工程管理建设招投标中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)ResearchontheBiddingSystemofConstructionProjectinChinaComparedwithForeignCountries(Thecomparisonofdomesticandforeign

constructionproject

biddingsystem)AbstractFollowing

throughthecomparativeanalysisofthe

biddingsystem

in

USA,

Hongkong

andFrance,

andpointsoutsome

characters

in

biddingfor

developedcountriesandregions,

andputsforward

someenlightenment

China

biddingsystem.

Usethemasareference,

thisis

averyimportant

guidingrole,

topromotethedevelopmentof

Chinese

currentbidding

system

intheory.

Theresultsofthisstudywill

showthepressure

andsignificance,

to

standardizethebidding

market

in

China,

butalsotopromotethe

domestic

biddingmarket

highlightstheproblem

andsolve

acleardirection,

butalsoconduciveto

theconstructionindustry

toimprovethemanagementleveland

internationalcompetitiveness

in

Chinese.

AsamemberofWTO,theleading

international

constructionmarketis

Chinese.INTRODUCTIONBiddingoriginatedfromBritainfirstly.In1782,BritainwasapioneerinsettingupStationeryPublicBureau,andthendevelopedasMaterialSupplyDepartment,whichwasasectioningovernmentpurchasingofficesupplies,whichwassettingupafoundationfordevelopingofadvertisedbidding(Liangetal.2006).InChina,in1980,theStateCouncilproposedin“InterimProvisionsofDevelopmentandProtectionSocialismCompetition”:“wemaytrybiddingandsubmittingabiddinginsomeconstructingprogramsandmanagementwhicharesuitabletousingcontract”,andthenourcountrytriedtoadoptingbiddingmodel(Bai1999).InNov.1984,StatePlanningCommissionandCityandCountrysideConstructionEnvironmentalProtectionDepartmentformulated“InterimProvisionsofConstructionProjectTenderandBid”,whichmarkedstartingofficiallybiddingforconstruction.Nowadays,biddinghasbeenthemainwayintradinginconstruction,andbeenpaidcloseattentionbythesociety.However,generallyspeaking,thesysteminbiddingforconstructioninourcountryisn’tenoughmature.Whateverintheoryorinpractice,therearemanyproblemsneedtoberesearched.ThispapercomparativelyanalyzesthebiddingsystemamongUSA,HongKongandFrenchregions,andgetssomecharactersinbiddingindevelopedcountriesandregions,thenputsforwardsomerevelationsofthebiddingsystemtoChina2.BIDDINGSYSTEMINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESANDREGIONS2.1BiddingSysteminUSABiddingsysteminUSAisoneofthemostinfluentiallyallovertheworld.TherearesomecharactersbelowinconstructionbiddinginUSACarryingoutconstructionbiddingsystemandmanagementfrommanychannels.USAbelongstocommongenealogyoflaw,butUSAcarryingoutconstructionbiddingsystemandmanagementfrommanychannels,andamongwhichsomebelowclausesarecarriedoutwidely:differentkindsofclausesmadebyAIA;sublettingcontract’sstandardformatbyAGCA;arbitrationrulesinconstructionmadebyAAA;standardclausesmadebyETCDC;standardcontractformatbyfederalgovernment.EverystateinUSAhaslawinconstructionbidding,andtheenforcementofthelawisverystrictly.Tendersteamisdifferent.Large,mediumandsmallsizedprojectsallneedbidding.Forexample,project’samountofinvestmentis10,000~20,000canusebidding,butthegovernmentcanmanagethebiddingofprivatecompanythroughthedailydepartments.Thegovernmentsetsupawholeinstitutionwhichismadeupbydesigners，architectsordepositaries,whichcarryingoutbiddingpublicly.Oncetheabovedepartmentsbeingsetup,theycanchargethefeasibilitystudyoftheproject,choosingthecontractorsforthebiddingoftheprojectsandadmininthecarryingouttheprojects,thewholeprojectcanbefinishedbytechnicianswhohaveprofessionalcertifications.Biddingcanbecarryingoutbyowners,andthebiddingcompanieshavenoquotarestrictions,butthecertifications,prestigeandbiddingpriceofthecompaniesmayinteracteachother.Ifthequantityofthebiddingprojectexceeds50,000dollars,thecompanyshouldpassprequalificationofprospectivebidders.Thecontractors’levelshouldbeexaminedbythedepartmentwhichmakecreditverifying,thecontractorsshouldtaketherelevantprojects,inparticularcases,itjustexceed10%ofthequantity.Theprincipleofbidevaluationandbidpicketage.Usuallythebidderwhosebiddingpriceisleastcangetthebid.Generally,principleofthebiddingcanbeensuredbyadoptingthetotalpricesortheunitprice.Inthedefiniteprinciple,neitherthetoolowpricenorthetoohighpriceischosen.Butmoreattentionshouldbepaidtothetrapofthebidding.2.2TheBiddingSysteminHongKongHongKongistheplacewhichisfulloftheconstructioncontractors.Mostly,iftheownerinvestsonaconstructionproject,hewillentrusttheconsultantfirms,thus,thecompilingofbiddingdocumentsisfinishedbyconsultantfilms.ThebiddingsysteminHongKongfollowsBritain,whichhasnonormalizedprice,onlyhas“HongKongStandardMethodofMeasurementofBuildingWorks”.ThepriceadjustmentinHongKongisdecidedbythequotationwhichispublishedbyHongKongCountsBureau,thecontractorscomputethepriceadjustmentaccordingthequotation.Thus,thepriceisabsolutelyaccordingtothebehaviorofcompanyorhuman.TheannouncementoftenderofconstructionprojectinHongKongispublishedineveningpapereveryFriday,soaccordingtotheprojectinthepaper,thecontractorswhohavethelicensewiththeratificationbyEngineeringBureaucanparticipatethebidding(Liang2003).ThebiddersinHongKongshouldstudytheprojects,readtheeveryclauseinbiddingdocumentsanddrawings.Iftheyhavesomethingnotunderstoodorlackofthedrawings,theyshouldseethemincompany,andtheyalsomakephysicalverification.Generally,thebiddersshouldunderstandeverythingbeforebidding,otherwisetheownersmaynotchargeforthelossofbidding.ItisthecharactersofthepriceofthebiddinginHongKongthattheownersshouldgivethebiddingdocumentswhichincludedrawingsandlistofitems.Thebiddersshouldfilltheentireunitpriceandeverykindofcost,accordingtothelistofitem.Becausetherearen’tcoherentpricestandard,withthecompetitionamongthecontractors,thebidderscanbidaccordingtotheabovedocuments.Thecharacterisnorestrictions.Infact,thebiddersgivetheirpricethroughcontactingwiththecontractorsandsupplierandmakinganalysis.2.3TheBiddingSysteminFrenchRegionsThemaincharacterofbiddinginFrenchregionsistheprojectsadoptingAppendOffersandAdjudication(Liu1999).AppendOffersisthemainmethodofbiddinginFrenchregions,whichissimilartocompetitivebiddingcarriedoutbytheWorldBank.ThecharactersofAppendoffersare:(1)topermitthebiddersgivesomecasesaccordingtotheclausesofbidding,sothebiddershavemuchspacetochoose;(2)Thebidopeningissecret.BeforethebiddinginFrenchregions,thetendercommitteeshouldbefounded.Inthebidding,thecommitteeusuallybecomesjury.Forexample,intheadjudication,firstly,thebidderorthecommitteeexist;secondly,theownerspublishthebiddingbulletin,andrequestthecontractorssubmittingthebiddingapplicationandsomerelativedocuments;thirdly,thecommitteeexamsthequalificationsofthebidders;fourthly,therecognizedcontractorsgivethebiddingprice;fifthly,thecommitteeexamthebiddingpriceagain.ThecharactersofAdjudicationare:(1)thebidderscangiveeitherthetotalpriceortheunitprice;(2)thepriceofeverybiddermustbeannouncedseparately;(3)ifthereisatleastonebidderspricewhichisbelowthepre-tenderprice,theawardresultshouldbeannounced.Ifallthebidpricesexceedthe20%ofthepre-tenderprice,itwouldfail.Thebidderscanmodifytheconditionsofthebidandbidagain.Alltheabovecharactersavoidtheinformalacts.ThebiddingsystemintheFrenchregionsrestrictstheinformalactsinthebidding.Especiallythebiddersmakethepriceinthespecialbidding,inthecaseofthebiddingpricebeingbelowthestandardprice,thelowestpriceshouldbesuccessful.TheFrenchregionsadopttheAppendOffersandAdjudication,sotheevaluationandthepicketageofthebidareconcise.Afterthecommitteemakesthebidopeningpublicly,itgivesthebidtemporarily.Ifthereisnopricebelowtheacceptableprice,thecommitteecanaskthebidderstomakebidagain;ifthereisnoacceptableprice,thecommitteewouldannouncethebidfailed.Andthecommitteeexamthepriceagainin10days,sothereisadequatetimetostudythebiddocumentsandbidpriceagainandagain3.THEREVELATIONOFTHEBIDDINGSYSTEMINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESANDREGIONSTOCHINA3.1TheLawSystemofDevelopedCountriesandRegionsIsRelativelyPerfectForeigncountriespaymoreattentiontosettingupandperfectingthelawsystemofbidding.Formanyyears,EuropeanUnionhasgotgoodgradeinpromotingtheall-in-oneinlawsystemofbiddingamongthestates,anditsetsupaseriesoflaws,sothestates’bidlawsarethereificationofEuropeanUnion’slaws,andthereisnoprincipledifference.Thoughtherearesomedifferencesinadjectiveprovision,itmustbeinkeepingwiththetotallaws.From1stJan.1999,Euroboreastheuniquecash,whichconsolidatesanddevelopstheunifyingthebidlaws,andmakespositivemilitate.InChina,thebidlawshave3levels(Wen2005):firstofall,thelawssetupbyNationalPeople'sCongressandstandingcommittee,forexample,“TheLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonBidInvitationandBidding”;thesecondlevelisbidlawssetbyStateCouncilandotherbidlawssetbysomePlaceNationalPeople'sCongress;thethirdlevelisthebidlawssetbysomedepartmentsinStateCouncilandthegovernment,forexample,“Engineeringconstructiontenderpolicingmethod”setupbyConstruction.Thelawshavecarriedoutin20years,andthesystemshavebeenawholesystem,whichlikeinUSAandEU,butinthebidding,therearesomefaultsincarryingoutthelaws.Thebiddingisoneofmanyeconomicactions.Theprinciplesofthebiddingarejust,fairandopen.Thebetterthelawsystemsetup,themoredetailedtheregulationmade,andthemorestandardthebiddingcarriedout.Theproblems,suchastendentiousbidding,stringbidding,nonstandardevaluating,canalsobefoundinUSAandEU.ButtherearerelativeperfectlawsinUSAandEU,soitcancontactwithcriminallaws.However,thebidlawisnotenoughperfectinChina.Theremainare“TheLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonBidInvitationandBidding”,“BuildingOrdinance”andsoon,andthebiddingsofconstructionprojectaremainlybasedonlawssetupbyConstructiveDepartment.Seefromthecarryingoutthebiddingsofconstructionproject,thelawsandlegislationsaretoogeneraltoeasilycarryingoutthelaws.Forexample,indealingwiththecomplaintsaboutthebidding,everydepartmentbasicallydealwiththeproblemintheirownwayandintheirownunderstanding,andthesimilarcasemayhasthedifferentresultsindifferentregions.Ifcorrelativeenterprisescan’taccepttheresultforthedealingwithcomplaints,theywillappealtotheseniordepartment.InUSAandEU,theplaintiffsanddefendantsarealwaysbiddersbutnotgovernment.Inthedealingwiththedisputeineconomicactions,thegovernmentsareprimaryinterceder.ButinChina,finallyaccordingtothe“AdministrativeApprovalLaw”,thedefendantsbecometheadministrators.Thus,alloftheseneedtogostepfurtherstudyinganddiscussion,andthenweshouldenrichandperfectthelawsandlegislationswhichareaccordwithChina.LearningfromthemethodsofUSAandEU,Chinawillmakethedealingwiththecomplaintsstandardized.3.2TheDevelopedCountriesandRegionsQuitePaymuchAttentiontotheResearchonBidders'PreliminaryBehaviorDevelopedcountries'biddersarequiteearnesttotheearlierperiodresearch,fromtheenvironmentanalysis,thepublicrelationsstrategyandsoon,studyingitembyitem.Butinourcountries,biddersneglectthisaspect,andmuddledinvestment,theblinddecision-making,bringsthemassivelossfortheenterpriseandthecountry.Table1haslistedtherelatedmainpointsoftheearlierperiodresearch,formakinganalysisandresearch.Itcanbeseenfromthetablethatthebidders’ideainstudythetenderingprojectisessentiallydifferentcomparedwithdevelopedcountries.Soitisafavorablewayofstrengtheningtheearlierperiodresearchofbidding,toimprovetherateofsuccessfulbids,andstandardizebiddingmarketsandincreaseenterprises’socialimage,enhanceeconomicbenefit.Table1:ComparativeTableofEarlierPeriodofBiddingbetweenChinaandDevelopedCountries(Regions)__________No.ResearchprojectsDevelopedcountries(regions)practicesChinapractices1BidenvironmentalsurveyThesituationofpolitical,economic,legal,social,natural,marketetc.Seldom2ProjectsurveyConstructionnature,scale,thescopeofthetendertechnicalrequirements,period,thesourceoffunding,theownerscreditandstyleofwork,supervisionengineers,buildingmaterialsprocurementatthesceneofemploymentandlaborconstraints,thedifferencebetweendifferentcountryontractors,treatment,thepriceofthemethodsofpaymentandforeignexchangeratioetc.Constructionnature,scale,thescopeofthetender,technicalrequirements,period,thesupervisingengineer,thescene,buildingmaterialsprocurement,pricetopayetc/3FindanagentActingadvisorybody,theAdvisoryengineersetcNothing4SeekcooperationpartnersCombinewithlocalcompany,andsetupacombo,enjoyingthelocalconcessionstoreducetheformalitiesoftheproceduresLittle5IntelligencegatheringParticipatetenderlist,thecontracttobeadopted,data,biddocumentowners’potentiallyimportantsub-itemsParticipatetenderlist,competitors,biddocuments3.3TheBiddingProcedureandOperationinDevelopedCountriesandRegionsIsmoreReasonableBiddingprocedureandoperationisoneofthecorecontentinanationalbiddingsystem.NormativebiddingproceduresandoperationisaperfectembodimentinanationalbiddingsystemBiddingoperationmodeincludesbidopening,bidevaluation,bidaward,andsoon.Ithastwomainprinciples:competitioninpublicandprotectionthebehalfoftendersandbidders.Thesetwoprinciplesmustbeobservedinbidopening,bidevaluation,andbidaward.Inpractice,thereisagreaterdifferencebetweenChinaandUSAinbidopening,bidevaluation,andbidaward,seetable2Table2:ComparativeTableofBiddingProceduresandOperationbetweenChinaandUSA________No.ComparedprojectUSAChina1eConsultingfirmsParticipat“Designing&Supervising”firmsparticipateinfulloftheBiddingprocedure,andplayanimportantroleAdvisoryservicesarenotdevelopedyet2BiddingProcedureTheuseoffixedpriceThecontractor'sbusinesssecretsNationalconstructioncostmanagementissueduniformfixedprice3Computer-aidedQuantitysurveyorslarge-scaleusecomputertocalculatethequantityandcostofprojectsTherearelessrelevantvaluationsoftwareimpactingtheefficiencyandaccuracy4EstablishmentthedatabaseofbiddingexpertsFairlyperfect;theGovernment,thetenderagentconsultingfirmshavetheirownexpertsIngerminationstage,andsometimesnotasquicklyorganizedthecommitteeofexperts5OperationPre-tenderPre-tender,butalsowidelynonpre-tenderPre-tender,seldomnonpre-tender6PriceassessmentInthesecasesthatbidpriceishigherorlowerthan10%,onlyonebidpriceofexceedsthelimitedpriceorthelowestbidpriceishigherthan25%ofpre-tenderprice,thegovernmentprocurementsectorwillmeetdirectlywiththelowestpricebidderGenerally,thebidswhichexceedacertainpercentageofthepre-tenderwillbeeliminated3.4TheBidEvaluationandBidPicketageinDevelopedCountriesandRegionsAreStricterThebidevaluationofinternationalprojectsindevelopedcountriesisconductedinsecret,whichnormallytakes10-15days.Thebidevaluationofinternationalprojectsischargedbytheownersgenerally,andthemethodis:(l)anevaluationcommitteeisestablished,chargedbychiefeconomist,composedwithexpertsfromengineering,technology,construction,planning,finance,accounting,cost,economy,contracts,legalandotheraspects,whichworksinthejointoffice,discussesandconsultscollectively,evaluatesthebidcomparatively;(2)tohandoutthebiddocumenttotheengineering,constructionmanagement,planningandscheduling,financialaccounting,legaladviser,ChiefEconomist,andotherfunctionaldepartmentsforanalysisandevaluation,toformtheevaluationreportbythefinaluniformevaluationresults;(3)toensure2-3bidawardcandidatesandthenreviewthequalifications,onlythepassedqualifiedbidder,betheawardbiddercan.ThebidevaluationinChinaisalsocarriedoutinrelativesecrecy,butthetimeofevaluationisquiteshorter,usuallyinabouttwohours,sotheevaluationprocessonlystaysonthesurface,whichcannotevaluatetheinherentmeaningofthebid,resultinginlotsofproblemsanddisputesafterawardingthebid.ThoughthebidevaluationisorganizedbytheownersinmostareasofChina,theevaluationcommitteealsocontainsmanyadministrativepersons.So,theevaluationlacksoffairandjustsometimes,withgovernmentintervention,theblack-boxoperationsandsoon.ThemethodofbidpicketageisessentiallydifferentbetweenChinaanddevelopedcountries.InChina,comprehensiveevaluationscoreareusuallyused.Ifthefirsthighscorebidislowestinbidprice,thennodoubtthattheawardbidder.Ifthesecondhighscorebidderisinfivescorediscrepancywiththefirst,theownerscanchooseoneastheawardbidderfromthetwocandidates.ThisshowsthatthetimeofbidevaluationinChinaisonlyonefortiethofdevelopedcountries,andcomprehensiveevaluationisnotaccurate,sotheownersalwayscan’tchoosetherightcontractor.Sofurtherstudyshouldbemadetostandardizethebidevaluationandbidpicketage.3.5TheBiddingManagementinDevelopedCountriesandRegionsismoreStandardizedInthebiddingmanagementinChina,thegovernment'sadministrativeinterferenceisrelativelystrong.ThisismainlybecausebiddingsysteminChinaisnotperfect.Currently,biddingsupervisionofprojectsinvestedbygovernmentischargedbytheadministrativedepartmentsinChina.Theseadministrativedepartmentsalsochargethecomplaintsofthebiddersandotherstakeholders,andcognizancethequalificationofthetenderagencies.Suchmanagementmethodisessentiallyself-monitoring,self-supervising,andit’sdifficulttofundamentallyformbysupervisorsandoverseersofmutualrelationsbetweenthechecksandbalances.Inparticular,withtheexistingmanagementsystemforprojectsinvestedbygovernment,somedepartmentsdirectlyinterveneinthemanagementofprojects,especiallydirectintervenethebiddingactivities,andsomeresponsiblepersonofthedepartmentsalsoservesasprojectleader.Consideringfromtheinterestsofthedepartments,theindustryandindividual,it’sdifficulttoformamechanismtosupervisetheactivitiesofbiddingstrictly.ThebiddingmanagementofUSgovernmentisquiteperfect.Itsfiveplatesystems,thataretendersysteminpublic,operatingsystemstandardizationandaccreditationsystemproviders,auditsystem,deliverytrackingsystem,makegovernmentofficialshavenochancetointervenethebiddingprocessbyadministrativeinterferences,butfocusontheestablishmentandmanagementofthecontractprocess.Inaword,thebiddingandoperatingsystemindevelopedcountriesisfairlyperfect,comparatively,thereisalargedisparityinChina.CONCLUSIONSThroughtheabovecomparativeanalysisofthedomesticsystemofbiddingandbiddingsystemindevelopedcountriesandregions,foundintheChinabiddingsystemfortheimplementationofthedefectsandshortcomings,italsohighlightstheneedtorecruitChinaspecificationandthesignificanceofthebiddingmarket.Ourcountrycanlearnfromthebiddingsystemofdevelopedcountriesandregions,promotetheimprovementofChinesecurrentbiddingsystem,andfindanimportantdirectioninthetheory.Inordertobetterandmoreproblemsexistinginbiddingandimplementationofvulnerabilitysolutiontothedomesticconstructionprojects,toperfectthelegalconstructionbiddingandbiddingmarket,eventothesocialeconomyhavemadeanimportantandpositiverole.Sowhetheritisinthecurrentbiddingpositionoftheeliteorisengagedinthebiddingworkofcollegestudents,shouldunderstandthebiddingcontent,alwayspayattentiontoimprovementandperfectingthesystemofbiddingbidding,andinthecaseofconditionsfordomesticbiddingandperfectingsystemofbiddingtomakealittleofhisowncontribution.References:[1]Bai,H.Y.(1999).“DevelopmentandApplicationofBidandTenderinOurCountry.”InformationSystemEngineering,(10),20pp.[2]Liang,W.(2003).“BidofProjectConstrutionofWorksBureauinHongKong.”ConstructionEconomy,(3),31-33.[3]Liang,Y.P.,Yu,X.F.,andZhang,A.Q.(2006).“PerfecttheSystemoftheGovernmentProcumentUsingInternationalExperienceforReference.”TheoreticalExploration,(2),130-132.[4]Liu,Z.(1999).PracticeoftheLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonBidInvitationandBidding,XiyuanPress,Beijing,China,1489-1561.Wen,J.(2005).“WhereisOurDisparity?CompareofBiddingbetweenChinaandUSA.”HonestyOutlook,(2),6-7.[5]\o"SearchAuthor"Casinelli,Massimoluigi

(CasinelliAssociates)

Source:CostEngineering(Morgantown,WestVirginia),v47,n2,p21-27,February2005对比国内外建设项目招投标制度摘要下面通过对比分析了招投标制中美国，香港及法国地区，并指出了一些字符在竞标发达的国家和地区，并提出了招投标系统的一些启示中国。使用它们作为参考，这是非常重要的，以促进中国目前的招投标系统的发展在理论上的指导作用。这项研究的结果将显示压力和意义，以规范招投标市场在中国，更促进了国内招投标市场的问题凸显和解决方向的明确，也有利于建筑行业在中国提高经营管理水平和国际竞争力。作为WTO的一员，中国领先的建筑市场正国际化。关键词：建设项目；招标投标制；建设市场；招投标程序及操作一、引言招投标最早源自英国。1782年，英国是设立“文具公用局”的先驱，该机构后来发展为政府采购办公用品的物资供应部，这为广告招标的发展奠定了基础。在中国，1980年，国务院提出了“发展和保护社会主义竞争的暂行规定”：“我们可能会尝试竞标，在一些建设项目和管理中都适合使用合同提交投标”，然后我们的国家尝试过以采用竞价模式。1984年11月国家计委和城乡建设环境保护部制定了“建设工程招标投标和暂行规定”，这标志着正式施工招标的开始。如今，招投标已经成为了交易建设的主要途径，并得到了社会各界的密切关注。但总的来讲，该施工招标系统在我国还不够成熟。无论在理论上还是存在很多问题，在实践中还需要进一步研究。本文分析比较了美国，香港和法国地区的招投标制度，并得到了一些字符在招投标中发达国家和地区，然后提出了招投标系统的一些启示中国。二.发达国家和地区的招投标制度2.1美国的招投标制度美国招投标制度是全世界最有影响力招投标制度之一，下面是一些美国的工程建设招投标例子：进行施工招标投标制度和管理多渠道。美国的法律属于常见的法律谱系，但美国实施建筑工程施工招标投标制度和管理多渠道，其中以下一些条款进行了广泛的应用：不同种类的由美国友邦保险条款；转租合同的标准格式的AIA；由AAA建筑仲裁规则；标准条款由联邦ETCDC制定；政府标准合同格式。美国所有的地区在建设工程招标投标中都有法律制度，并且法律的实施很严格。招标小组是不同的。大，中小型项目都需要招标。例如，投资项目的金额为10000-20000可以使用投标，但政府可以通过日常的部门管理私营公司的投标。政府建立了一个由设计师，建筑师或托管人组成的完整机构来进行公开招标。一旦上述部门设立，他们可以负责该项目的可行性研究，在实施项目过程中选择承包商投标的项目管理，整个项目由专业认证的技术人员完成。招标可以是业主，或没有配额限制的招投标公司，但是认证方面，公司的信誉和投标价格可能相互作用。如果投标工程量超过50000美元，公司应通过资格预审的潜在投标人。承包商应使信用水平得到相关部门检验合格，承包商应采取相关的项目，在特定情况下，它仅仅只能超过10%。评标、定标的原则。通常，该投标人的投标价格至少能获得投标。一般的原则，招标可采用总价或单价的确定。在一定的原则下，选择既不太低的价格和也不太高的价格，而且应注意招标投标的陷阱。2.2香港的招投标制度香港是一个到处可见到建筑承包商的地方。最主要的是，如果业主投资建设项目，他将委托顾问公司，因此，招标文件的编制是由顾问公司制定的。香港的招投标制度源于英国，没有标准价格，只有“香港测量建筑标准法”。在香港，价格调整是由香港发表统计局决定，承包商根据计算价格来报价。因此，价格绝对是根据公司或人的行为而定。在香港，建设工程招标公告刊登在每星期五的晚报上，所以根据文中的项目，有许可证的工程局批准承包商可以参加投标（(Liang2003）。在香港，投标人应研究项目，阅读每一条款在招标文件和图纸。如果他们有什么不了解或缺乏的图纸，他们应该在公司见到他们，他们也实地考察验证。一般情况下，投标人应在投标文件中说明清楚，否则业主将为相关损失负责。在香港招标，业主应在招标文件标明相关图纸和清单的产品特征。投标人根据项目清单填写完整的单价和各种费用。因为没有一致的价格标准，所以在承包商的竞争投标中，投标人可根据上述文件。一般是没有限制的。事实上，通过与承包商和供应商接触与分析，竞标者给出他们的价格。2.3法国一些地区的招投标制度在法国区的主要特点是采用招标追加提供审项目（Liu1999）。将提供的是在法国地区招标的主要方法，这是类似的竞争性招标，由世界银行进行的。特点是：（1）将提供给某些情况下允许投标人根据招标条款，所以投标人有很多的选择空间；（2）开标是秘密。在法国区招标，招标委员会应该建立。在招投标中，委员会通常会成为陪审团。例如，在审判，首先，投标人或委员会的存在；其次，业主发布招标公告，并要求承包商提交投标申请及相关文件；第三，委员会对投标人资格考试；第四，认可承包商提供投标价格；第五，委员会考试再次投标价格。审判的特点是：（1）投标人可以给任何总价或单价；（2）各投标人的价格必须另行公布；（3）如果有至少一个投标人的投标价格低于标底价格，裁决结果应当公布。如果所有的报价超过标底价格的20%，它会失败。投标人可以修改投标条件再次出价。所有的上述特点避免非正式的行为。在法国地区的招投标制度限制了在招投标中的非正式行为。尤其是投标人使价格在招标中，投标价格低于标准价格的情况下，最低的价格应该是成功的。法国地区采用追加提供和裁决，所以，报价的定标评价简洁。在委员会进行了公开开标，投标暂时。如果有低于可接受的价格，没有价格，委员会可以要求投标人出价了；如果没有可接受的价格，该委员会将宣布收购失败。该委员会在10天内再次给出价格，以便有足够的时间来研究招标文件和投标价格。三、发达国家和地区的招投标制度对中国的启示3.1发达国家和地区的法律体系比较完善国外更注重建立和完善招标投标法律制度。多年来，欧洲联盟在促进各州的招标法律制度的一体化取得了好成绩，并建立了一系列的法律，所以美国的投标法律是欧盟法律的具体化，并没有原则上的区别。虽然有一些差异的形容词的规定，它必须符合总规律。1999年1月1号开始，欧元作为独特的现金，对巩固和发展统一招标的法律有着积极的影响。在中国，投标法律有3个层次（Wen2005）：首先，法律由全国人大及其常委会，例如，《中国中华人民共和国招标投标法》；第二层是由国务院和其他投标的法律规定一些地方人大招投标法律；第三层次是在国务院有关部门制定投标法律和政府，例如，《工程施工招标投标管理办法》的设立。法律已经进行20年，已经组成一个整体的系统，如美国和欧盟，但在招投标中，在执行法律时仍有一些故障。招标投标作为一种经济行为，投标报价的原则是公正，公平和公开的。为了更好的树立法律制度的规定，作了较为详细的，和更多的标准来进行招投标。问题是，如有假公开招标，不规范的信用评级，串标，也可以在美国和欧盟被发现。但美国和欧盟有着相对完善的法律，所以这种行为将被刑事法律所处置。然而，中国招投标法在这方面不够完善。这主要是《中国中华人民共和国招标投标法》，《建筑法》等，以及建设项目的招标主要是基于法律的建设性的部门设置。从开展建设项目招标投标的法律法规，过于笼统地执行法律。例如，在处理有关投标投诉，各部门基本上用他们自己的方式处理和