学术英语写作总结分析解析

专业英语写作考点总结PartІAcademicEnglishWriting（专业英语写作）Chapter1SixConsiderationsinAcademicWritingAcademicwritingisaproductofmanyconsideration:audience,purposeandstrategy,organization,style,flowandpresentation.（学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。Organizationusuallyhasthefollowingfourparts:问题-解决方法包括四个部分descriptionofasituation（描述情况）Identificationofaproblem（甄别问题）Descriptionofasolution（描述解决方法）Evaluationofthesolution（评估解决方法）FormalGrammarStyle：（正规的语法风格）(1)Generallyavoidcontractions（一般来讲避免使用略缩词）例：won’t改为willnotUsethemoreappropriateformalnegativeforms（使用更为适宜的正规的否定形式）例：not...any改为nonot...much改为littlenot...many改为fewLimittheuseof“run-on”expressions,suchasandsoforthandetc.（限制使用多个词连用的表达法）例：句子内不能出现andsoforth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。Avoidaddressingthereaderasyou(except,ofcourse,ifyouarewritingatextbookorotherinstructionalmaterials).（避免向读者说“你”）例：YoucanseetheresultsinTable1.改为：TheresultscanbeseeninTable1.Becarefulaboutusingdirectquestions.Insomefieldstheyarecommon,whileinotherstheyarenot.（使用直接引语时需谨慎）例：Whatcanbedonetolowercosts?改为：Itisnecessarytoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.或者Wenowneedtoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.Placeadverbwithintheverb.（将副词放于动词词组内）例：ThismodelwasdevelopedbyKrugmanoriginally.改为：ThismodelwasoriginallydevelopedbyKrugman.Considerwhetheryoushouldsplitinfinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式）例：Weneedtoadequatelymeettheneedsofthoseenrolledintheprogram.Aimforanefficientuseofwords.（目的是为了有效地使用词汇）例：Therearesomeinorganicmaterialsthatcanbeusedbybioengineersintheprocessoftissueengineeringthathavebeenshowntobeverypromising.改为：Someinorganicmaterialsusedintissueengineeringhaveshowngreatpromise.习题：Youcanusethismodeltoanalyzetheeffectsofseveralparameterchanges.错误：使用了you。改为：Thismodelcanbeusedtoanalyzethe effectsofseveralparameterchanges.OK,whatarethereasonsthatcoffeepriceshavefallen?There’realotofpossibilities.错误：使用了口语OK；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词There’re。改为：Coffeepriceshavefallenformany reasons.Youcanseethedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningundergroundsubwaystationsclearly.错误：使用了you；将副词clearly放在了句尾。改为：Thedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningunderground subwaystationcanclearlybeseen.Recentresearchhasshownthatthearmsareusedcommonlyforprotectionduringafalltotheground.错误：将副词commonly放在了动词之后。改为：Recentresearchhasshownthatthearmsarecommonlyusedforprotectionduringafalltotheground.Sofar,therehasn’tbeenanycomprehensivestudylookingintotheroleofsmilingingettingtheinitialtrustofindividuals.错误：使用了Sofar；使用了therebe结构；使用了not...any结构；使用了非正式的lookinginto。改为：Todate,nocomprehensivestudyhasexaminedtheroleofsmilingingaining theinitialtrustofindividual.Therearesomestudiesthathaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbeusedbybuildersmorewidelythanitisnowasaconstructionmaterial.错误：使用了therebe结构；副词widely位置放错。改为：Somestudieshaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbemorewidelyused thanitisnowasaconstructionmaterial. Thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixstates:Illinois,Iowa,Ohio,etc.错误：使用了etc。改为：Thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixmidwesternstates:Illinois,Iowa,Indiana,Ohio,Michigan,andMinnesota.Thereisn’tverymuchresearchontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregateintheproductionofconcrete.错误：使用了therebe结构；使用了not...verymuch。改为：Littleresearchhasbeendoneontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregatein theproductionofconcrete.Chapter2TwoUnderlyingStructuresinAcademicWriting（专业写作的两个基本结构）1、Twounderlyingstructuresinacademicwriting：（专业写作的两个基本结构）general-specificstructure（泛论-特指(GS)结构）problem-process-solutionstructure（问题-过程-解决方法）GStextsusuallybeginwithoneofthefollowing:（GS文本通常以下列一种形式开始）Ashortorextendeddefinition（简短或拓展定义）Acontrastiveorcomparativedefinition（对比或比较定义）Ageneralizationorpurposestatement（一般化或目标性陈述）Astatementoffact.（事实陈述）Superordinate-categoryword：technique,method,process,device,andsystem.（超级坐标词）Deletions（删除）：在下列情况下，你可以减少限制性关系代词A.定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语 B.定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息 C.定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息例题：p23(1).metalthatisoftenused—>metaloftenused(2).devicethatiscapableof—>devicecapableof(3).roofwhichisontopof—>roofontopof (4).precipitationwhichresultsfrom—>precipitationresultingfrom(5).Thissentencecannotbereduced.(6).flutethatispitchedanoctavehigher>flutepitchedanoctavehigher.aprocessthatinvolvestheselectivetransport—>aprocessinvolvingtheselectivetransport.acelestialbodywhichhasapproximatelythesamemass—>acelestialbodywithapproximatelythesamemass考题类型：句子排序例题：P27ComparativeDefinitions（对比性定义）（1）比较定义基本上有两类：1)呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化 的这样一种史实陈述。2)呈现对当代各位专家是怎样不同地看待此概 念所做的一个全面性的评述。Participle（分词）例题：P39（1）Theoilisskimmedfromthesurfacebyusingaboomandthenpumpedintoatankforrecycling.（2）Afterbeingharvested,thegrapesarecrushedtoreleasethepulpandseedandthenfermentedforthreeweeks.（3）First,theglassiscuttosizeandinspectedtodetermineifithasanyimperfections.Itisthenheatedtoover600oCandcooledinastepknownasquenching.词和词型的变换P23-P25Chapter3DataCommentary（数据信息解读）Inmanydisciplinesthedataisdisplayedinatable,graph,figure,orsomeotherkindofnon-verbalillustration.（在许多学科中，数据信息都是以图表、图形、数据统计图或非口头图示的方式展示出来。）2、StructureofDataCommentary（数据信息解读的基本结构）A、Locationelementsand/orsummarystatements.（定位要素和/或总结陈述）B、Highlightingstatements.（强调陈述内容）C、Discussionsofimplications,problems,exceptions,recommendations,etc.（对内涵含义,问题,例外情况,推荐等的讨论）Locationelementsandsummaries.（定位要素和总结）A、StartingaDataCommentary.（开始数据解读）B、PassivesinStartingaDataCommentary.（用在开始数据解读中的被动式）C、VerbsinIndicativeandInformativesSummaries.（用在陈述性和信息性总结中的动词）D、LanguageFocus:Linkingas-Clause.（语言聚焦：连接词As引出的从句）Chapter4SummaryandAbstractWriting（总结与摘要写作）PrincipleRequirementsforagoodSummary（一份良好的任务总结具备四个主要需求）Itshouldbefocusedontherelevantaspectsofthesourcetextortextsandpresentacomprehensiveviewofallthemainpointsoftheoriginal.（它应聚焦于来源文本的相关方面并能呈现对全部原始要点的综合性观点）Itshouldpresentthesourcematerialinanaccurateandobjectivefashion.（它应以精确、客观的形式呈现来源材料）Itshouldcondensethesourcematerialandbepresentedinthesummarywriter’sownwordsandavoidterminology.（它应凝缩来源材料并以总结写作者自己的文字呈现出来,而且要避免用专业术语）Provideanindependentlyreferentialsummary,andkeepthelengthincontrol.（提供完全独立的参阅性总结，并能控制其文章长度）2、写作总结的基本步骤(1)快速略读文本，脑中注意小标题。若无小标题，试将文本分成几部分。(2)考虑清楚为什么给了你这个文本。确定你在处理哪种类型的文本,即:来源文本类型(3)读文本，标示重要的信息或者作笔记(4)用你自己的词汇写下每一部分的要点。每一部分尽量写出一个一句话的总结。(5)对每一个主要题目，写下关键的佐证点，但必要时也要包括小的细节。(6)再次仔细检查这个过程，做些适当的变动。3、BasicStructureofAbstractWriting（摘要写作的基本结构）（1）Topicsentence（主题句）（2）SupportingSentences（佐证句）（3）ConcludingSentence（结论句）4、P70-P72的例句，写作时会用得上。5、SummaryandAbstract两个词要会写，以及知道两者的区别，其中summary要分三段来写，abstract不分段。PartIIBasalEnglishWriting（基础英语写作）Chapter1Punctuation（标点符号）Thecomma（逗号）Theperiod（句号）Thesemicolon（分号）Thecolon（冒号）Thequestionmark（问号）Thequotationmark（引号）Theexclamationmark（感叹号）Thedash（破折号）Italicsandunderlining（斜体字和下划线）练习题：P96-9711、本节所有的例句都要仔细看※Chapter2Vocabulary（词汇）Levelsofdiction:formalandinformal,abstract（抽象）andconcrete（具体）,andgeneral（笼统）andspecific（特指）.Italsoincludeshowtoappreciatetheconnotative（引申含义）aswellasdenotative（字面含义，本义）meaningsofwords.Englishwordscanbecategorizedas（分为）formal,informalandcolloquial（口语的）.练习题：1/P102练习题：P109-P113Chapter3EnglishSentenceWriting（英语句子写作）Typesofsentences（句子的类型）P114Accordingtostructure（根据结构）simplesentences（简单句）compoundsentences（并列句：a、逗号加并列连词b、分号，没有并列连词c、分号，连接副词及其后加逗号）complexsentences（复合句：一个主句，一个或多个从句）compound-complexsentences（并列复合句）Accordingtouse（根据功能）declarativesentences（陈述句）interrogativesentences（疑问句）imperativesentences（祈使句）exclamatorysentences（感叹句）Accordingtorhetoric（根据修辞）loosesentences（松散句，主体部分放在前面）periodicsentences（掉尾句，主体部分放在最后）※balancedsentences（平行句）longandshortsentences（长、短句）练习题（P121）Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalue.Heletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.(Compound)改为：Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalue,soheletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.（或者Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalueandheletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.）IalwaystakemyraincoatwheneverIgooutthesedays.(Periodic)改为：WheneverIgooutthesedays,Ialwaystakemyraincoat.Theywereonholiday.Theirhousewasbrokeninto.Somevaluablepaintingswerestolen.(Compound-complex)改为：Whentheywereonholiday,theirhousewasbrokenintoandsomevaluablepaintingswerestolen.Thefiremenfoughtforthreehours.Theyfinallymanagedtoputoutthefire.(Complex)改为：Afterthefiremenfoughtforthreehours,theyfinallymanagedtoputoutthefire.Nobodyinthisworldisquiteperfect.Weallhavesomefaults.(Compound)改为：Nobodyinthisworldisquiteperfect;weallhavesomefaults.（或者Nobodyinthisworldisquiteperfect,forweallhavesomefaults.）ThetrainisgoingtoDalian.Thetrainleavesat20:15.(Simple)改为：ThetraintoDalianleavesat20:15.Inspiteoftheinterruption,hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbeforetheclasswasover.(Loose)改为：Hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbeforetheclasswasoverinspiteoftheinterruption.Manypeoplechoosetravelbyair.Itisfast.Itoffersconvenience.Itisnotveryexpensive.(ParallelStructure)改为：Manypeoplechoosetravelbyair,becauseitisfast,convenientandnotveryexpensive.练习题P121履历通常包括个人信息、教育背景、工作经历和过去的成就。译：Aresumegenerallyconsistsofpersonalinformation,educationalbackground,employmenthistoryandpastachievements.戴安娜在南京医科大学主修中医学。译：DianaismajoringinChinesetraditionalmedicineinNanjingMedicalUniversity.请代我向你父母致以问候。译：Pleasesendmybestregardstoyourparents.现代高等教育应该具有前瞻性，超越眼前的社会需求。译：Moderncollegeeducationshouldbefar-sightedandabletoseebeyondtheimmediateneedsofthesociety.这种细菌是引起现在流行病的原因吗？译：Isthisbacteriumresponsibleforthecurrentepidemic?经常回顾昨天，你就会珍惜今天，向往明天。译：Takeafrequentandbackwardlookatyouryesterday,andyouwillvalueyourtodayandlookforwardtoyourtomorrow.中国传统知识分子认为：穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下。译：TraditionalChineseintellectualsholdthatoneshouldrefinehispersonalvirtuewheninpoverty,andhelpsavetheworldwheninsuccess.就算我追求爱情，我也肯定不会只顾沉浸在爱河里而荒废学业。译：IfIdidhuntforlove,Icertainlywouldn’tbathemyselfintheriverofloveallthetime,neglectingmystudies.学校倡导大学生改变就业观念，并鼓励他们把自己的才华和天赋投入到西部大开发中去。译：Universitiespromoteachangeintheconceptofemploymentamongthegraduates,encouragethemtogivetheirtalentsandgeniustotheWesternExploration.SentenceExpansion（句子拓展）（各个位置的例句都要看）※句子拓展的三种方法：addition（增添法），coordination（并列法），subordination（从属法）。重点题型，要会判断句子正误（1）增添法：常见的修饰词有形容词、副词、数词、名词、名词性词组、代词等（adjectives,adverbs,numerals,nouns,nounphrasesandpronouns）。修饰词通常在句中作定语或状语。添加形容词（addiongadjectives）单个形容词做定语一般放在被修饰词之前，但修饰由any,every,nosomebody,one或thing构成的不定代词时，放在其后。添加副词（addingadverbs）如果句子里同时带有几个副词做修饰语时，其位置应按一下顺序排列：程度副词方式副词地点副词时间副词。添加短语（Addingphrases）短语有8种：名词短语、动词短语、介词短语、非限定性短语（分词短语、动名词短语、不定式短语）、同位短语、限定性短语。（noun,verb,prepositional;threekindsofverbalphrase(participial,gerundandinfinitive),appositiveandabsolute）（2）并列法：包含三种方法Coordinatingpronouns（并列连词）Conjunctiveadverbs（使用连接副词）Semicolon（运用分号连接）（3）从属法：从句主要包括名词性从句（nounclause），状语从句（adverbialclause）和定语从句（attributiveclause）。名词性从句又分为主语从句（subjectclause）、表语从句（predicativeclause）、宾语从句（objectclause）和同位语从句（appositiveclause）。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、让步等。几种短语拓展法：介词短语进行拓展（expandingwithprepositionalphrases）介词短语在句中可做表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。作定语时置于所修饰词之后，做状语时位置比较灵活，可位于句首，也可位于句中或句尾，有时用逗号将其与句子的主体部分隔开。不定式短语进行拓展（expandingwithinfinitivephrases）不定式短语做名词时，可做主语、表语、宾语；做形容词时，在句中作定语；做副词时，可以表示目的、原因、结果、状语等。动名词短语进行拓展（expandingwithgerundphrases）动名词为动词-ing形式，名词性可做主语、表语、宾语、定语和补足语。动词性可以带宾语和状语。分词短语进行拓展（expandingwithparticipialphrases）分词短语有现在分词短语和过去分词短语两种形式。effectivesentences（有效句）Effectivesentenceshavesomeorallofthefollowingqualities:unity（一致性）,coherence（连贯性）,conciseness（简洁性）,emphasis（强调性）,variety（多样性）.（2）此节中的每个例子都要认真看。※练习题：P142Thiscompositionisquitegoodasfarastheuseoflanguageisconcerned,butitscontentispoor.改为：Thiscompositionisgoodinlanguagebutpoorincontent.（Thelanguageofthiscompositionisquitegoodbutitscontentisratherpoor.）Theyoungmanishonestandhardworking,andisaveryreliableworker.改为：Theyoungmanisanhonest,hardworkingandreliableworder.（Theyoungworkerishonest,hardworkingandreliable.）//平行意思多种表达形式不连贯Dufuwasoneofthebest-knownpoets.改为：Dufuwasoneofthebest-knownpoetsinTangDynasty.Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.改为：Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.（Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.）//同类意思同种表达方式Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.改为：Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligentandcapable.Togetreadyforthetrip,allthethingssheneededwereputintoasuitcase.改为：Togetreadyforthetrip,sheputallthethingsheneededintoasuitcase.//连贯性主语不一致悬垂修饰语导致danglingmodifiersThosewhowishtotakelinguisticsareexpectedtosignhisnameonthissheetofpaper.改为：Thosewhowishtotakelinguisticsareexpectedtosigntheirnamesonthissheetofpaper.//避免造成人和数目的不一致或改变Whenonethieshardenough,youcandoalmostanything.改为：Whenonethieshardenough,hecandoalmostanything.//同上ForyearsIhavebeenattendingsummercampandenjoyedeveryminuteofit.改为：ForyearsIhavebeenattendingsummercampandenjoyingeveryminuteofit.WhenIsawthegradeonmyreportcard,Iwasterriblydisappointed,becauseIstudiedveryhard.改为：WhenIsawthegradeonmyreportcard,Iwasterriblydisappointed,becauseIhadstudiedveryhard.IfIwererichandshewassingle,Iwouldmarryher.改为：IfIwererichandsheweresingle,Iwouldmarryher.Theyinsistedthatthemoneybecollectedandthatareceiptbegiveninreturn.此句正确。练习题P142TomandhissweetheartmarriedintheearlypartofthemonthofOctober.改为：TomandhissweetheartmarriedinearlyOctober.//wordyIn1979,therewasastrikeparticipatedinbyfivethousandunionworkers.改为：In1979,fivethousandunionsparticipatedinthestrike.Thecauseofthefloodwasduetoheavyraininlatespring.改为：Thefloodwasduetoheavyraininlatespring.Thereareanumberofstudentsfromourinstitutewhoareplanningtojointheexpedition.改为：Anumberofstudentsareplanningtojointheexpedition.WhatIamtryingtosayisthatinmyopinionheisaveryhonestman.改为：Inmyopinionheisaveryhonestman.Icametothisinstitutebecauseofmanyfactors,butmostofallofthefactthatIwanttobeaninterpreter.改为：IcametothisinstitutebecauseIwanttobeaninterpreter.Thesewatermelonsarelargeinsizeandsweetintaste.改为：Thesewatermelonsarelargeandsweet.AtthepresenttimeIamtakingthecourseofWorldHistoryandinadditionacourseinGeographytoo.改为：AtpresentIamtakingWorldHistoryandGeography.Weplannedtomeetjustbeforesunriseveryearlyinthemorning.改为：Weplannedtomeetbeforesunrise.Hisattitudewasofapuzzlingnature.改为：Hisattitudewaspuzzling.练习题：P143Hewasselfless,hardworkingandmodest;that’swhyhebecameagreatScientist.改为：Hebecameagreatscientistbecausehewasmodest,selfless,andHardworking.Asaclerk,Johnwashonest,efficientandwell-dressed.改为：Johnwasawell-dressed,honest,andefficientclerk.Janewalkedoutofhislife,burstingintotearsasshelefttheroom.改为：Asshelefttheroom,Jane,burstingintotears,walkedoutofhislife.Chinahaschangedagreatdealasaresultofreformandtheopenpolicyduringthepast14years.改为：Asaresultofthereformandtheopenpolicyduringthepast1`4years,Chinahaschangedagreatdeal.Huang,thefamouswriter,wasamonghisneighbors.改为：Huang,whowasamonghisneighbors,wasafamouswriter.Socialposition,reputation,evenlifeitself,andfriends,werenolongerinterestingtohimafterhewentbankrupt.改为：Afterhewentbankrupt,friends,socialposition,reputation,evenlifeitselfwerenolongerinterestingtohim.常见的语法错误：P143书中每个正确的句子都要看※Misusedpartsofspeech（用错词性）；Sentencefragments（残缺句）；Run-onsentences（流水句）；Misplacedmodifiers&danglingmodifiers（误置修饰与悬虚结构）；Probleminagreementandreference（一致与指代问题）。练习题P146修改残缺句Afterreturningfromthebeach.Thechildrenwereexhausted.改为：Afterreturningfromthebeach,thechildrenwereexhausted.Johnneglectinghisdutiesandspendingtimeonindependentresearch.改为：Johnneglectedhisdutiesandspenttimeonindependentresearch.Karendroppedcalculus.Whichshehaddroppedseveralltimesbefore.改为：Karendroppedcalculus,whichshehaddroppedseveralltimesbefore.Workingtogethertosaveourenvironment.Wecanleavetheworldabetterplacethanwofoundit.改为：Workingtogethertosaveourenvironment,wecanleavetheworldabetterplacethanwofoundit.Ellenreturnedthelostwallettotheman.Provingthatsheisanhonestperson.改为：Ellenreturnedthelostwallettotheman,whichprovedthatsheisanhonestperson.Someerrorsinwritingareserious.Forexample,sentencefragments,andRun-onsentences.改为：Someerrorsinwritingareserious,forexample,sentencefragments,andRun-onsentences.练习题P147修改流水句Somepeoplesaytheycarefortheenvironmentwhiletheylittercigarettebutsorfruitskinsjustaboutanywheretheyhappentobe.改为：Somepeoplesaytheycarefortheenvironment,yettheylittercigarettebutsorfruitskinsjustaboutanywheretheyhappentobe.Liliisnotworriedaboutpayingforhercollegeeducation,shehasjustreceivedafullscholarship.改为：Liliisnotworriedaboutpayingforhercollegeeducationbecauseshehasjustreceivedafullscholarship.Wefinishedtheworkbynineo’clockintheeveningthenwewenthome.改为：Wefinishedtheworkbynineo’clockintheeveningandthenwewenthome.Athighnoonabigandnoisypartywasgoingonnextdoor,Icouldnottakemyusualnap.改为：Athighnoonabigandnoisypartywasgoingonnextdoor;Icouldnottakemyusualnap.练习题P147改正句子Therobberwasasix-foot-manwithamustacheweighing150pounds.改为：Therobberweighing150poundswasasix-foot-manwithamustache.Hesoldtheoldcartothemanwithleatherseats.改为：Hesoldtheoldcarwithleatherseatstotheman.Tomboughtanoldcarfromacrookeddealerwithafaultytransmission.改为：Tomboughtanoldcarwithafaultytransmissionfromacrookeddealer.Unconcernedabouthisownlife,thelittlegirldrowningintheicyriverwassavedbyapasser-by.改为：Unconcernedabouthisownlife,apasser-bysavedthelittlegirldrowningintheicyriver.ThepuppythatMary’sdadpickedupinthewoodswasreturnedtoherowner.改为：ThepuppythatMary’sdadpickedupinthewoodswasreturnedtohisowner.IwasshockedtoseeaT-shirtinthatfancydressstorewhichhadapricetagof$2000.改为：IwasshockedtoseeinthatfancydressstoreaT-shirtwhichhadapricetagof$2000.ShefeltsheshouldhaveknownthatneitherMargienorTimwouldopenthierheartscompletelytoher.改为：ShefeltsheshouldhaveknownthatneitherMargienorTimwouldopenhisheartcompletelytoher.Oneofthecomputersplacedinthecenteroftheofficehaveinternetaccess.改为：Oneofthecomputersplacedinthecenteroftheofficehasinternetaccess.Thedirecter,alongwithalltheothermembersonthecommittee,areenthusiasticaboutmyproposal.改为：Thedirecter,alongwithalltheothermembersonthecommittee,isenthusiasticaboutmyproposal.Theapplicant’slistofcredentialsareratherlong.改为：Theapplicant’slistofcredentialsisratherlong.Chapter4EnglishParagraphWriting（英语段落写作）ParagraphStructure（段落结构）主题句（thetopicsentence）具有三个重要功能：P149通过明确陈述讨论中的一个要点进一步证明全文中心思想。显示段落内容。控制该段落内容。某一段中全部讨论——举例、细节列举以及解释都必须与主题句直接相关并能进一步证明主题句。练习题：1/P151ComposingEffectiveParagraphs（写作精彩段落）精彩的正文段落应该围绕一个主题句展开：段落应该展开充分、前后统一而且衔接自然。具体地讲，一个很有说服力的正文段落必须满足四个要求。首先，该段