英文法律案例研读心的

《英美法案例研读》法律出版社，何主宇编著2007年12月案例的基本结构：—判例的名称或抬头casenameorcaption--案例编•号casenumberorcitation-判例总结syllabusorprefatorystatement—分类标题及法律摘要topicsandheadnotes-钥匙序号和定位数字keynumberandlocationnumber--代理律师的姓名namesoftheattorneywhorepresentedtheparties--主审法官presidingjudges—法庭判决意见theopinionbegins普通法判例的结构和顺序案件的起诉和上诉历史discussionoftheproceduralpostureofthecase事实概要summaryofthecase待决法律争议legalissuesbeforethecourt法庭判决结果court'sdecision/holdinginthecase判决理由court'sreasoning判决产生的法律规则ruleemergingfromthedecision7后续诉讼程序指示proceduraldecision8另类判决理由concurring/dissentingopinionorboth原告的诉求被驳回dismissed诉讼送达被认定无效quashed申请被拒绝denied法院撤销已有判决vacated上诉法院维持下级法院的判决affirmed，上级法院推翻下级法院的判决reversed上诉案件被发回原审法院继续审理remanded具有强制力的法律依据mandatoryauthority多数法官的意见majorityopinion同意多数法官意见，但有不同理由的称为concurringopinion反对的dissentingopinion学习案例的有效的六个步骤：一总结并研究所有重要相关事实(relevantanddeterminativefacts)界定具体法律争议(definingthelegalissue)为法律争议的正反双方提出所有可能的辩护(formulatingargumentsforbothsidesofthelegalissue)分析和比较所有法官的意见(analyzingbothbothmajorityanddissentingopinionsofthecourt)评估所学判例的具体适用对象和范围(evaluatingtheimpactofthecourt'sdecisions)解决所有法律英语语言方面的难点和疑问怎样研读案例的事实部分发生了什么whathappened 有谁涉案whoarethe怎样研读案例的事实部分people/organizations/companiesinvolved? 涉案人的行为动机为何whatmotivesofthepeopleinvolved 如为上诉案件，原审法院如何认定争议事实howdidthelowercourtsfindforthecase 哪些属于关键事实whichfactsarethematerial/keyfacts哪些属于辅助事实whichfactsaresupportivebutnon-determinative哪些事实缺失但你认为对断案有帮助whichfactsdon'tyouhavebutyouwouldliketohave——法庭在描述关键事实时都选择使用了什么样的词汇和语句，你理解吗howdidcourtdescribethekeyfacts如何彻底理解法庭在描述关键事实时所使用的词汇和语句:找出并列出案件中所有和关键事实有关的用词-----查找权威词典找出关键用词的所有同义词和类似表达 比照同义词和类似表达对关键事实用词进行分析：如，案件涉及到卡车truck和自行车bicycle相撞，而法庭却频繁使用车辆vehicle来指代卡车，就必须加以分析。名词有抽象名词和具体名词,抽象名词会对事实起到弱化的作用，而具体名词会对事实起到强化作用，再加上感知的形容词，强化作用更强。同样的，动词也有具体动作的动词和抽象动作的动词。具体动词强到相关的事实，而抽象动词弱化相关的事实。名词化的动词也会弱化事实。法庭对于语句的使用----被动句一般弱化动作的发出者,主动句更具有说服力-----单句用来陈述重要的事实----从句可以使事实陈述更显逻辑性如何界定具体法律争议 可以通过回答四个问题达到这个目的：1whowastheactor(whodidsth)2whowastherecipientoftheaction(towhomwasitdone)3whatwastheactionthatcausedthecontroversy(whatwasdone) 4whatlaworspecificpartoftheconstitution/statuteisinvolved)为诉讼双方提出所有可能的辩护-----明确诉讼双方的价值观和诉讼目的，以法律体现的立法者意志来衡量。分析和比较所有法官的意见-----法律英语词典——black'slawdictionary www.A 英美判例的引文——言之有理---理reason---言之有据---据authority一级依据---primaryauthority/primarysources英美法系承认判例有bindingforce大陆法系不承认宪法引用格式美国宪法+第几条+第几款+第几项u.S.const.+artl+§9,+cl.3立法法律引用格式法律名称+美国法典第几卷+第几章第几款+出版日期行政法的引用格式第几篇+行政法的缩写+第几条第几款+出版日期已经生效的判决被推翻一overruled或被限制berestrieted或被分类bedistinguished美国法院是双轨制 联邦和州法院都分为三级联邦最高法院u.Sstatesupremecourt 联邦上诉法院或联邦巡回法院u.Sstatecourtsofappeals/u.Scircuitcourts {1联邦地方法院u.Sdistrictcourts{2联邦专属法院{(1)联邦国际贸易法院{(2)联邦破产法院{(3)联邦知识产权法院联邦国际贸易法院 u.Scourtofinternationaltrade联邦破产法院 u.Sbankruptcycourt联邦知识产权法院 u.Scourtofintellectualproperty美国法院判例汇编缩写美国判例汇编u.S 最高法院判例汇编s.ct.(supremecourtreporter) 美国判例汇编律师版L.Ed(lawyersedition)Chargesbwithsomecrime扌旨控某人犯有某罪Possessionofnarcotics拥有毒品Runningthrougharedlight闯红灯Civildispute民事纠纷Person/property人身/财产Civilliabilityfortheaccident交通事故的民事责任Damage:损害damages:可用金钱量化的损害赔偿damages的种类：lactualdamages实际损失；2compensatorydamages补偿性损失3consequentialdamages间接损失赔偿；4directdamages直接损失赔偿;5exemplarydamagesorpunitivedamages惩罚性赔偿;6incidentaldamages附带损失赔偿；7liquidateddamages已定赔偿、约定赔偿;8un-liquidateddamages数额待定赔偿;9pecuniarydamages金钱赔偿、可用金钱赔付的损害赔偿；10speculativedamages臆测损失赔偿、难以确定的损失赔偿；11statutorydamages法定赔偿.Jointandseveralliability共同连带责任Thepersonwhohasbeenwronged受害人Retainer律师聘请协议、律师服务费押金(或保证金)Enter向法院正式提出enteranappearance向法院递交出庭通知书Attorneyofrecord(经法庭记录在案的可代理当事人出庭的)代理律师Withdraw终止代理案情摘要1Gipsonsufferedgraveinjuryasaresultofthecrash.Fromwhomcouldheaskfordamages?Andwhowasliablefortheaccident?Wassawyeratfault?Waseachofthemjointlyandseverallyliable?Gipsonhiredattorneyadriannefftorepresenthim.Oncegipsonsignedaretainer,neffwouldenteranappearanceandbecomegipson'sattorneyofrecord.案情摘要2Neff,theattorney,thenexplainedthatsomefactorsshouldbeconsideredbeforedecidingontheforum.Gipsonmightbeabletosueinseveralplaces:(a)inthestatetrialcourtwheregipsonlives,(b)inthestatetrialcourtwhereTordlives,(c)inthestatetrialcourtwhereSawyer'sestateislocated(d)inthefederaldistrictcourtsittinginGipson'sstate(e)inthefederaldistrictcourtsittinginTord'sstate,or(f)inthefederaldistrictcourtsittinginthestatewhereSawyer'sestateislocated.ThereasonGipsoncouldsueinafederaldistrictcourtwastheexistenceofdiversityofcitizenship.NeffsuggestedthatGipsonsueinafederalcourt.ThesuitwouldbebroughtintheU.S.DistrictcourtsittinginGipson'sownstatesincethiswouldbethemostconvenientvenueforGipson.Forum 有管辖权的法院申诉 petitionForumactus—行为地法院forumcontractus 签约地法院forumdomicilii 住所地法院forumconveniens--方便法院forumnonconveniens—不方便法院(如拒绝行使管辖权declinejurisdiction)forumshopping 法院选择(辖区jurisdiction)Estate 遗产、遗产法人Will―-遗嘱Diversityofcitizenship州籍多样性Enue 审判地、适审地对人和対事管辖权 personalandsubjectmatterjurisdiction主要被告的居住地--residenceofaprincipaldefendant合同签约或履行地 whereacontractwasexecutedorperformed事故发生地whereanaccidenttookplace案情摘要3Havingdecidedonacourt,neffstartedpreparationfortheincomingsuit:hedraftedacomplaint,thefirstpleadingofthecase,namingGipsonastheplaintiff（原告）andstatingacauseofactionintortfornegligenceagainstTordandSawyer'sestateascodefendants（共同被告）。Afterthisissueoflaw,neffthensummarizedandsubmittedseveralissuesoffactthathefeltcouldestablishacauseofactionfornegligence.SomeoftheallegationswerebaseduponpersonalknowledgeofGipson,whileotherswerebaseduponinformationandbelief.Theaddamnumclauseofthecomplaintdemanded$100,000.00indamages.Finally,heattachedawrittendemandforainjurytrialtothecomplaintandfiled（正式提交）bothdocumentswiththecourt.Complaint 起诉状Pleadingdocument 诉讼文件Grounds 理由Relief——司法救济Pleading 诉辩行为Courtproceeding 法庭诉讼程序、过程Defenses 答辩理由Particularformandformat 定的表格和样式Proseparty 自辩当事人Factpleading 事实性诉辩（侧重于讲明基本事实）Noticepleading—通知性诉辩（侧重于告知对方自己的诉求）Action 诉讼Proceedings 诉讼文书和行为Causeofaction 诉由、诉求Judicialrelief 司法救济orremedyLegalclaim 一般诉求Invasionofprivacy 犯隐私Slander 口头诽谤Malpractice 专业人员的不当执业Intensionalinflictionofemotionaldistress—故意造成精神损害Unjustenrichment 不当得利Quantummeruit合理补偿Tort 侵权Privateorcivilwrongorinjury 民事过错或伤害Omission 不作为Commission 作为grossnegligence 重大过失、严重过失negligenceperse 明显过失、法定过失Legaldutyofanaggravatedcharacter 性质严重的法律责任Municipalordinance 市政条例Dictate 要求、命令Issueoflaw—法律争议Legalpointsincontention法律争议、待决法律问题Matteroflaw 法律问题Burdenofproduction 举证责任Verdictisreturned陪审团已作出裁决Demurrer 法律抗辩Filingaformalanswer交正式答辩状Warrantingtrial 必须开庭加以审理Issueoffact 事实争议Theprovinceofjury 陪审团的职权范围Materialallegation主要事实主张answer 答辩状Matteroffact 事实问题Establishedfact 确证的事实、法庭接受的事实Oninformationandbelief虽非亲眼所见、亲耳所闻，但确信它的真实性Addamnum 损害赔偿要求Jurytrial 陪审团审理Grandjury 大陪审团Heartheevidenceadducedonthepartofthestate--审由政府提交的证据Indictment 公诉、公诉书Probablecausedoesnotexist■立案理由不充分Accusatorybody 检控机构Hungjury 陷入僵局的陪审团Jurysize 陪审团人数Constitutionalinfirmityordeficiency--■违宪、不合宪法规定Deliberation 陪审团审议、考量Mistrialofthecase 案件审理失败Greatnotoriety 极具社会知名度Sequestrationofjury 隔离陪审团(beisolatedfromthepublic)Whiletrialnotinsession—当休庭时Forthedurationofthetrial■在整个案件的审理过程中Tampering--幕后操作、认为干扰inthecustodyofthecourt 由法院管控Petitjury 普通陪审团案情摘要4Thenextproceedingisserviceofprocess.ItwasachievedwhenacopyofthecomplaintandsummonswasservedonbothTordandthelegalrepresentativesofSawyer'sestate.Neffdidnotserve（向。。送达）thesepartieshimself;heretainedaprocessserverwho,afterservingthedefendants,filedanaffidavitofservicewiththecourtindicatingthecircumstancesunderwhichtheservicewasaccomplished.Servicewasmadebeforethestatuteoflimitations.Oncethedefendantswereproperlyserved,thecourtacquiredinpersonamjurisdictionoverthem.Inthepre-trialproceedingsthatensued（接着进行），Tordfiledamotiontodismiss,claimingGipson'sfailuretostateacauseofaction.Thecourtdeniedthemotion.Serviceofprocess 诉讼送达（程序）亲自送达 personaldelivery传票 subpoenaConstructiveserviceofprocess ■推定送达Personalservice 亲自送达、实际送达Servicebypublication 公告送达Substitutedservice 替代送达Summons 传唤、传票Appear 出庭Processserver 送达执行人法警 deputysheriff\courtmarshal法警部门 sheriff'sdepartment联邦法警 USMarshalAffidavit 书面宣誓证词Affiant 誓证人主持宣誓、监誓 takeoathsSubscribe 在。。。。上签名Affirmant 自证证人Affirm 自我誓证Aver 确认、确证Depose 口头宣誓作证Inlikemanner 以同样的方式Attestation 宣誓、确认Inconscience 一定、肯定、从良心上Imprecation 发誓诅咒Swear 宣誓、发誓Pleading 主张、诉求Verify 宣誓证明、郑重证明Statuteoflimitation 诉讼时效杀人 homicideImportaverity 表明真实性Sanctity 神圣Minor 未成年人Criminalcharge 刑事指控Laches 因疏忽而丧失诉权、非立法规定的诉讼时效Equity—-衡平法Operateasbar 造成不能提起诉讼Operatetotheprejudiceofdefendant■给被告造成损害或不利影响Jurisdiction 管辖权、司法管辖区Issue 争议焦点Hearanddetermineajudicialproceeding审并裁定一起司法诉讼Hascognizanceof--对。。。有审理权Inpersonamjurisdictionorpersonaljurisdiction—人管辖权Inpersonamjudgement 对人判决Inremjurisdiction 对物管辖权Dispose 处置Anactionoverthing 对物提起的诉讼Quasiinremjurisdiction 准对物管辖权Absent 不在法院管辖区Withinthejurisdictionofthecourt 在法院辖区Submittothecourt'sjurisdiction■接受法院管辖Subjectmatteroftheaction 诉因、诉由、诉讼标的Connectioninvolvingminimumcontact 有最低联系的关联Territorialjurisdiction地域管辖Jurisdictionbysubmission服从管辖Jurisdictionbyagreement 协议管辖Concurrentjurisdiction 共同管辖Exclusivejurisdiction 排他管辖、独有管辖Courttobeseized 受诉法院Governinglawclauses法律选择条款Jurisdictionclauses 管辖权选择条款Subjectmatterjurisdiction対事管辖权、诉因管辖权Federalquestionjurisdiction 联邦法律专属管辖权Actsofcongress 国会立法Treaties 国际条约Diversityjurisdiction州籍多样管辖权Entertain 受理Universaljurisdiction 国际法上的普遍管辖权Longarmjurisdiction 越境管辖权、长臂管辖权Forumstate 法院地州Offendtraditionalnotionsoffairplayandsubstantialjustice--反传统的程序公平和实体正义的理念Pre-trialproceeding审前程序Calledatthediscretionofthecourt 由法庭主持召开的Stipulationsastomatters 约定无争议事实Motion 动议、请求Ruleororder 裁决或命令Onnotice 事先通知相关各方Withoutnotice无需事先通知Expartemotion 单方面动议、无需给对方事先通知的动议Consentmotion原被告双方共同提出的动议Motiontodismiss 请求驳回起诉的动议Prosecution 检控方Chamber 法官办公室Motionforjudgementonthepleadings 请求法庭依诉讼文书做出判决Payerforrelief 司法救济请求、赔付请求Generalappearance全面到庭应诉Motionforsummaryjudgement ■速决动议Nogenuineissueofmaterialfactcanbeindispute--键事实无争议Dispositivemotion如被批准即可终结诉讼的动议Motioninlimine请求预先排除有关证据Bemoreprejudicialthanprobative—证据的负面影响大于其证明效力Motionforadirectedverdict 请求法院以原告举证失败为由判其败诉Resteditscase完成庭上陈述、举证完毕Motionforjudgementnotwithstandingtheverdict-请求法庭推翻陪审团裁决并作出相反的判决Motionfornewtrial 请求法庭原案再审Lodgingofanappeal 起上诉Motiontosetasidejudgement 请求撤销原判决Vacateornullify 撤销Motiontocompel 请求法庭强迫对方给予配合Failuretostateacauseofaction 无法定诉由Failureofproof 举证失败、证据不足Allegedfacts 事实依据案情摘要5Becausethesuithadbeenbroughtinafederalcourt,thegoverningprocedurallawwouldbefoundintheFederalRulesofCivilProcedure（美国联邦民事诉讼程序规则，简称Fed.R.CivilP）,whichprovidesDefendantwithtwokindsofresponse:pre-answermotionoranswer.Ifwithoutapre-answermotion,TordandSawyer'sestatemustfileananswertoGipson'scomplaintwithintwentydays,accordingtotheFederalRulesofCivilProcedure.Tordfiledhisansweralmostimmediately.SinceSawyerwasdeadandunabletocommunicatewithhisattorneyabouttheaccident,theattorneyfortheestathadanumberofdifficultiesindraftingandfilingananswerwithintwentydays.Toavoidadefaultjudgmentagainsttheestate,theattorneyfiledamotionaskingforanextensionofthirtydays.Procedurallaw-程序法Judgmentonmerit-实体法判决，完全判决Default-缺席判决Dismissalwithoutprejudice-程序法判决，非终局性驳回Withoutprejudice无既判力的，非终局性的，可再起诉的Resjudicata既判力。终局性。禁止重复诉讼Withprejudice-具有既判力的，不可再诉的，终局的Judgmentofdismissal-驳回起诉的判决案情摘要6Affirmativedefense积极抗辩，新事实抗辩Contributorynegligence共同过失Comparativenegligence相对过失，比较过失Strictliability严格责任Absoluteliability绝对责任Crossclaim共同被告之间的交互诉讼请求Counterclaim反诉（而原告对被告的反诉做出的答辩称为reply,）（原告诉状complaint,被告答辩称为answer）Preponderanceofevidence比较优势证据，优势证据标准Give。。。leave。。给。。。许可Lackofjurisdiction法院无管辖权Statuteoflimitationsorlaches诉讼时效Assumptiono