地球科学概论课件：太阳系与地球行星

地球科学概论——Geosciences太阳系一、占星学（Astrology）Look!Upinthesky!It'sabird!It'saplane!It's...yourFUTURE!

PtolemyonAstrology

Ptolemy(lived85--165C.E.)Asaplanetmovesaroundonitsepicycle,thecenteroftheepicycle(calledthe``deferent'')movesaroundtheEarth.Whenitsmotionbringsitinsidethedeferentcircle,theplanetundergoesretrogrademotion.二、日心说的诞生NicolausCopernicusClericandAstronomer（1473–1543）“FinallyweshallplacetheSunhimselfatthecenteroftheUniverse.AllthisissuggestedbythesystematicprocessionofeventsandtheharmonyofthewholeUniverse,ifonlywefacethefacts,astheysay,'withbotheyesopen'.”InthisimageprovidedbytheKronenbergFoundationinWarsawonThursday,Nov.20,2008,acomputer-generatedreconstructionofwhatastronomerNicolausCopernicusmayhavelookedlikeonthebasisofaskulldiscoveredinthecathedralinFrombork,northernPoland,isseen.PolishandSwedishresearcherssaidThursdaytheyhaveidentifiedtheremainsofNicolausCopernicusbycomparingDNAfromaskeletontheyhavefoundwiththattakenfromhairretrievedfromoneofthe16th-centuryastronomer'sbooks.(APPhoto/KronenbergFoundation,HO)RetrogradeMotionCopernicus:DeRevolutionibusOrbiumCoelestium(天体运行论),WritteninLatin.GIORDANOBRUNO(1548-1600)LeonardodeVinci,1452-1519FrancisBacon,1561-1626JohanKepler,1571-1630WilliamHarvey,1578-1657SirIsaacNewton,1642-1727AletterfromSmithtothepublisherandbookseller,ThomasCadell.ItismainlyconcernedwithSmith'sworkonrevisionsandadditionstoThetheoryofmoralsentiments.Hesaysthemostimportantadditionswillbetothesectionsconcerningthesenseofdutyandthehistoryofmoralphilosophy.WithinterestingsidelightsonSmith'smodeofworking:'Iamaslow,averyslowworkman,whodoandundoeverythingIwriteatleasthalfadozenoftimesbeforeIcanbetolerablypleasedwithit...'

AdamSmith1723-1790AdamSmithandhisInvisibleHandsTheseareanalmostcompletesetofastudent'snotesofpartofSmith'scourseonMoralPhilosophyatGlasgowUniversitygiveninhislastunbrokenacademicsessionasProfessorthere.TheywereanelaborationofthepublicdiscoursesonRhetoricandBellesLettreswhichSmithhadgiveninEdinburghduringtheyears1748-1751.

Galileo(1564-1642)Galileo(1609)

In1632,Galileowroteabook"DialogueontheTwoGreatWorldSystems"-anargumentfortheCopernicanSystem.Asaresultofthisbook,hewascalledforwardtotheRomanInquisition.Tosavehislife,hepleadedguiltytochargesofheresyandrecantedhisCopernicanview.Hewasplacedunderhousearrestforthelast10yearsofhislife.Hisbookwasontheindexofprohibitedbooksuntil1835.In1980,are-examinationofevidenceagainstGalileowasdone,andfinallyledtohisexonerationbytheCatholicChurch.三、太阳系（Solarsystem）1.SolarsystemSun(golfball)Earth(4m:smallsandgrain)Moon(1cm:dust)Jupiter(18m:smallpebble)Pluto(150m:dust)Humanbeing?2.

TerrestrialplanetsandJovianplanets（1）TerrestrialplanetsSmall,dense,slowaxialrotation,mainlycomposedofironandstonematerials,innerobits.（2）Jovianplanets

Large,lessdense,fastaxialrotation,mainlycomposedofhydrogen,helium,ice,andmethane,outerobits.TerrestrialplanetsJovianplanetsNewSolarSystemNewSolarSystem四、开普勒定律（Kepler’slaws）JohannesKepler1571-1630GermanmathematicianandastronomerJohannesKepler(1571–1630).TheFirstLawstatesthattheorbitsoftheplanetsaroundtheSunareellipseswiththeSunatonefocus.TheSecondLawstatesthatalinefromaplanettotheSunsweepsoverequalareasinequalintervalsoftime.ThismeanswhentheplanetisnearertotheSun,itmovesfaster.Thefigureaboveillustratestwoorbitswiththesamesemi-majoraxis,focusandorbitalperiod:oneacirclewithaneccentricityof0.0;theotheranellipsewithaneccentricityof0.8.TheThirdLawstatesthatthesquareofaplanet'sorbitalperiodisproportionaltothecubeofitsaveragedistancefromtheSun.Tismeasuredinsiderealyearsandrinastronomicalunits,T2·r–3hasthevalue1forallplanetsintheSolarSystem.五、太阳（Sun）1.Mass:333,000timesoftheearth(99.865%massofsolarsystem).2.Diameter:109timesoftheearth.3.73%Hydrogen,25%Helium.4.Fusionprocess（thermonuclearreaction）

596milliontonsofHydrogento532milliontonsofHeliumpersecond.64milliontonsmasslost.E=MC25.SolarinnerstructurePhotosphere-光球层Chromoshpere-色球层Corona-日冕Prominence-日珥6.SolaratmosphereCorona（日冕）

Photosphere（光球层）

Chromosphere（色球层）

Photosphere-光球层Chromoshpere-色球层Corona-日冕Prominence-日珥CoronaCoronaCoronaAcomparisonbetweentheEarthandSun.Thepicturebelowistakenatthesameyellowwavelengthoflightemittedbyheliumatoms;itshowsdetailsinthechromosphere.Photosphereandsunsopt.SunspotSunspotExtendingabovethephotosphereorvisiblesurfaceoftheSun,thefaint,tenuoussolarcoronacan'tbeeasilyseenfromEarth,butitismeasuredtobehundredsoftimeshotterthanthephotosphereitself.Theclustersofthemajestic,hotcoronalloopsspan30ormoretimesthediameterofplanetEarth.六、水星（Mercury）1.AlmostnoAtmosphere2.300℃(Sunlit),-180℃（justbeforesunrise.）3.Crater(pockedsurface,likethatofthemoon.)4.Plainscoveredwithlava(lessthanthemoon.)MercuryandMariner10SpacecraftofRussia七、金星（Venus）1.Similartotheearthinsizeandshape.2.Carbondioxideistheprinciplegas.3.Greenhouseeffect.4.Surfaceatmosphericpressureis90timesgreaterthanitisontheearth.5.Noocean(watervapor,CO2cannotbecombinedwithcalciumtoformcarbonaterocks).6.60%ofVenusconsistsofgentlyrollinghillsriftvalleys(1400×250×5km).7.Basaltextrudedfromfissurelikethatalongmid-oceanridgesontheearth.8.Venus,liketheearth,isstillaverydynamicplanet.PioneerVenusOrbiterArachnoids（蛛网膜）arelargestructuresofunknownoriginthathavebeenfoundonlyonthesurfaceofVenus.八、火星（Mars）1.Clouds,atmosphere,polarcap,seasons.2.Variedlandscape:Craters,greatvolcanicpeaks,deepgorges,sinuouschannels,extensivefracturesystem,evidenceofwinderosion.3.Axialtiltsimilartothatoftheearth.4.Carbondioxideistheprincipalgasinatmosphere.Atmosphericpressureisequateto35kmhighoftheearth.5.Haveapproximatelythesamedensityastheearth(3.97to5.52).6.Lackofadetectablemagneticfield(Multiplepoles).7.Mineral:Limonite,Hematite.8.Daytimetemperatureinthesummerattheequatorrisetoperhaps20ºC,butnightdroptoperhaps-70ºC.Averagesurfacetemperatureoftheentireplanetisabout-30ºC.9.Scarcityofwater.10.Driedupriverbeds.Thus,thecraterswenowseeintheerodedregionmusthavebeenformedbymeteoroidimpactsafterthewaterdisappeared.Noerosionforatleastseveralhundredmillionyears,perhapsforseveralbillionyears.GlobalmosaicofMars.CerberusregionGlobalmosaicofMars.SyrtisMajorregion.NASA‘sSojournerroverleftitsmarkintheMartiansoil.Thedesignofplanetaryrovers--andeventerrestrialvehicles-maybenefitfromimprovedunderstandingofsoilmechanics.SpiritDrivestoaRockCalled‘Adirondack’forCloseInspection.火星上的水平层理，暗示曾经有过流水的作用。

ThiscloseupofElCapitan,takenbythepanoramiccameraontheMarsExplorationRoverOpportunity,showsfine,parallellaminationintheupperareaoftherock--apossiblesignofwater.火星勘测轨道器图像组成的火卫一3D图像MarsPathfinder,NASA,1997MarsGlobalSurveyor,NASA,1997-2006MarsOdyssey,NASA,2001-PresentMarsExpressESA,2004-PresentMarsExplorationRover,NASA,2004-PresentMarsReconnaissanceOrbiter,NASA,2006-PresentMarsPhoenix,NASA,2008-PresentLatestknowledgeaboutwaterofMars

(2008-8)PresentMars:Northandsouthresidualpolarcapsaresignificantwatericereservoirs.Abundantaccessiblewatericeinshallowsubsurface,approximatelatitude-dependentdistribution.Minisculeamountsofliquidwaterlikelyliberatedatlowlatitudesinsummer,sublimatedrapidly.Noactivehydrothermalsystemsyetobserved.PastMars:DegassingassociatedwithformationofTharsisandothervolcanismreleased120-mGELwater.Inearlier,warmer(butnotverywarm)climate,abundantliquidwaterflowedonsurface.Significantwaterreleasedfromsubsurface:possibleprecipitation.Carbonateformationinstandingwatermayhavebeenthwartedbyacidicconditions.PersistenceofsurfaceH2Oinliquidstatenotunderstood.九、木星（Jupiter）1.Greatredspot.2.Lowdensity,onlyonethirdmorethanthatofwater.3.Hydrogenandhelium.4.Asmallrocksinnercoresurroundedbyalargeoutercoreofliquidhydrogen.Undersuchenormouspressurethatitbehaveslikealiquidmetal.5.Theinteriorisbelievedtobeveryhot,possibly30,000ºC,butnotenoughfornuclearreationsthatwouldturnJupiterintoastar.6.Magneticfieldnearly10timesstrongerthantheearths.7.Radiatesovertwiceasmuchenergyasitreceivesfromthesun,meaningthatextraheathasbeenleftoverfromJupiter.AtrulyspectacularimageofJupiteranditssatelliteIoobtainedbyspacecraftGalileo

ThisimageofthegiantplanetJupiter,byNASA'sHubbleSpaceTelescope,revealstheimpactsitesoffragments"D"and"G"fromCometShoemaker-Levy9.(1994)十、土星（Saturn）1.RingsofSaturn.2.Havecentralcoreofheavyelements(iron?)3.Magneticfield.SinceSaturn'saxisistiltedasitorbitstheSun,Saturnhasseasons,likethoseofplanetEarth...butSaturn'sseasonslastforoversevenyears.拍摄于2006年，为土卫二南半球，很多古老陨石坑保持了原始面貌在距离土卫二表面16，000英里处拍摄的，探测器在近卫点掠过的里程仅为16英里卡西尼号飞越土卫二捕捉天外奇观十一、月球(Moon)NoAtmosphere.Waterislikewiseabsent.Maria(“Sea”)consistsoflava,similartobasalt.Themountainsofthemoonarethousandsofmetershigh(Quiterigid,800kmbelowsofter).*Rockshavebeenfoundonthemoonwhichradioativedatingrevealstobe3.8billionyearsold,verysoonaftersolarsystemcameintobeing.Thedensityofsurfacerockisaboutthesameasthedensityofthemoonaswhole,implyingthattheentiremoonwasnevermolten.月球最高峰的高度是9840m，比珠穆朗玛峰还高出近1000m！这是中国科学家根据“嫦娥一号”的科学数据测量得出的结果。在“嫦娥一号”得出这一结论之前，1994年美国克莱门汀月球探测器曾得出月球最高点为8000m的结论14年来，人类的认识一直停留于此，而“嫦娥一号”打破了人类14年来的肤浅认识。7.Nomagneticfield.8.Themoonactuallyisbigstone,circulatedaroundtheearth.9.Agesonthesurfaceofthemoonaredeterminedbyimpactcraters,otherthanfossils.10.Richofvariouskindsoforedeposit.11.Weakgravity,nomagneticfield,supercleanenvironment,tectonicstable—idealaboratory.12.NASAisgoingtousemooninsteadofspacestation.13.Ch