元素通论普通化学b chapter

元素通s区、ds区元p区元d区元（）必1（参考书：S.J.LipparedandJ.M.Berg著，（参考书：S.J.LipparedandJ.M.Berg著，Figure7.11.Chargesofsomecommonionsfoundinioniccompounds.Noticethatthesteplikelinethatdividesmetalsfromnonmetalsalsoseparatescation'sfromanions.Ionsshowninyellowhavethesamenumberofelectronsasthenearestnoble-gas减主增减第二周期元素的原子半径特别小，其性质较特 2电子亲合能增 电子亲合能增 减Li的标准电极电势最S区元素及常见阳离子的分离和鉴电子层构型的异同及某些性质的差ds区元素化合物的某些性Cu(Ⅰ)与Cu(Ⅱ)的稳定性及相互转Hg与Hg(Ⅰ)的结构特Hg(Ⅰ)与Hg(Ⅱ)的稳定性及相互转常见配合物的特点,类型及应Cu2+Ag+,Zn2+,Hg2+的分d(H2)/d(H2O)ca.89%ins区与ds氢碱金属：TheAlkali碱土金属：TheAlkalineEarth铜族金属锌族金属3第十二章s、dsNaH(s)+H2O(l)→NaOH(aq)+H2from(a)CH4(g)+HNaH(s)+H2O(l)→NaOH(aq)+H2from(a)CH4(g)+H2O(g)→CO(g)•(synthesisgas合成气–Ni•(b)CO(g)+H2O(g)→CO2(g)+Fe/CuC(s)+H2O(g)→CO(g)+3H2(g)(水煤气煤•2H2O(l)→2H2(g)+O2(g)(光解(电解Zn(s)2HCl(aq)ZnCl2(aqH2(g)••Applicationof•Haberprocesstoammonia(1.5×108Kg/2H2(g)+CO(g)→Cu2+(aq)H2(g)Cu(s2H+(aq)冶金H2C=C…C-C…氢化•4Vegetableoilto植物油氢化到单质制KRb,Li–Vegetableoilto植物油氢化到单质制KRb,Li–Cs,Ba=Ca,Be,51.电解以石墨为阳极,以铁为阴极,电解NaCl熔盐熔点(m.p.)相近,易挥发失掉C即可熔化.Na液态,密度小,浮在熔盐上面,易于收集.但2.化学还原MgOCCOMg(反应常温下△°m>0△°m>0,高温下可能反应KCl(l)+Na---NaCl+2RbCl(l)+Ca---Na本不比钾活泼，但原因:K的沸点低,汽化MeltingANa-KalloyisaliquidatMeltingANa-KalloyisaliquidatThefirstionizationenergies,TheircompoundsareExcellentreducingThestandardpotentials,stronglyTheycanevenreducethehydrogenin2M(s)+2H2O(l)→2MOH(aq)+超氧化KM－O－H是一般氧化物的水化物的键联形式究竟是酸式还是碱式解离,取决于M的电场.M的电场强吸引氧的负电荷从而加强M－O键,同时削弱了O－H键,易酸式电离:M——O—|—HM的电场弱吸引氧的负电荷能力差而相对而言OH的吸引增强结果是碱式电离:M—|—O——677Beshowsahintofnonmetalliccharacter,buttheotherelementsarealltypicalmetals.Thevigorreaction反应活性withwaterandoxygenBeshowsahintofnonmetalliccharacter,buttheotherelementsarealltypicalmetals.Thevigorreaction反应活性withwaterandoxygenincreasedownthegroup.The1stand2ndCa+BecompoundsareHighlySmallModerately叶绿素a,(Mg的最重要化合物锂、铍的特性及对角线规CaO(s)+SiO2(s)=CaSiO3(l)(炼铁时造渣，50kgTonFe)Ca5(PO4)3OH(s)+4H3O+(aq)(牙齿腐蚀-5Ca(aq)+3HPO4(aq5H2O(l)Ca5(PO4)3OH(s)+F-(aq)(氟化)=Ca5(PO4)3F(s)+OH-(1kgCa/adulthumanbody,mostlyinCacompoundsarecommoninstructuralmaterials,becausethesmall,highlychargedCa2+ionresultsinrigidstructures.8MgO(mp2800°C):Mg(OH)2:（2）无水BeCl、AlCl dss区与ds区金属的电子构型的异 ds区金属的反应性顺ds区元从上到下，金属活泼性降低从左到右，金属活泼性增加原子半径增加均与s区相9 最外 (n1)s2 价 (n1)d10 2e构型or Z(ds)>Z(s),r(ds)<①金属活泼性s区>ds②化合物中共价成分ds区>s③氧化态Cu2+Cu,Ag,Cu的外观及晶重要的铜矿：Cu(I)FeSCuCOCu,Ag,Cu的外观及晶重要的铜矿：Cu(I)FeSCuCO.Cu(OH)Cu(I) 辉铜浮Cu的性airtoformapalegreenlayerofbasiccopper2Cu(s)+H2O(l)+O2(g)+Alloys:Cu-Zn,Cu-Sn,Cu-Ni等ActivityofCu:electrochemicalOxidationnumber:+1(高温固相+2(aq),2Cu+=Cu2++CuEo=0.521-0.153=0.368VlgK=nEo/0.0592=6.276CuI(s),CuCl(s),Cu2O(s);Sulfatesolution:[Cu(H2O)6]2+,paleblueSolidCuSO4.5H2O:[Cu(H2O)4]2+,deeperblue选矿：浮选(sulfideoresarewettedbypyrometallurgical火法冶金2CuFeS2(s)+3O2(g)→2CuS(s)+CuS(s)+O2(g)→Cu(l)+SO2(g)(+CaO→hydrometallurgical湿法冶金)阳极：Cu(粗2e=Cu2+(阳极泥含：PtAg,阴极：Cu2++2eCu+1.69Perovskitebuildingblocksthatconformthe[1:2:3] Cu第一电离能I1=746KJ/mol Cu离子间的转 Cu2+水合(T+1.69Perovskitebuildingblocksthatconformthe[1:2:3] Cu第一电离能I1=746KJ/mol Cu离子间的转 Cu2+水合(TH(h)=1H(h2)=I2+2e2IEE(右E(左=0.368V2Cu+2I+2e 2Cu+=Cu2++ K=2Cu2++4I=2CuI(s)+2CuCu2++2Cl+Cu=2CuCl(s,白)2CuCl(s,白)+2HCl=2H[CuCl2]稀[CuCl2HCl(浓Cu2Cu+(加热[CuClCu2+3221Q=4K(不稳)<K(不稳[CuCl]= 2CuCO3+Y2O3+BaCO3→YBa2Cu3O6.5-7Ag的性Au的性锌、镉、8-carat,Ag的性Au的性锌、镉、8-carat,14-carat,whitegold,18-carat,24-(whitegold–6partsAuand18partsof4Au+8NaCN+O2+2H2O=4Na[Au(CN)2]+2Na[Au(CN)2]+Zn=2NaCN+Zn(CN)2+AuAuAlloys:pureAu,24-carat;Au-Ag高延展性：1gAu1m2→ToonobletoAu+(aq)+e-→ Eo=Au3+(aq)+3e-→Au(s) Eo=+1.40VNO3-(aq)+4H+(aq)+3e→NO(g)+2H2O(l)Eo=Au(s)+4H+(aq)+NO3-(aq)+4Cl-(aq)[AuCl4]-(aq)+Ag+H+(aq)→H2Ag+→Ag2++AgOxidationnumber:+1,almostallAgZn的性ZnClZn(CN)44Cd的性Hg+:汞离子的电极电 0.797VHg+22HgZn的性ZnClZn(CN)44Cd的性Hg+:汞离子的电极电 0.797VHg+22Hg+Hg=Hg2 =Sn4++2e =Hg2Cl2(s,白Hg2Cl2(s,白=2Hg(s,黑（5d106s1）4s24p64d104f145s25p65d10n2Cd，isobtainedinasimilarmannerwithZnandCdaresilveryreactiveCd,moremetallic,hasamorebasicOxidationnumber:Zn(II),+2inalltheirHgSincinnabar辰砂)，天然存在形式Itisseparatedfromcinnabarbyfrothfloationandthenroasting:HgS(s)+O2(g)→Hg(g)+Thevolatile挥发性metalisdistilledoffandHgisuniqueinbeingtheonlymetallicelementthatisliquidatroomtemperature.室温液态！HgH+(aqH2HgH++NO3-→Hg2+NOH2OHg过量时，Hg2Oxidationnumber:+1inHg2+2。与+1价Ag2ZnSinsphalerite(闪锌矿天然存在形式常与铅伴生.Theoreisconcentratedbyforthflotation(浮选),andthemetalisextractedbyroastingandthensmeltingwith2ZnS(s)+3O2(g)→2ZnO(s)+ZnO(s)+C(s)→Zn(l)+Zn的金属活泼性Zn(s)+2HCl(aqZn的两性：Zn(s)+2OH-Hg2++Hg=Hg2[HgCl]4[Hg2+Hg Hg2+占2浓当平衡体系中通入可生成Hg2S(s)与(升汞)HgCl2HgHg2Cl2甘汞∵[Hg2+]=KHg2++Hg=Hg2[HgCl]4[Hg2+Hg Hg2+占2浓当平衡体系中通入可生成Hg2S(s)与(升汞)HgCl2HgHg2Cl2甘汞∵[Hg2+]=K [Hg2+]=Q=(Hg2+)/(Hg2+)=2.510+7>2HgNH2Cl(s,白HgS(s,黑Hg2++Hg=Hg2HgO(s,黄or红ds区元素的配合ds区元素的配合Cu2+的检出[Cu(H2O)4]2+(浅蓝色[CuCl4]2(黄绿色K稳[Cu(NH)]2+(深蓝色K3稳[Cu(CN)4]2(无色K稳离子等[HgI4]2ds区元素配合构型(杂化轨道平面正直线正四面正八面等（晶体中52人死亡。在海水中，Hg被变成CH3HgSCH3,被鱼g蒸气是阴毒，因其效应是累积的。经常暴露于低水平的g蒸气下会使g在体内积累。其效应包括记忆丧失。（S磺在室温下与Hg生成HgS。用于除去撒落的Ag+的检出用[Hg(SCN)]2+检出Zn2+4[Hg(SCN)4]2++Zn2+Zn[Hg(SCN)4](s,白[Hg(SCN)4]2++Co2+Co[Hg(SCN)4](s,蓝（银镜反应+Ag+的检出用[Hg(SCN)]2+检