研究生英语综合教程崔校平Unit1课文翻译

MangoThemangoisnativetoSouthernAsia,especiallyBurmaandEasternIndia.ItspreadearlyontoMalaya,EasternAsiaandEasternAfrica.MangoswereintroducedtoCalifornia(SantaBarbara)in1880.芒果原产于亚洲南部，特别是缅甸和印度东部。它很早就传播到马来亚、东亚和东非。1880年，芒果被引入加利福尼亚（圣巴巴拉）。Themangoexistsintworaces,onefromIndiaandtheotherfromthePhilippinesandSoutheastAsia.TheIndianraceisintolerantofhumidity,hasflushesofbrightrednewgrowththataresubjecttomildew,andbearsmonoembryonicfruitofhighcolorandregularform.ThePhilippineracetoleratesexcessmoisture,haspalegreenorrednewgrowthandresistsmildew.Itspolyembryonicfruitispalegreenandelongatedkidney-shaped.芒果有两个种族，一个来自印度，另一个来自菲律宾和东南亚。印度种族不耐潮湿，新长出的果实呈鲜红色，容易发生霉变，结出的单胚果颜色高亮，形状规则。它的多胚胎果实为淡绿色，拉长的肾形。Mangosbasicallyrequireafrost-freeclimate.Flowersandsmallfruitcanbekillediftemperaturesdropbelow40'F,evenforashortperiod.Youngtreesmaybeseriouslydamagedifthetemperaturedropsbelow30'F,butmaturetreesmaywithstandveryshortperiodsoftemperaturesaslowas25'F.Themangomusthavewarm,dryweathertosetfruit.Mangosluxuriateinsummerheatandresentcoolsummerfog.Wet,humidweatherfavorsanthracnoseandpoorfruitset.芒果需要在无霜气候下生长。气温低至华氏40度以下时，即便短时低温，花和小果会被冻死。气温至华氏30度以下时，幼苗会严重冻伤，但成苗能抵御短时华氏25度的低温。果实成形则需温暖干燥的气候。在夏季，芒果能享受暑热，对凉爽的夏雾则不怎么喜欢。湿潮的气候促生炭蛆生长，致果实成形不佳。Mangotreesmakehandsomelandscapespecimensandshadetrees.Theyareerectandfastgrowingwithsufficientheat,andthecanopycanbebroadandrounded,ormoreupright,witharelativelyslendercrown.Ihetreeislong-livedwithsomespecimensknownyearsoldandstillfruiting.Indeepsoilthetaprootdescendstoadepthof20ft,andtheprofuse,wide-spreadingfeederrootsalsosenddownmanyanchorrootswhichpenetrateforseveralfeet.芒果树可用于美化环境，形成树荫。热量充沛时，快速直立生长。华盖呈圆形且宽阔，垂直生长，树冠则相对单薄。芒果树寿命长，某些树种树龄超过300年依然产果。深层土壤中，主根向下延伸达20英尺，发达的支根衍生出很多的末根往往延伸数英尺。Theleavesaredarkgreenaboveandpalebelow,usuallyredwhileyoung.Themidribispaleandconspicuousandthemanyhorizontalveinsdistinct.Full-grownleavesmaybe4to12.5in.longand3/4to2in.wide,andaregenerallyborneinclustersseparatedbyalengthofnakedstembearingnobuds.Thesenakedstemsmarksuccessiveflushesofgrowth.Eachflushofgrowthwillhardenofftoarichgreencolorbeforethenextflushofgrowthbegins.芒果叶上层为深绿色，下层呈浅绿色，嫩叶通常为红色。中肋呈灰色，清晰可见，同层静脉分界明显。成年树叶一般长4至12.5英寸，宽0.75至2.125英寸。树干光秃，不见树芽，将一簇簇树叶间隔开来。光秃秃的树干记载着连续的新梢生长。新长成的新梢会因受寒而变硬，颜色渐成深绿，这一过程持续到下一个新梢开始生长为止。Theyellowishorreddishflowersareborneininflorescenceswhichappearatbranchterminals,indensepaniclesofupto2000minuteflowers.Theseflowersrespireavolatilesubstance,causingallergicandrespiratoryproblemsforsomepersons.Pollinatorsareflies,hoverflies,rarelybees.Fewoftheflowersineachinflorescenceareperfect,somostdonotproducepollenandareincapableofproducingfruit.Pollencannotbeshedinhighhumidityorrain.Fertilizationisalsoineffectivewhennighttemperaturesarebelow55F.Mangosaremonoeciousandself-fertile,soasingletreewillproducefruitwithoutcrosspollination.Polyembryonictypesmaynotrequirepollinationatall.黄色或红色花花序点缀枝头，茂密的圆锥形花序包含高达2000朵小花。这些小花释放出挥发性物质，可致部分人群过敏性和呼吸系统疾病。授粉昆虫是苍蝇、食芽铓，偶有蜜蜂做介质。每朵花序中，完美花朵并不多见，因而多数花朵并不产花粉也不结果。高潮湿和雨天，花粉无法流出。夜间温度在55度以下时，受精也没什么效果。芒果系雌雄同株植物，能自身授粉。因此，即使无交叉授粉，单株芒果树也能产果。多胚胎型可能根本不需要授粉。Thefruitsgrowattheendofalong,string-likestem(theformerpanicle),withsometimestwoormorefruitstoastem.Thefruitsare2to9incheslongandmaybekidneyshaped,ovateor(rarely)round.Theyrangeinsizefrom8ouncestoaround24ounces.Theleatheryskiniswaxyandsmooth,andwhenripeentirelypalegreenoryellowmarkedwithred,accordingtocultivar.Itisinedibleandcontainsasapthatisirritatingtosomepeople.果实生长在长长的线状树干上（前花序），每个树干偶有两个或以上果实生成。果实一般2至9英寸长，呈肾状或卵形，较少圆形。大小从8盎司到24盎司不等。皮革样的果皮柔软光滑。完全成熟后，根据树种不同，果皮为灰绿色或黄色间或有红色相间。皮不能食，其中的树液对部分人群有刺激。Thefleshofamangoispeachlikeandjuicy,withmoreorlessnumerousfibersradiatingfromthehuskofthesinglelargekidney-shapedseed.Fibersaremorepronouncedinfruitsgrownwithhardwaterandchemicalfertilizers.Theflavorispleasantandrichandhighinsugarsandacid.Theseedmayeitherhaveasingleembryo,producingoneseedling,orpolyembryonic,producingseveralseedlingsthatareidenticalbutnotalwaystruetotheparenttype.Someseedlingsproducenumeroustiny,parthenocarpicfruitswhichfailtodevelopandabort.Mangotreestendtobealternatebearing.果肉似桃，多汁。数目不一的纤维从大个的肾状核呈放射状分布。若在硬质水中长成和施化学肥料，果实纤维更为明显。香味浓郁，富含糖、酸。芒果核有单胚胎的，长出单颗幼苗，多胚胎的则长出多颗幼苗，这些幼苗完全相同，但未必与母苗一致。有些幼苗结出细小的单性结实的芒果，但未能发育成果便凋落。芒果树往往交替结果。Themangogrowstoagoodsizeandcastsadenseshade,buttherootsarenotdestructive.Itrequiresfullsunandperfectairdrainageinwinter.Itdoesbestatthetopormiddlelevelofaslope.Awindbreakshouldbeprovidedinexposedareas.Thetreesmayalsoneedstaking.Inthedesertitneedstheshadeofothertrees:orplantonthenorthsideofthehouse.Mangoswillgrowinalmostanywell-drainedsoilwhethersandy,loamorclay,butavoidheavy,wetsoils.ApHbetween5.5and7.5ispreferred.Theyaresomewhattolerantofalkalinity.Forgoodgrowth,mangosneedadeepsoiltoaccommodatetheirextensiverootsystems.芒果树芒果能长到很大的尺寸，形成茂密树荫，但根系却不具破坏性。在冬季，它需要日照充足，良好的通风。在斜坡的中高段，芒果长势最佳。在暴露开阔的区域应该造一片防护林。芒果树有时也需要铆固。在沙漠地带，芒果树需要其他树木遮荫，或者种植在房屋的北侧也是不错的选择。不管是沙地、亚粘土还是粘土，只要具备良好的通风条件，芒果都能生长，但要避开湿重土壤。pH在5.5至7.5之间是首选，因为芒果略微耐碱。芒果需要深土容纳发达的根系，方能生长良好。Duringthefirsttwoyears,thetreesshouldbegivensomeprotectionsuchasanoverheadcoverduringanyfrostthreat.Oncethetreeis3to4feethigh,overheadprotectionisdifficultbutstillworthwhile,especiallyifanunusualcoldsnapispredicted.Frostdamagecanalsobeavoidedbyerectinganoverheadlathshelter,orchardheating,placinglightsunderthecanopy,orusingfoamorstrawtrunkwraps.Donotprunedeadpartsuntilallfrostdangerispast.最初两年，芒果树需要保护，譬如有霜冻威胁时要加盖头罩。待果树长到3-4英尺高时，采用头罩保护就难了，但依旧值得去做，特别是出现异常寒潮预警时。搭建板条防护罩、果园里面加热、树冠下面放置电灯、使用泡沫塑料或稻草外衣能避免霜冻。待霜冻结束方能修剪枯枝。Seedlingsareagamble.Supermarketfruitsmayhavebeentreatedtosterilize,orchilledtoolongtoremainviable.Theseseedsarenormallydiscoloredgray.Togrowmangosfromseed,removethehuskandplanttheseed(beforeitdriesout)withthehumpatsoillevel.Theseedsnormallygerminateintwotofourweeks,anddobestwithbottomheat.Multiplepolyembryonicseedlingsshouldbecarefullyseparatedassoonastheyhavesproutedsonottoloosethecotyledons.Seedlingmangoswillbloomandbearinthreetosixyears.幼苗栽培好似赌博，具有不确定性。超市出售的芒果已经做了消毒处理或冷冻过久而失去生育能力。这类种子往往因脱色而呈灰色。用种子种植芒果时，要先去除外壳，将种子（需在种子干燥前）种在驼峰状土壤内。正常情况下，种子会在1至2周内发芽，若有底热，则情况最佳。多株多胚胎幼苗一旦成芽，要及时分离，避免子叶疏松。幼苗会在3至6年内开花结果。TheMangoisasuitableandproductivetreeforgrowinginacontainerorgreenhouse.Startwithestablishedplantsofnamedcultivars.SelectthefinestIndiancultivars,whicharemostrewardingfortheeffortinvolved.Alargetubisrequired,withcastersforeasymoving.Inthegreenhouse,theatmosphereshouldbekeptdryaspossibletoavoidanthracnose.Placeafannearbytomovetheairaroundtreesanduseventilators.Theplantsshouldbehoseddowninthemorningonaweeklybasistocontrolmites.Aregularsprayingofappropriatepesticidesforanthracnoseandmealybugmayalsobeneeded.芒果是一种产果树，适合在容器或温室中生长。首先要确定有命名的品种。选择最好的印度培育品种，该品种最值得一试。培育时，需要一个带脚轮的大澡盆，便于移动。温室环境尽可能保持干燥，避免碳蛆病。附近放一把扇子使树周的空气流动并使用通风机。果树在早上每周一次浇灌，如此可控制螨虫。需要定期喷洒合适的杀毒剂杀灭碳蛆和水蜡虫。Bacterialspotdistortsandturnsdevelopingleavesblackanddisfiguresdevelopingfruit.Infectionmayspreadtofreshyounggrowth.Anthracnosecanbecontrolledwithbimonthlyapplicationsofcoppersprayorcaptanasagrowthflushbegins,anduntiltheflowersopen.Resumesprayingwhenthefruitsbegintoform.Mangotreesareverysensitivetorootlossthatcanoccurfromdigging,transplantingorgopherdamage."Softnose,"aphysicaldisorderofshrivelingatthefruitapex,seemsassociatedwithexcessivenitrogeninsoil.Exposedfruitssunburninhightemperatures.细菌性斑点会使果树叶扭曲，使树叶变黑，使发育中的水果变形。感染会传染到新鲜幼苗。新果肉开始生长到芒果花开放这段时间，每两月一次喷洒铜粉或克菌丹可控制炭蛆菌。当芒果成果时再喷洒一次。挖掘、移植或囊地鼠破坏常致根系损伤，芒果树对此类损伤十分敏感。软鼻病发于芒果尖端，是一种干皱性水果病，似与土壤中氮过量有关。高温下，暴露的果实可致晒斑。Mangofruitmaturesin100to150daysafterflowering.Thefruitwillhavethebestflavorifallowedtoripenonthetree,althoughwinter-maturingfruitsmustberipenedindoorsincoastalCalifornia.Ripeningfruitturnsthecharacteristiccolorofthevarietyandbeginstosoftentothetouch,muchlikeapeach.Commercialmarketabilityrequires13%dissolvedsolids(sugars).Whenthefirstfruitshowscolorontree,allofthatsizefruitorlargermayberemoved;repeatwhenremainingfruitcolors.Donotstorebelow50F.Thefruitripensbestifplacedstemenddownintraysatroomtemperatureandcoveredwithadampenedclothtoavoidshriveling.Lesstimeisrequiredtomaturegreenhousefruit.开花后100至150天，芒果果实成熟。在加利福尼亚沿海地区，冬熟芒果必须在室内成熟，但若将果实留在树上自然成熟，果实气味最佳。渐熟的果实颜色会变成该品种特有颜色并开始变软，很像梨。若要拿到市场出售需要13%溶解性固体（譬如糖）。首颗芒果着色后，所有大小类似或更大的芒果都要采摘，剩下的芒果照此标准重复采摘。采摘后的芒果不宜储存在50度以下。若将一段树梢放在托盘里并置于室内温度下，加盖潮湿衣服避免褶皱，则果实成熟更佳。温室栽培的芒果成熟期较短。Themangoistheapple(orpeach)ofthetropics,andoneofthemostcommonlyeatenfruitsintropicalcountriesaroundtheworld.ThefruitisgrowncommerciallyonasmallscaleinFlorida.ThequalityofthefruitisgenerallycomparabletoFloridamangos,buthasotheradvantages,i.e.thelackoffruitflyandseedweevilpopulations.Mexico,andtoalesserextentCentralAmerica,isamajorsuppliertoU.S.marketstoday.芒果是热带的苹果或梨，全世界热带地区最常吃的水果。佛罗里达州的商业化种植规模较小。该类芒果品质可与佛罗里达芒果媲美，还有其他有优势。譬如，没有果蝇和象鼻虫群。墨西哥，或者说整个中美洲，是当今美国市场芒果的主要供应商。选词填空 Mangoesaretropicalandverysensitivetofrostandfreezedamage,especiallyyoungtrees.Fruitandflowersaredamagedat40degreesFahrenheit,permanentdamagecanoccurinanysizetreeat32degreesF°.Luckilyfrostandlightfreezesarerareandwhentheydohappentheyaremostoftenonlyforafewhoursjustbeforesunrise.Frostdamagecanbeavoidedorminimizedbyplantingunderaroofoverhangorunderthecanopyofanothertree.Coveringwithfrostclothisalsoagoodideabutremembertheclothmustextendtothegroundinordertotrapheatbeingreleasedfromthegroundandmustberemovedinthedaytimewhenthetemperaturerisesabovefreezing.Mulchtrapsgroundheatsoshouldalsoberemovedduringwintermonths.Ahardfreezethoughnottypicalcanoccurinanyyearandcoveringaloneisnotenough.Intheseuntypicalyearsaheatsourcealongwithcoveringisyourbestdefense.Sincethecoldnightscorrespondwiththeholidaymonths,old-fashionedChristmaslightsareagreatidea.Othersuggestionsareusinga60wattorhigherbulbsuspendedbyashoplight 芒果是热带水果，对霜冻和冻害非常敏感，尤其是幼树。果实和花朵在华氏40度时就会受损，任何大小的树木在华氏32度时都会发生永久性损害。幸运的是，霜冻和轻度冰冻很少发生，即使发生，也往往只是在日出前的几个小时内。霜冻损害可以通过种植在屋顶悬空处或其他树木的树冠下来避免或减少。用防冻布覆盖也是一个好主意，但要记住，防冻布必须延伸到地面，以捕获从地面释放的热量，并且必须在白天温度上升到冰点以上时将其移除。覆盖物可以捕获地面的热量，所以在冬季也应该被移除。虽然不是典型的严寒，但在任何一年都可能发生，仅仅覆盖是不够的。在这些不典型的年份，热源和覆盖物是你最好的防御。由于寒冷的夜晚与假日月份相对应，老式的圣诞灯是一个好主意。其他建议是使用60瓦或更高的灯泡，用商店的灯悬挂起来。翻译（英译中） Mangoesshouldbeplantedinfullsunandwelldrainedsoil,howeverbecauseofoccasionalfrostinthesaltriverbasinitisoftenagoodideatoplantnearyourhomeorunderthecanopyofalargertree.Thinkwhatwouldbethewarmestpartofyouryardduringthewintermonthsandthatwillprobablybethebestsuitedlocationforyourmangotree.Don'tworryaboutsummersunandheat,theyloveit.Whenremovingthetreefromitscontaineritisextremelyimportantnottodamageordisturbtheroots,especiallythetaproot.Neverpullthetreefromthecontainerbythetrunk,itismostoftenthecauseofirreversibleshock.Loosenthesoil1-3feetaroundtheplantingsite,digaholetwiceaswideasthecontainerandnodeeperthantherootball,thoughdoloosenthesoilatthebottomofthehole.Carefullycutthebottomofthenurserycontainerandplacethetreewiththeremainingpotinthehole,therootballshouldbe1-2inchesabovethesurroundingsoiltoallowforsettlingandbetterdrainage.Nextcutthesidesandremovethecontainer,andnowyoumaybackfillthehole.Useanyremainingsoiltobuildabermaroundthetree3-4incheshighandfillwithwater.UseB-1alsoforthefirstfewtimesyouwater,justfollowtheinstructionsonthebottle. 芒果应该种植在阳光充足、排水良好的土壤中，但是由于盐河流域偶尔会有霜冻，所以通常在你家附近或在较大的树冠下种植是个好主意。想一想，在冬季，你院子里最温暖的地方是什么，这可能是最适合种植芒果树的地方。不要担心夏天的阳光和热量，它们喜欢这样。当把树从容器中移出时，极其重要的是不要损坏或干扰根部，特别是直根。千万不要用树干把树从容器里拉出来，这往往是造成不可逆转的冲击的原因。松开种植地点周围1-3英尺的土壤，挖一个两倍于容器宽度的洞，不深于根球，不过要松开洞底的土壤。小心地切开育苗容器的底部，把树和剩余的盆子放在洞里，根球应高出周围土壤1-2英寸，以便沉淀和更好地排水。接下来切开侧面，取出容器，现在你可以回填洞口。用任何剩余的土壤在树周围建一个3-4英寸高的护堤，并注满水。在最初几次浇水时也要使用B-1，只要按照瓶子上的说明即可。或 芒果应该在充足的日照下和通风良好的土壤中种植。然而，在索尔河谷，霜冻时有发生。因此，靠近家或在大树下种植芒果不失为妙招。想想看，在冬天那几个月里，你家后院何处最暖和，那便是你的芒果树最适宜的落脚地。不用担心夏日的太阳和热浪，芒果喜欢着哩。从容器中移动果树时，切不要伤及或惊扰了根系，特别是主根，这极其重要。永远不要逮着树干将果树从容器中拔出，这往往给它造成不可逆转的冲击，是此类伤害的元凶。在种植处疏松1-3英尺的土壤，掘一个两倍于容器大小的坑。坑底须疏松一下土，但坑深不要超过根垛。切割育苗容器的底部时，要仔细着点。将树苗连同余下的罐一同放到坑里。考虑到周围环境和良好通风，根垛应高于周边土壤1-2英寸。接下来，要修整各边，移走容器。现在，你可以回填土啦！用余下的土绕树修一圈3-4英寸高的崖颈，里面灌满水。翻译(中译英) 在中国装饰艺术中，花朵、果品和树木等画作往往代表了生活的不同方面。了解一种植物的象征意义有助于理解隐藏的含义。 InChinesedecorativearts,paintingsofflowers,fruitsandtreesoftenrepresentdifferentaspectsoflife.Knowingthesymbolicmeaningofaplanthelpstounderstandthehiddenmeaning.所有的花、枝、叶都要点算清楚以保证画面无规则性。奇数意味着传递生命力量本身的不规则性，因而更受欢迎。花蕾要包含在盛开的花朵中，因为它代表了不间断的生命历程。Allflowers,branchesandleavesarecountedclearlytoensuretheirregularityofthepicture.Oddnumbersarepreferredastheyimplythetransmissionoftheirregularityofthelifeforceitself.Thebudsshouldbeincludedinthebloomingflowers,astheyrepresenttheuninterruptedcourseoflife.水果的含义也大不相同。一般说来，苹果的意思是爱好和平，杏代表着美的东西、美女、春天和好运，而竹子不仅是夏天的象征，还含有青春、力量、耐力、适应性和长寿等含义。Fruitsalsohaveverydifferentmeanings.Generallyspeaking,applemeanspeace-loving,apricotrepresentsbeauty,beauty,springandgoodluck,whilebambooisnotonlyasymbolofsummer,butalsocontainsmeaningsofyouth,strength,endurance,adaptabilityandlongevity.或 InChinesedecorativeartspicturedflowers,fruits,andtreesarepresentationsfor

variousaspectsoflife.Knowingthesymbolicmeaningofaplantenablesyouto

understandthehiddenmessage.Everyflower,branchandleaveiscountedtoensureirregularity(especiallyindisplays);anoddnumberispreferablesinceitismeanttoconveythedynamicirregularityofthelifeforceitself.Unopenedbudsshouldalwaysbeincludedamongflowersinbloom,astheyrepresentlife’scontinuousjourney.Generally,whatfruitsimplyvariesgreatly.Forexample,applemeanspeaceloving,apricotrepresentsbeauty,beautifulwoman,springandgoodfortunewhilebambooisnotonlythesymbolofsummerbutalsoimpliesyouth,strength,endurance,flexibilityandlongevity.LionLion,alarge,powerfullybuiltcat,issecondinsizeonlytothetiger.Lionsaremostactiveatnightandliveinavarietyofhabitatsbutprefergrassland,savanna,densescrub,andopenwoodland.Historically,theyrangedacrossmuchofEurope,Asia,andAfrica,butnowtheyarefoundmainlyinpartsofAfricasouthoftheSahara.About200AsiaticlionsconstituteaslightlysmallerracethatlivesunderstrictprotectioninIndia'sGirNationalParkandWildlifeSanctuary.狮子是身体健硕的猫科动物，个头仅次于老虎，夜间最为活跃，栖息地各异，但最喜栖身于草地、热带草原、茂密矮树林及开阔树林间。历史上，欧亚非均有狮子存在，但现在仅在撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲部分地区发现还有狮子。约200头狮子构成一个较小的种类，他们生活在印度的吉尔国家公园和野生动物保护区，受严格保护。Thelionisawell-muscledcatwithalongbody,largehead,andshortlegs.Sizeandappearancevaryconsiderablybetweenthesexes.Themale'soutstandingcharacteristicishismane,whichvariesbetweendifferentindividualsandpopulations.Insomelionsthemaneandfringeareverydark,almostblack,givingthecatamajesticappearance.Manesmakemaleslooklargerandmayservetointimidaterivalsorimpressprospectivemates.Thelion'scoatisshortandvariesincolorfrombuffyellow,orange-brown,orsilverygraytodarkbrown,withatuftonthetailtipthatisusuallydarkerthantherestofthecoat.狮子肌肉发达，体长头大，四肢短。雌雄狮子的个头和外貌差异很大。鬃是雄狮的显著特点，因个体和种群而异。某些狮子的鬃和腮毛色泽极暗，几乎呈黑色，令狮子外表威严。鬃让雄狮貌似强大，可用来恐吓对手或给未来伴侣留下印象。狮子的毛发较短，从浅黄，黄褐色到银灰色或深褐色，颜色不一。在尾梢处有一簇毛，颜色通常比其他处毛发暗。Lionsareuniqueamongcatsinthattheyliveinagroup,orpride.Themembersofapridetypicallyspendthedayinseveralscatteredgroupsthatmayunitetohuntorshareameal.Aprideconsistsofseveralgenerationsoflionesses,someofwhicharerelated,asmallernumberofbreedingmales,andtheircubs.Thegroupmayconsistofasfewas4orasmanyas37members,butabout15istheaveragesize.Eachpridehasawell-definedterritoryconsistingofacoreareathatisstrictlydefendedagainstintrudinglionsandafringeareawheresomeoverlapistolerated.Wherepreyisabundant,aterritoryareamaybeassmallas20squarekm(8squaremiles),butifgameissparse,itmaycoverupto400squarekm.Someprideshavebeenknowntousethesameterritoryfordecades,passingtheareaonbetweenfemales.Lionsproclaimtheirterritorybyroaringandbyscentmarking.Theirdistinctiveroarisgenerallydeliveredintheeveningbeforeanight'shuntingandagainbeforegettingupatdawn.Malesalsoproclaimtheirpresencebyurinatingonbushes,trees,orsimplyontheground,leavingapungentscentbehind.Defecationandrubbingagainstbushesleavedifferentscentmarkings.在猫科动物中，狮子独特之处在于它群居，以小组或狮群而居。典型的情况是，每个狮群的成员白天与分散的小狮群在一起，他们联合狩猎或共享大餐。一个狮群由几代有亲属关系的雌狮，少量有生育能力的雌狮和她们的幼崽组成。每个小狮群数目不等，小则4只，大则37只，但均数约为15只。每个狮群都有边界清晰的领地，包括核心区和边区。核心区对入侵的狮子防御严格，边区则可以与其他狮群领地重叠。若猎物充裕，领地面积或许20平方千米大小，若猎杀游戏较少，领地面积可扩至400平方千米。据知，有些狮群几代狮子占用同一片领地，且只传给雌狮。狮子宣示领地的方式是咆哮和气味标记。它们的咆哮声各不相同，通常在晚上捕猎前和黎明起床前发出。雄狮则通过在灌木丛、树木或直接在地上撒尿留下刺鼻的气味来宣示自己的存在。排便和在灌木丛上摩擦留下不同的气味标记。Thereareanumberofcompetingevolutionaryexplanationsforwhylionsformgroups.Largebodysizeandhighdensityoftheirmainpreyprobablymakegrouplifemoreefficientforfemalesintermsofenergyexpenditure.Groupsoffemales,forexample,huntmoreeffectivelyandarebetterabletodefendcubsagainstinfanticidalmalesandtheirhuntingterritoryagainstotherfemales.Therelativeimportanceofthesefactorsisdebated,anditisnotclearwhichwasresponsiblefortheestablishmentofgrouplifeandwhicharesecondarybenefits.对于狮子结成狮群的原因，许多解释相互矛盾且逐渐发展进化。就雌狮捕猎时的能量消耗来说，体型庞大，猎物群密度高或许使得群居生活更高效。譬如，雌狮群捕猎效率更高，更易于抵御捕杀幼狮的雄狮和入侵领地的其他雌狮。这些因素的相对重要性尚存争论。哪些因素与群居生活有关哪些是刺激效益尚不清楚。Lionspreyonalargevarietyofanimalsranginginsizefromrodentsandbaboonstowaterbuffaloandhippopotamuses,buttheypredominantlyhuntmedium-tolarge-sizedhoofedanimalssuchaswildebeests,zebras,andantelopes.Theyreadilyeatanymeattheycanfind,includingcarrionandfreshkillsthattheyscavengeorforcefullystealfromhyenas,cheetahs,orwilddogs.Lionesseslivinginopensavannadomostofthehunting,whereasmalestypicallyappropriatetheirmealsfromthefemale'skills.However,malelionsarealsoadepthunters,andinsomeareastheyhuntfrequently.Pridemalesinscruborwoodedhabitatspendlesstimewiththefemalesandhuntmostoftheirownmeals.Nomadicmalesmustalwayssecuretheirownfood.狮子可捕食的猎物众多，体形上看，从啮齿类动物，狒狒到水牛和河马，但主要捕食中大型有蹄类动物，如牛铃、斑马和羚羊。凡找到的肉类，狮子皆喜食，包括腐肉，清扫污物所得的新鲜肉以及强行从土狗、印度豹和野狗处窃取的肉等等。生活在热带草原的雌狮从事大部分狩猎活动，而雄狮则通常分享雌狮的猎物。然而，雄狮也是打猎能手，在某些地区，它们经常狩猎。狮群中的雄狮，生活在矮树丛或树林栖息地，很少和雌狮待在一起，大部分食物都是他们自己狩猎得来的。流浪的雄狮必须自己猎食。Thoughagroupofhuntinglionsispotentiallynature'smostformidablepredatoryforceonland,ahighproportionoftheirhuntsfail.Thecatspaynoattentiontothewind'sdirection(whichcancarrytheirscenttotheirprey),andtheytireafterrunningshortdistances.Typically,theystalkpreyfromnearbycoverandthenburstforthtorunitdowninashort,rapidrush.Afterleapingontheprey,thelionlungesatitsneckandbitesuntiltheanimalhasbeenstrangled.Othermembersofthepridequicklycrowdaroundtofeedonthekill,usuallyfightingforaccess.Huntsaresometimesconductedingroups,withmembersofaprideencirclingaherdorapproachingitfromoppositedirections,thenclosinginforakillintheresultingpanic.Thecatstypicallygorgethemselvesandthenrestforseveraldaysinitsvicinity.Anadultmalecanconsumemorethan34kg(75pounds)ofmeatatasinglemealandrestforaweekbeforeresumingthehunt.Ifpreyisabundant,bothsexestypicallyspend21to22hoursadayresting,sleeping,orsittingandhuntforonly2or3hoursaday.尽管一群捕食的狮子是自然界中潜在的最强大的陆上捕食者，但相当一部分捕猎活动并不成功。这些大猫不注意观察风向（风向往往将它们的气味带给猎物），而且跑很短距离就疲惫不堪。典型的情况是，它们从附近的隐身处悄悄接近猎物，然后向前扑出，以极短距离快速冲上去。跃到猎物身上后，狮子直冲猎物脖颈，咬着不放直到猎物被卡死。狮群中的其他成员则迅速围上来撕咬猎物，常常为争食而大打出手。狮群有时群攻猎物，狮群成员包围一群猎物，从反方向接近猎物，然后围住猎物，致猎物惊慌失措。狮子通常饱餐一顿，然后在附近休息几天。一只成年狮子一餐能吃掉超过34公斤（75磅）肉，然后休息一个周的时间在开始捕猎。如果猎物充裕，雌雄狮一般每天21到22小时休息、睡觉或坐着，仅2-3小时捕猎。Bothsexesarepolygamousandbreedthroughouttheyear,butfemalesareusuallyrestrictedtotheoneortwoadultmalesoftheirpride.Thegestationperiodisabout108days,andthelittersizevariesfromonetosixcubs,twotofourbeingusual.雌雄狮是多配偶动物，可经年繁殖，但雌狮通常限于与狮群中的一到两只雄狮作配偶。妊莀期约108天，同胎生崽数1-6只不等，2-6只常见。Newborncubsarehelplessandblindandhaveathickcoatwithdarkspotsthatusuallydisappearwithmaturity.Cubsareabletofollowtheirmothersataboutthreemonthsofageandareweanedbysixorsevenmonths.Theybeginparticipatinginkillsby11monthsbutprobablycannotsurviveontheirownuntiltheyaretwoyearsold.Althoughlionesseswillnursecubsotherthantheirown,theyaresurprisinglyinattentivemothersandoftenleavetheircubsaloneforupto24hours.Thereisacorrespondinghighmortalityrate(e.g.,86percentintheSerengeti),butsurvivalratesimproveaftertheageoftwo.Inthewild,sexualmaturityisreachedatthreeorfouryearsofage.Somefemalecubsremainwithinthepridewhentheyattainsexualmaturity,butothersareforcedoutandjoinotherpridesorwanderasnomadsMalecubsareexpelledfromtheprideataboutthreeyearsofageandbecomenomadsuntiltheyareoldenoughtotrytotakeoveranotherpride(afteragefive).Manyadultmalesremainnomadsforlife.Matingopportunitiesfornomadmalesarerare,andcompetitionbetweenmalelionstodefendapride'sterritoryandmatewiththepridefemalesisfierce.Cooperatingpartnershipsoftwotofourmalesaremoresuccessfulatmaintainingtenurewithapridethanindividuals,andla