sName)[studentNum],int(&g)[studentNum]){cout<<"Enterstudent'sgrades\n";for(inti=0;i<studentNum;i++){sNo[i]=i;cin>>sName[i]>>g[i];}}Input/OutputstreamOutputstream(printf)Inputstream(scanf)03ConstantsConstantsTheconst
keywordmeansthatavaluedoesnotchangedirectly.Aconstantmustbeinitialized.#include
<iostream>#include
<string>#include
<iomanip>using
namespacestd;//declarationofconstantsconst
intstudentNum=5;A#defineisamacrowhichreplacesthemacro-namewithauser-definedtextstatement.Aconstidentifierallowsavariabletobeconstantthroughoutthefile.Constantsconstintmodel=90;constintv[]={1,2,3,4};constintx;intmain(){model=200;v[2]++;}Example//error–cannotbechanged//error–cannotbechanged//error-don’tinitializevoidf(){charstr[]="hello";char*str1=str;const
char*p1=str;//valueisconstant//p1[2]='w';//errorp1=str1;char*constp2=str;//addressisconstantp2[2]='w';//p2=str1;//errorconst
char*constp3=str;//p3[2]='w';//error//p3=str1;//error}04FunctionsFunctionsintmain(){stringcourseName;stringlecturer;intcourseHour;intstudentNo[studentNum];stringstudentName[studentNum];intgrade[studentNum];//ReadthecourseandstudentdatasetCourseInfo(courseName,lecturer,courseHour);setGrade(studentNo,studentName,grade);//DisplaythecourseandstudentdataprintCourseInfor(courseName,lecturer,courseHour);printGradeBook(studentNo,studentName,grade);return0;}Functions:programisbrief.easilymaintainenhancetheefficiencyofprogrammingreusableWhytousefunctions?Thefunctionalfeaturesofaprogramcanbesubdividedintoblocksofcodeknownas
functions.intmain(){…….setCourseInfo(courseName,lecturer,courseHour);}voidsetCourseInfo(string&cName,string&lectName,int&cHour){cout<<"EntercourseInformation\n";cin>>cName>>lectName>>cHour;}voidsetCourseInfo(string&cName,string&lectName,int&cHour);DeclarationandDefinitionofFunctionsAdeclarationestablishesthenameofthefunction,thetypeofreturnedbythefunction,theparameternumbersandtypesoftheparameterlist.declaration-prototypeFunctionbodyFunctiondefinitionFunctioncallHowtousefunctions?FunctionsignatureFunctionheaderFunctionswithDefaultArguments/ParametersProblem:Inquireastudent’sgradeinwhichispassorfail.intmain(){setCourseInfo(courseName,lecturer,courseHour);setGrade(studentNo,studentName,grade);inttempNo;cout<<"Inquireastudent'sgrade.EnterastudentID\n";cin>>tempNo;cout<<gradeResult(grade[tempNo])<<endl;return0;}chargradeResult(int,int=60);DefaultparameterchargradeResult(int
gradeOne,int
passValue){if(gradeOne>=passValue) return
'P';else return
'F';}DefaultargumentCaseStudy1-1FunctionswithDefaultParametersA
defaultparameterisafunctionparameter
thathasadefaultvalueprovidedtoit.chargradeResult(int,int=60);Adefaultparameteristypecheckedatthe
timeofthefunctiondeclarationandevaluatedatthetimeofthecall.(1)Iftheuserdoesnotsupplyavalueforthisparameter,thedefaultvaluewillbeused;(2)Iftheuserdoessupplyavalueforthedefaultparameter,theuser-suppliedvalueisusedinsteadofthedefaultvalue.FunctionswithDefaultParametersvoidprint(intval1=10,intval2=20,intval3=30);intmain(){print();print(31);print(31,10);print(31,16,15);}voidprint(intval1,intval2,intval3){cout<<val1<<val2<<val3<<endl;}Result:102030312030311030311615definitionFunctioncallWhentherecanexistmorethanoneparameterintheparameterlist,forexample,declarationLeftmostcriteria:fromlefttorightFunctionswithDefaultParametersvoidprint(intval1=10,intval2=20,intval3);voidprint(intval1=10,intval2,intval3=30);
voidprint(intval1,intval2=0,intval3=0);//error//error//okAlldefaultparameterswithindeclarationordefinitionmustbetherightmostparameters.Rightmostcriteria:fromrighttoleftFunction
OverloadingProblem:OutputthegradebookwithstudentIDandgrade.Twoormorefunctionshavethesamenameinthesamescopeiscalledfunctionoverloading.voidprintGradeBook(int*sNo,string*sName,int*sg);voidprintGradeBook(intsNo[],intg[]);C++allowsyoutospecifytwoormoredefinitionsfora
function
name
inthesamescope.Thecompilerwillneedtodeterminewhichfunctiontoexecutebasedonthefunctionsignature.Howtodo?CaseStudy1-2Function
OverloadingvoidprintGradeBook(int
sNo[],int
g[]){cout<<"----------------------------\n";cout<<"StudentNoGrade\n";for(inti=0;i<studentNum;i++) cout<<sNo[i]<<g[i]<<endl;cout<<"----------------------------\n";cout<<"Theaveragegrade:"<<average(g)<<endl;}voidprintGradeBook(int*sNo,string*sName,int*sg){cout<<"----------------------------\n";cout<<"StudentNoNameGrade\n";for(inti=0;i<studentNum;i++) cout<<sNo[i]<<sName[i]<<sg[i]<<endl;cout<<"----------------------------\n";cout<<"Theaveragegrade:"<<average(sg)<<endl;}printGradeBook(studentNo,grade);printGradeBook(studentNo,studentName,grade);voidprintGradeBook(int*sNo,string*sName,int*sg);voidprintGradeBook(intsNo[],intg[]);Whenyoudefineoverloadedfunctions,youmustprovideaparameterlistwithdifferentparameters.Function
Overloading-HowtoCallanOverloadedFunctionMakingacalltoanoverloadingfunctionresultsinoneofthethreepossibleoutcomes:AmatchisfoundNomatchisfoundAnambiguousmatchisfoundFunction
Overloading–HowtoCallanOverloadedFunctionTrytofindanexactmatchTrytofindamatchthroughpromotions
booltoint
chartoint
e.g.charc=‘a’;
shorttoint
floattodoubleTrytofindamatchthroughstandardconversions
inttodouble
doubletointe.g.doublea=3.4;intn=(int)a;
doubletolongdoubleT*tovoid*
derived*toBase*
inttounsigned
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