雾霾治理中英文对照外文翻译文献

雾霾治理中英文对照外文翻译文献雾霾治理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：TheresearchofhazegovernanceissuesMarkusHAbstractHazeisPM2.5particlesfloatingintheatmospheresuchasdust,aerosolparticles,incertainhumidity,temperatureandotherweatherconditionshaverelativelystablestateoftheweatherphenomenon.Fogdisaster,istheresultofairpollutionforalongtime.Howtocontrolairpollutionisoneoftheurgentproblemsfacingmankind.Hazeweathermainlyisthedevelopmentpattern,causedbytheunreasonableindustrialstructureandenergystructure,itsrootsinthefossilenergy,alsoisacoalburning,oneisthefuel,anotherwayismoreextensive,alargeamountofpollutantdischarge,themainreasonsincludetheatmosphericairpressureislow.Thegrounddust,whichislowhumidityoftheair,thegroundandcarflowmakestirupdust.Automobileexhaustishazeisafactor,aswellasthefactoryproducesecondarypollution,etc.Thispapermainlystudiesthetypicalhazeliteratureisreviewed,mainlyanalyzesthecauseofthehazeandfoggovernancecountermeasuresandSuggestions.AndfromtheAngleoftheoreticalanalysis,drawlessonsfromtheintermediatemicroeconomictheory,givestheutilitymaximizationtomaximizethenetincomeandsociallevelsofsmogpollution.Finally,pointedoutthedirectionoffurtherresearch,therootcauseofthehazeinthefuturethemainempiricalresearchisprospected.Keywords:Haze;Literaturereview;Controlmeasures;Experience1IntroductionStudieshaveshownthatrecentstrongfogweatherisatmosphericstability,man-madepollutants,togetherwiththeabundantwatervaporanddust,isanaturalfactorsandhumanfactorscombinedactionofenvironmentalpollutionevent.Becauseofairflowandthelocationoftheadjacent,foginevitablepenetration,diffusion,etc.,nocountry,whichcitycanescapeinthefoghazecoveredlargearea.Allovertheworldhavetakenplaceindifferentlevelsofsmogevent,suchabeautifulenvironmentofthecountry,includingSingaporethereweredifferentdegreesofhazeweather,otherareMalaysia,Indiaandothercountries,hascausedextensiveconcernofthepeopleallovertheworld.Intoday'sincreasinglysocialandeconomicdevelopment,peoplepaymoreandmoreattentiontothesurroundingenvironment.Environmentnotonlyaffectsthefuturedevelopmentofthefoundation,alsoaffectspeople'shealth.Notassuredlaborhealth,humanresourcesrequiredforfurthereconomicdevelopmentbecomesmadrasreflected.Inmeteorology,duetoalargenumberoftinydropsofwaterfloatingintheair,makethehorizontalvisibilityislessthan1.0kmiscalledfog;Duetothesmalldrydustparticlesfloatingintheair,makethehorizontalvisibilitylessthan10.0kmcalledhaze,sometimescalledgrayhaze.Amixtureofbothiscalledsmog.Andourmainobjectofgovernanceishaze,fogandsomerelativelyminor.Inspiteofthefogdayalsoaffectthesafetyofpeopletravel,butcomparedwithhazecausedbyenvironmentalproblemswillsoonbemuchless.2LiteraturereviewThroughthestudyofresourceandenvironmentaleconomicsasweknow,commandtypegovernancemechanismisoftenlowefficiency.Justusecommandcontrolsuchhighlyregulativetools,notwellplaytheroleofreducingsmog.Thailand'scasestudyispointedoutthatthefailuremodeof"onesizefitsall"isnotconsideringtheregionalheterogeneity,complexityandburningashmotivationsbehind,sotheauthorsuggeststheexperiencesofthelocalcasestudyshouldbeextendedtoplanningandpolicyprocess,strengthentheautonomyoflocalgovernment,strengtheninter-regionalcooperation.Britishscholarsconductedmoredetailedresearch,analysisofthecompositionproblemofashhaze,thehazeformationmechanismhaveamoreclearunderstanding.Theythinktheashhazeweatherthantheashhazeweather,theparticleconcentrationincreases;theamountofwatersolubleinorganicionsintheparticulatematteralsoincreases.Tostudythewatersolublecomponentsofairparticulatescanunderstandthecrucialfactorfortheformationofurbanhaze.Intheprocessofcaseanalysisincities,theythinkthatplaysamainroleintheprocessofparticulatematteristheautomobileexhaustemissions.Throughthestudyofparticulatematter,11differentdiameterrangeisgreyhazeandtheashhazedays,therangeofparticlesinthewatersolubleinorganicanalysiswhichinorganiconmostaffectedbytheformationofhaze.Theyalsocorrectedthepreviousdefinitionofhaze,onlypayattentiontothevisibilityofthepast,donotemphasizethehumidity,thehumidityhaveimportantinfluenceontheformationandcontinuationofhaze.Grayhazeisvisibilitylessthan10kmandhumiditylessthan90%oftheweather.Theresultsoftheempiricalanalysis:grayhazedaysPM1.8/PM10isveryhigh,thevalueofthecorrelationismainlyduetothecoarseparticlesfromthesurfaceisfasterthanthenewlyformedfineparticlesdisperse,reinforcethestabilityoftheweather,andthinboundarylayerphenomenon.Particledistributionintheashhazedaysthanhigherashhazeday’speak,3.2-5.6micronsthickparticlepeakthan0.56-1.0mumfineparticulatematterishigher.DuetothesamplingtimeinApril,arelativelyhighwindspeedcanalsohelproaddustsuspended.Root,nitrate,ammoniumsulfateionsisinthehazeformation.Highhumidityhelpstoformdropletsofparticulatematter.Octoberisthemainsourceofparticulatematteraftercornharvestbiomassburning(highashcontentofinorganicioncontent).Potassiumascloudsfreezingnucleiforlowexothermicandvisibilityhassignificanteffect.Suspensionofroaddust,soildust,constructiondustismainlyisthesourceofcalciumandmagnesiumions.PM1.8andPM10intheroot,nitrateandammoniumsulfateintheashhazedaysmore,thereasonisthatrelativelyhighhumiditysulfurdioxide,nitrogenoxideandammoniaaftertherapidtransformationofmulti-phasereaction.Nitrateandsulfuricacidrootmaterialproportioncanbeusedasapollutionfromnon-pointpollutionormobilepollutionindex,becausethecarexhaustemissionsmorenitrogen,andsulfurmorecomefromthecombustionofcoal.AndresearcherssaytheashhazeweatheristhemainreasonisthattheinitialgaspollutantsrapidlyintoinorganicionleadtoPM2.5ofexplosivegrowth,especiallytheburningoffossilfuelsandemissionsincreasednixformation;Metalionsareoxidationcatalysts,nitrogendioxideintheprocessofsulfurdioxideintosulfatealsoplayedtheroleofcatalyst,inorganicsulfide,nitrideionsincreasedtheformationofhaze.Externalreasonisthatstrongcoldairandgeographicalunusualcycleofatmosphericconditions.Airpollutionreduceatmosphericoxidationabilityenhancement,visibility,worseningenvironmentquality.Theconversionprocessbetweenpollutionsourceandsedimentisverycomplex,jointlyaffecttheenvironment.Sulfurdioxide,nitrogenoxideandcarbonmonoxideismainlycomesfromfossilfuelcombustionandemissions,combustionandemissionsofnitrogenoxidesofsulfurdioxideintosulfatehasimportantrole.Inaddition,continuousgrayhazeweather,alsowiththegeographyandatmosphericenvironmentisrelatedtostopthespreadofthecontaminant.Ashhazeweatherlowpressureaccumulationofatmosphericpollutants,hightemperatureandhighhumidity,lowwindspeed,atmosphericboundarylayeristoothin,advectionisthemorecommonform,sharplyreducepollutantdispersioninspace,leadingtoregionalconcentrationsofpollutants,makestheashhazelastalongtime.

3Empiricalstudyofhazepollutioncontrol

3.1Industrialpollution

Oneisstrictlypunishillegalemissions.TheUnitedStateshasastrictpunishmentmeasurestodealwithillegalemissions.Californiarelatedlawsandregulations,suchasillegalemissionswillbefinedforenterprise,themaximumfineof$50000aday,afinetimefromillegalemissionstomeettherequirementsoftherectificationoftheday.,inadditiontothefineandconfiscationofillegalincomeofeconomicbenefits,environmentaldamagewillhavecivilactionandpublicinterestlitigationshallbeinvestigatedforcompensation,themostseverepunishmentcorporatebusinesslicenseisrevoked,greatlyimprovetheillegalcostofenterprises.Thesecondistheenvironmentalpermitsystemdifferentiation,dynamic.Finland'sthirdlargestcitytamperedaccordingtospecificemissionsituationofeachenterpriseallkindsofindustrypollutionpermitsstandard.Supervisionpersonnelandenterprisetechnicalpersonnelrepeatednegotiations,andseektheopinionsofthestakeholdergroups,throughconsultationanddiscussionforapplytospecificenterprisesoftradablepermits.3.2IndustryplanningSingaporegovernmentrequiresmorecloselywithindustrylayoutmustbewiththeenvironmentalplanning,industrialzoneshouldbethenextdirectionandawayfromtheoriginalecologicalsystem.Inaddition,theSingaporeforeachspecificareaoftheenvironmentalfunctionzoning,issuedadetailedenvironmentalqualitystandardsystem,andsetupstrictemissionstandardsforindustrialprojects.Thesecondisthroughcentralheatingco-generationimplementation.InFinland,nearlyalltownsanddenselyarepopulatedareabywayofcogenerationcentralheating.DistributedinallpartsofthecountryofthethermalpowerplantUSESwasteheatpowergenerationheatingwater,toprovidecustomerswithcentralheatingandwashingwithhotwater.Eachresidentialareaofcentralheatingautomaticcontrolcentercanbeadjustedaccordingtothevariationofoutdoortemperatureheatingtemperature.Inthebackwaterheatingpipeheatingbycentralheatingpipelinesbeingsentbacktothethermalpowerplant,theimplementationrecycledafteruse.SwedenisoneoftheArcticCircle,heatingrelationshipbothqualityoflife,andisrelatedtoenergyconsumptionandenvironmentalpollution.Sweden'smostresidentialareaandofficebuildingusecentralheating,heatingfacilitiesoftenhaveoutdoorsensorhead.Indoortemperatureisassumedinacertaintemperature,theamountofheatingcentralheatingastheoutdoortemperaturechangeandadjustment,thismakestheindoortemperatureofSwedenbasicmaintainedpeoplelivingneedstemperaturealltheyearround.Swedendepartmentspecificallysetupenergyconsultantinlocalgovernments,tohelpthefamiliesofdifferentdesigndifferentschemeofenergyuse,includingheating,tominimizehouseholdspending,andatthesametimeprotecttheenvironment.3.3ThecityplanningThantheSwedishcityofHamaresidentsmustsignanecologicalenvironmentalcontractstocheck-in,fullyembodiestheHamathantheconceptofecologicalcity.Motorvehiclepollution,andfirstisthecontrolofmotorvehiclepollution.Motorvehiclepollutionisacomplicatedproblem,andatadeeperleveloftrafficplanningandurbanspacelayout.Singaporethroughthetaxpolicy,vehiclequotasystem,fuelqualitystandards,completeinspectionmaintenancesystem,regionalpassportandaseriesofsystem;Roadcongestioncharges;Busservice,establishandimproveavarietyofpreferentialencouragingpublictransit;Prospectiveofthecomprehensivetrafficplanningisaseriesofmeasuressuchascomprehensivegovernanceofmotorvehiclepollution.Secondistopromotecleanvehiclesandproducttechnologyandmeasures.LosAngelescitygovernmentvigorouslypromotescleanvehicletechnologyandproducttocutpollution.Inaddition,bytaxandtaxincentivestopromotetransportationelectrification,promotetheuseofahybridcar.Thirdistoencouragelowcarbontravel.Hama,itsresidentsareencouragedtousebicycles,electriccarsandbusesandotherlow-carbonwaytotravel.

译文：

雾霾治理问题研究

MarkusH

摘要

雾霾是漂浮大气中的PM2.5等尺寸微粒、粉尘、气溶胶等粒子，在一定的湿度、温度等天气条件相对稳定状态下产生的天气现象。雾霾灾害，是大气长期污染造成的结果。如何治理大气污染，是全人类面临急需解决的问题之一。雾霾天气主要是发展方式粗放、产业结构和能源结构不尽合理造成的，其根源还在化石能源，一个是烧煤，一个是燃油，另外发展方式比较粗放，排放了大量的污染物，主要原因包括：大气空气气压低。地面灰尘大，空气湿度低，地面的人和车流动使灰尘搅动起来。汽车尾气是是雾霾的一个因素，以及工厂制造出的二次污染等。本文主要对代表性的雾霾研究文献进行了综述，主要分析了当前雾霾的成因和雾霾治理的对策建议。并从理论分析的视角，借鉴中级微观经济理论，给出了效用最大化和社会净收益最大化的雾霾污染水平。最后通过指出进一步研究的方向，对未来雾霾主要成因的实证研究进行了展望。

关键词:雾霾;文献综述;治理措施；经验

1引言

研究表明，最近的强雾霾天气是大气稳定、人为污染物排放、丰富水汽和浮尘共同作用的结果，是一次自然因素与人为因素共同作用的环境污染事件。由于空气的流动与区位的相邻，雾霾必然会发生渗透、扩散等，没有哪个国家，哪个城市可以在雾霾笼罩的大区域里独善其身。世界各地都发生了不同程度的雾霾事件，包括新加坡这样的环境优美的国家，都出现了不同程度的雾霾天气，其他还有马来西亚，印度等国家，引起了各国人民的广泛关注。在社会经济日益发展的今天，人们越来越重视周边的环境。环境不仅影响到未来发展的基础，还影响着人们的健康。劳动力的健康得不到保证，经济进一步发展所需的人力资源就变成无源之水。在气象学上，把由于大量微小水滴浮于空中，使水平能见度小于1.0km的称为雾;由于细微干尘粒浮于空中，使水平能见度小于10.0km的称为霾，有时形象的称之为灰霾。两者的混合就是通常所说的雾霾。而我们要治理的主要对象是霾，而雾相对次要一些。尽管大雾天也影响人们的安全出行，但比起霾所引起的环境问题就要逊色的多。

2文献综述

通过资源与环境经济学的学习我们知道，命令型的治理机制往往效率较低。仅仅利用命令控制这样高度规制性的工具，不能很好地起到减少雾霾的作用。EdselE.在泰国清迈的案例研究中指出“一刀切”的模式失败之处在于未考虑各地区的异质性、复杂性和灰分燃烧的背后动因，因此作者建议应将本地案例研究中的经验推广到计划和政策的制定过程中，巩固本地政府的自治权利，加强跨区域的合作。英国学者进行了更细致的研究，分析了灰霾的组分问题，对雾霾的形成机制有一个更清晰的认识。他们认为灰霾天气比非灰霾天气，颗粒物集中度增加，颗粒物中的水溶性无机物离子量也增加。研究空气颗粒物的水溶性成分可以了解城市灰霾形成的关键因素。在城市案例分析中，他们认为颗粒物形成过程中起主要作用的是汽车尾气排放。通过研究11种不同直径范围的颗粒物，比较灰霾天和非灰霾天颗粒物中水溶性无机物的分布范围，分析哪种无机物对雾霾形成的影响最大。他们还纠正了以往对霾的定义，过去只注重可视度，并不强调湿度，而湿度对霾的形成和延续有重大影响。灰霾指的是可视性低于10公里且湿度小于90%的天气状况。实证分析的结果:灰霾天PM1.8/PM10的值相关性非常高，主要是由于来自地层表面的粗颗粒物比新形成的细颗粒物消散的快，稳定的天气和薄边界层强化了这一现象。灰霾天的颗粒物分布范围比非灰霾天峰值更高，3.2－5.6μm的粗颗粒物峰值要比0.56－1.0μm的细颗粒物更高。由于采样时间在四月，相对较高的风速也有助于道路灰尘悬浮。硫酸根、硝酸、铵离子是在霾中形成。高湿度有助于形成液滴的颗粒物。十月是玉米收获后颗粒物的主要来源(高灰分的无机离子含量)。钾为低放热和云冻结核