参考译文陈列内容设计方案文字说明部分

参考译文陈列内容设计方案文字说明部分展标：周风虢韵——虢国历史文化陈列TheCultureandHistoryoftheGuoState第一部分虢旗猎猎PartITheRisingoftheGuoState部分说明：虢国是西周初年的姬姓封国，其开国国君是周文王之弟、武王的叔父虢仲、虢叔。历代虢公多为周王朝卿士，辅佐周王征伐，参与大事决策，对周王朝的兴起、发展和衰落都有重大影响。公元前655年，位于陕地的西虢国被晋国所灭，留下了“假虞灭虢”、“唇亡齿寒”的千古遗训。20世纪50年代以来，在河南三门峡发现了虢国墓地和虢都上阳城遗址，给世人带来了无限惊喜……TheGuostatewasavassalstatesurnamedJiintheearlyWesternZhouDynasty,whosefounderswerethebrothersofKingWenandalsotheunclesofKingWu,namelyGuoZhongandGuoShu.Forgenerations,mostmonarchsoftheGuoStateservedasministersoftheZhouDynastyassistingtheKingWuonbattlesandthecourtandcontributingtotherise,prosperityandfallofthedynasty.In655BC,thestateofWesternGuolocatedinmodernShanXiprovincewasconqueredbythestateofJin,whichlefttheeternalteachings:“BorrowingaroadoftheYuVassalStatetowipeouttheGuoVassalState.”and“Ifthelipsaregone,theteethwillbeindanger.”Since1950s,thediscoveryofthecemeteryoftheGuoStateandtherelicsofShangyangCity,capitaloftheGuoStateinSanmenxiaofHenanprovince,hasbroughtenormoussurprisetopeople.第一单元胙土命氏封邦建国——分封、疆域、五虢播迁Unit1TheTerritoryDevelopmentoftheGuoState单元说明：周武王灭商后，为巩固姬周王朝的统治，大规模分封诸侯。虢仲、虢叔分别被分封在今陕西宝鸡和河南荥阳，史称“西虢”“东虢”。东虢于公元前767年被郑国所灭。西周末年，西虢国东迁至今河南三门峡一带，因地跨黄河两岸，故黄河以北地区被称为“北虢”，黄河以南地区称为“南虢”，其实属一个虢国，于公元前655年被晋国所灭。西虢东迁后，原陕西宝鸡一带的虢国被称为“小虢”，于公元前687年被秦国所灭。Introduction:AfterconqueringtheShangDynasty,KingWubegantowidelygranttitlesandterritoriestohighofficialsforconsolidatingtheregime.GuoZhongandGuoShuwererespectivelyenfeoffedinWesternGuo(today’sBaojicityinShanxiProvince)andEasternGuo(today’sXingyanginHenanProvince.In767BC,EasternGuowaswipedoutbytheStateofZheng(806BC-375BC).AttheendoftheWesternZhou,WesternGuomovedeastwardtotoday’sSanmenxiacityinHenanProvince.BeingdividedupbytheYellowRiver,theWesternGuobecametwoparts:onewascalledNorthernGuointheriver’snorth,anotherSouthernGuoacrosstheriver,whichwerebothwipedoutbytheStateJinin655BC.AfterthemigrationofWesternGuo,theformerterritoryoftheGuoState(today’sBaojiareainShanxiProvince)hasbeencalled“theSmallGuoState”untilitwasconqueredbytheStateofQinin687BC.第二单元四方征伐赫赫簪缨(zānyīng)——征战、人物、历史故事Unit2TheMilitaryExpeditions,HistoricCharactersandStories单元说明：虢国作为周王室的宗亲诸侯国，和王室关系密切。历代虢国国君多为周王朝的卿士，把持着周王室朝政，对周王朝产生了巨大影响，在两周时期引发了多起重大历史事件，留下了许多跌宕起伏、脍炙人口的历史故事。尤其是征战事件，处处可见虢国贵族的身影。Introduction:TheGuoState,oneofclanvassals,keptcloserelationswiththeroyalfamilyoftheZhou.MostkingsoftheGuoStateservedasministersoftheZhouDynastycontrollingroralgovernanceandexertingtremendousinfluenceinthehistoryoftheZhouDynasty.Therefore,manysignificanthistoricevents,especiallyinthemilitaryexpedition,happenedduringthatperiodofhistory,andlotsofstirringandpopularstoriesweretoldaboutthem.第三单元虢国考古重泉现宝——考古发现、墓葬与遗址Unit3TheArchaeologicalDiscoveries,BurialGroundandRelicsoftheGuoState单元说明：虢国墓地自1956年发现至今，先后经过四次钻探和两次大规模发掘，探明整个虢国墓地南北长590米，东西宽550米，占地32.45万平方米，各类墓葬遗址500余座，是一处规模宏大、排列有序、等级齐全、保存完好的两周时期诸侯邦国公墓。20世纪50年代和90年代的两次考古发掘，清理了250多座墓葬、9座车马坑和3座马坑，出土文物3万余件，使我们对虢国墓地的全貌和性质有了一个完整的认识与了解。Introduction:Sincebeingdiscoveredin1956,theburialgroundofGuoVassalStatehasexperienceddrillingandexplorationsforfourtimesaswellastwolargeexcavations.Thetotaltombareaisfound590meterslongfromnorthtosouthand550meterswidefromeasttowest,coveringanareaof324,500squaremeters.Withmorethan500tombsstrictlydistributedaccordingtoranks,theburialgroundoftheGuoVassalStateisawell-preservedlargecemeteryoftheWesternZhouandEasternZhouDynasties.Inthetwoexcavationsof1950sand1990s,over250tombs,9horse-and-chariotburialpitsand3chariotburialpitswerediscoveredandmorethan300,000culturalrelicswereunearthed,whichenableustohaveanoverallpanoramaoftheburialgroundoftheGuoState.第二部分吉金灿灿PartIITheBronzes部分说明：虢国青铜器是虢国物质文明的象征，在其祭祀、战争、宴享等重大国事活动中被大量使用。虢国墓地不仅出土有威严庄重的庙堂彝器，而且还有纷繁多样的兵器、车马器和生产工具等，其品类众多，纹饰精美，带铭器物多，且制作精细。反映出虢国与周王室高度一致的宗法、等级等政治制度，以及文化与生产力发展的水平。Introduction:ThebronzesoftheGuoState,symbolizingthematerialcultureofthattime,werefrequentlyusedinsignificantnationalevents,suchasfetes,warsandentertainments.FromthecemeteryoftheGuoStatewereunearthednotonlydignifiedsacrificialvesselsbutalsovariousweapons,chariot-and-horsefittings,manufacturingtoolsandsoon.Itsdiversecategories,exquisitedecorationsanddelicatecraftsmanship,especiallythosewithinscriptions,mirrortheancientcultureandproductivitydevelopmentlevelatthattimeandreflectthepatriarchalclanpoliticalsystemoftheGuoStatethatwashighlyconsistentwiththatoftheZhouroyalfamily.第一单元熔经铸史——虢系器铭Unit1TheInscriptionsontheGuoState’sBronzes单元说明：铸刻在青铜器上的文字，也称金文或钟鼎文，有着重要的史料价值。通过铭文内容，我们不仅可认识青铜器的名称、使用方式，也可得知器物的国别、年代和作器者。重要的青铜器铭文，记载了古代政治、军事、经济、文化等早已湮没的史实，起到了证经补史的重要作用。历史上留存不少与虢国相关的铸铭青铜器，加之虢国墓地出土的带铭青铜器，使学者从中解读出虢国的历史文化，从而揭开了虢国的神秘面纱。Introduction:Inscriptionsortextengravedonthebronzes,alsoknownasJinWenorZhoungdingWen,haveimportanthistoricalvalue.Fromthecontent,wecanknowtheware’snameandwaysofuseaswellasitsnationality,ageandmaker.Someimportantbronzeinscriptionsrecordhistoricalfactsaboutancientpolitics,military,economyandculturewhichhavelongbeenforgotten,andplayanimportantroleincertifyingandreplenishingthehistory.ManypreservedbronzeswithinscriptionsrelatedtotheGuoStateandthoseunearthedfromthecemeterygivescholarsanaccesstothecultureandhistoryoftheGuoState,andthushelpeduncoverthemysteryofthestate.一、彝铭传世——出土与散佚各地的虢系有铭铜器TheInscription-EngravedBronzesoftheGuoState组说明：虢国自周武王分封至公元前655年被晋国所灭，先后经历了400余年的历史，留下了诸多青铜彝器。散佚各地的虢系青铜器和虢国墓地出土的器物铭文，所表述的虢国数百年间的历史人物和故事，为我们揭开虢国的历史谜团提供了可贵的材料。Introduction:FromenfeoffmentofKingWuofZhoutoitsruinationbytheStateofJinin655BC,theGuoStatehadahistoryofover400years,leavingvariousbronzesacrificialvessels.Theinscriptionsengravedonthebronzesunearthedfromthecemeteryortheonesscatteredandlostrecordmanyhistoricalcharactersandstories,providingusvaluablematerialstouncoverthemysteryoftheGuoState.二、王侯联姻——媵器铭文揭示的虢国婚姻制度TheMarriageSystemoftheGuoStateRecordedintheInscriptionsofBronzeDowryVessels组说明：古代贵族的婚姻，历来是重要的政治和外交手段。西周时期，各封国联姻的基本准则是同姓不婚。虢国作为姬姓诸侯国，是周族的嫡系血亲，因此许多异姓诸侯竞相与之联姻。虢国墓地出土的带铭文青铜媵器真实地记录了虢国的对外联姻情况。根据铭文得知，虢国主要的联姻国有妃（jì）姓苏国、姞（jí）姓兽国、姜姓齐国、嬴姓梁国等。Introduction:Themarriageofancientnobleshasalwaysbeenanimportantpoliticalanddiplomaticmeans.IntheWesternZhouDynasty,thebasicmarriageprinciplebetweeneachfeudalstatewasthatmarriagebetweenpeopleofthesamesurnamewasforbidden.BeingavassalstatesurnamedJi,theGuoStatehadadirectlineofdescentwiththeZhoufamily.Therefore,manyfeudallordsofothersurnamesrushedforthemarriagewiththeGuoState.Theunearthedbronzedowryvesselswithinscriptionswitnesstruthfullythecross-nationalmarriageoftheGuoState.Accordingtotheinscriptions,theGuoStatekeptsuchtransnationalmarriagewiththeStateofSusurnamedJi,theStateofShousurnamedJi,theStateofQisurnamedJiang,theStateofLiangsurnamedYingandsoon.第二单元藏礼于器——礼乐制度Unit2TheRitualMusicSystem单元说明：西周的礼制，以血缘宗法为核心来区别贵贱等级。在礼制的严格规定下，不同等级、地位的贵族，在祭祀、礼聘、宴享等礼仪场合，使用不同数量和品类的青铜器，即所谓的“藏礼于器”，违者即受惩处。虢国墓地出土的青铜器，不仅体现了周代社会的礼制规范，而且反映了周代社会的礼乐等级制度。Introduction:IntheritualsystemoftheWesternZhou,socialstatuswasclassifiedmainlyaccordingtopatriarchalclanandbloodties.Undertherestrictprinciplesoftheritualsystem,thenoblesaccordingtotheirclassandstatuswereentitledtousedifferentbronzevesselsintermsofquantityandtype,whichwascalled“theRitualHiddeninUtensils”andwhoeveroffendedthatwillbepunished.TheunearthedbronzevesselsreflectnotonlynormsoftheritualsysteminthesocietyoftheZhou,butitshierarchyofritualsandmusic.一、列鼎而食——列鼎与等级制度TheDiningRitualinHierarchySystem组说明：鼎是古代青铜礼器中的重器，是奴隶主贵族“明尊卑，别上下”的标志。“列鼎”是指在一个墓葬中发现的一组形制相同，纹饰相同，大小依次递减的鼎的组合。所谓“名位不同，礼亦异数”，表现在埋葬制度上，就是不同等级的贵族，随葬数量不同的铜鼎。这是当时宗法等级制度最直接的反映。至春秋中晚期，僭越礼制的现象开始出现，随着社会变革，用鼎制度也遭到了破坏。Introduction:Ding(anancientcookingvessel),thetreasureofancientbronzesacrificialvessels,symbolizedthenobilityandsuperiorofancientslaveowners.DingformationrefersasetofDingwithsameshapeanddecorationsarrangedindescendingorderofsizeinatomb.Thesocalledruleof“statusdeterminingritual”inburialsystemmeansthattheamountofbronzeDingburiedwiththedeadvarieswiththeclassofthenoble,whichisthemostdirectreflectionofthepatriarchalhierarchyatthattime.WiththeritualtransgressionappearedinthemiddleandlatephaseofSpringandAutumnPeriods,thecustomofusingDingwasruinedbysocialreform.二、沃盥之礼——水器与祭祀礼仪TheWashingVesselsUsedinSacrificingRitual组说明：据《礼记》《左传》等先秦文献记载，“奉匜沃盥”是中国古代举行重大礼仪活动时的首要程序，即洗手洁面。盘、匜则是相应的盥洗用具。盥洗过程中，是由长者执匜注水、少者捧盘承接弃水，洗完后递上擦拭的布巾。由此，我们可以了解到西周时期的“沃盥之礼”。Introduction:AccordingtoTheBookofRites,TheSpringandAutumnAnnalsandotherdocumentsinPre-Qinperiod,“FengYiWoGuan”wasaprimaryprocedureinsignificantritualeventsofancienttime,whichmeanswashingfaceandhands.“Pan”and”Yi”aredifferentwashingutensils.Beforeworshipceremony,allparticipantsarerequiredtowashhand,duringwhichaseniorisresponsibleforpouringwaterwithYi,andajuniorserveswithPantocontaintheusedwaterandwithtowelforcleaningface.FromtheutensilswecanlearnthewashingritualoftheWesternZhou.三、旨酒斯馨——酒器与享祀宴飨TheDrinkingUtensilsUsedinSacrificingRitual组说明：周人灭商后，吸取殷商穷兵黩武、骄奢酗酒的亡国教训，减少了酒器的制作和使用。但在重要的祭祀礼仪场合以“饮惟祀”，酒是必不可少的。虢国墓地出土的酒器有壶、尊、方彝、爵、觚、觯等，不仅是礼仪用器、生活用具，而且也是不可多得的艺术珍品，反映了当时劳动人民的聪明才智和高超的工艺水平。Introduction:AfterconqueringtheShangDynasty,thekinglearnedfrompastlessonsofnationalsubjugationduetoindulgenceofwarandextravagance,sothattheproductionanduseofdrinkingutensilswerereducedthereafter.However,wineisindispensableinimportantsacrificingrituals.Theutensilsunearthedfromthecemeteryincludekettles,Zun(alargeandmedium-sizeddrinkingutensilswithalargemouthonthetop),FangLi(anoblongcupwithlidandstraightbody),Jue(acupwiththreelongseparatefeet),Gu(alongandroundcupwithhorn-shapedmouthandfeet)andZhi(acupsimilarbutsmallerthanZunwithorwithoutlid)etc.Thosearenotonlythevesselsforetiquetteanddailyuse,butalsotherarearttreasuresreflectingtheintelligenceandexquisitecraftsmanshipofworkingpeopleatthattime.四、金声玉振——钟磬与礼乐制度TheBellandChimePlayedinRitualMusic组说明：周公制礼作乐，奠定了中国作为“礼乐之邦”的基础，礼与乐相辅相成，以规范社会的政风民心。周人用于宗庙祭祀、宴飨及典礼仪式上的“雅乐”，乐器主要以钟、磬为主，称为“金石之乐”。虢国墓地出土的乐器主要有钟、磬、钲等，均为打击乐器，由此可见当年虢国贵族“钟鸣鼎食”的奢华生活场景。Introduction:TheDukeofZhouprescribedritualnormsandcomposedritualmusic,layingthefoundationofChinaas“thecountryofritesandmusic”.Ritesandmusicwerecombinedtogethertoimproveharmonioussocialorder.Themusicusedonancestraltemplefetes,entertainmentsandceremonieswascalled“YaYue”(meanselegantandstatelymusic).TheinstrumentsofZhong(acolumni-formChinesepercussioninstrumenthollowinsideandringingwhenknocked)andQing(aflake-shapedChineseancientstonepercussioninstrument)playedforYaYuewerecalled“theMusicofMetalandStone”.TheinstrumentsunearthedfromtheGuoStatewereZhong,Qing,Zheng(aChinesepercussioninstrumentsimilarbutthinnerthanZhongwithahandle)andotherpercussioninstruments,fromwhichwecandepictthenobles’luxuriouslifeofenjoyingmusicwhilediningwithDinginancienttime.第三单元国之利器——虢之国力Unit3TheNationalStrengthoftheGuoState单元说明：西周末年，王室衰微，各封国社会生产力发展水平和军事实力迅速崛起。虢国的政治地位和军事力量，从虢国出土的兵器和车马坑数量上、以及频繁参与王室征伐的文献记载中可见一斑。虢国作为“千乘之国”的军事强国，在各封国诸侯中身份显赫。另外，虢国墓地出土的斧、锛、凿、削等青铜工具，反映了其先进的社会生产力水平。Introduction:AttheendoftheWesternZhou,withtheroyalfamilydeclining,manyfeudalstateswereburgeoninginthedevelopmentofsocialproductivityandmilitarystrength.ThepoliticalstatusandmilitarystrengthoftheGuostatecouldbeinferredfromtheamountofunearthedarmsandhorse-and-chariotpitaswellasthefrequencyofparticipatinginroyalexpeditionsrecordedinhistoricaldocuments.Owningthousandsofhorsesandsoldiers,theGuoStatewaspowerfulinmilitaryanddistinguishedamongallvassalstates.Theunearthedbronzetoolsofaxe,adze,chiselsandchippingknivesreflectitsadvancedsocialproductivity.一、坚甲利兵——兵器TheWeapons组说明：“国之大事,在祀与戎。”两周时期，战事频繁。身处高位、手握兵权、忠于王室的虢公，常常接受王命南征北战、东征西讨。虢国墓地出土的众多戈、矛、剑、镞等，都是当时主要的作战武器，虢国的军事力量从中窥见一斑。Introduction:Asthesayinggoes“Theimportantthinginthecountryisinfetesandwars.”,warsfrequentlybrokeoutduringtheWesternZhouandEasternZhou.Holdingahighposition,theDukesofGuowhocontrolledthemilitaryanddevotedtotheroyalfamilywerealwayscommandedtofightonmanyfronts.Asthemajorcombatarmsatthattime,theunearthedweapons,suchasdaggers,spears,swordsandarrowheads,witnessthemilitarystrengthoftheGuoState.二、横刀揭斧——工具TheProductionTools组说明：生产工具的应用，是社会生产力水平的标志，对农业、手工业生产的发展起着重要的作用。作为青铜时代发展的鼎盛时期，西周社会铜制生产工具的使用，是每个诸侯国国力的反映。虢国墓地出土的青铜斧、削、锛、凿、刀等生产工具，体现了虢国较高的经济发展水平。Introduction:Productiontoolisasignofsocialproductivity,andplaysanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofagricultureandhandicraftindustry.Attheheydayofthedevelopmentofthebronzeage,theuseofcopperproductiontoolsintheWesternZhousocietyisareflectionofthestrengthofeachvassalstate.Thebronzeaxe,chippingknives,adze,chiselsandothertoolsofproductionunearthedfromtheGuoStatecemeteryreflecttheratherhighlevelofeconomicdevelopmentofthestate.三、高车驷马——车马器TheHorse-and-chariotAccessories组说明：先秦时期，车马是邦国实力的标志、也是贵族身份的象征。西周马车沿用商的形制，主要为木制，使用青铜作为配件。马衔、马镳、辖軎、銮铃等青铜车马器，佩带或安装在马身和车子的不同部位,不仅有装饰美观的作用,还能起到加固的功能，使马车更为耐用并威武华贵。Introduction:Inpre-Qinperiod,horsesandchariotswerethesymbolsofthestate’sstrengthandaristocraticstatus.FollowingthedesigntrendoftheShangdynasty,carriagesintheWesternZhouweremainlymadeofwoodwithbronzeaccessories.Thehorsebit,MaBiao,XiaWei,smalltinklingbellsandotherbronzeobjectswerewornorfixedondifferentpartsofthehorseandcarriage,whichhasdecorativeaswellasstrengtheningfunctions,sothatthecarriageismoredurableandmagnificentandluxurious.第四单元铸铜为器——青铜铸造工艺Unit4TheBronzeCastingTechnique单元说明：青铜器冶炼铸造业是虢国最重要的手工业之一。从出土青铜器看，虢国墓地出土的青铜器多为“块范法”制成，复杂的还采用分铸法和焊接法二次加工。“块范法”或称土范法，是商周先民最先采用的，是整个青铜时代中应用最广泛的青铜器铸造法。Introduction:TheindustryofbronzesmeltingandcastingisoneofthemostimportantcraftindustryoftheGuoState.ThebronzesunearthedfromthecemeteryoftheGuoStateweremostlymadewith“Kuai-FanTechnique”(similartothemouldmethod).Andthefractionalcastingmethodandtheweldingmethodwereusedintherefiningprocessofsomecomplicatedvessels.The“Kuai-FanTechnique”,alsocalled“Tu-FanTechnique”,wasfirstadoptedbyancientpeopleintheShangandZhouDynastyandalsothemostwidelyusedbronzecastingmethodinthewholebronzeage.第三部分美玉灼灼PartThreeTheBrilliantFineJade部分说明：“玉，石之美者”，中华民族有着悠久的尚玉传统。玉器是我国古代与巫术信仰、审美观念、等级礼制、伦理道德紧密相关的宝物，也是虢国物质文明的载体。当时的贵族在礼聘、佩饰、殓葬时广泛使用玉器，虢国玉器的丰富类别和美质良工，谱写出是中国古代玉器史的华美篇章。Introduction:Asthesayinggoes,jadeisthebeautifulstone.Chinahasalonghistoryofjadeworship.InancientChina,jadewasnotonlycloselyrelatedtothewitchcraftbeliefs,estheticideas,hierarchicalritualssystemandethics,butalsowitnessedmaterialcivilizationofGuoState.Atthattime,jadewareswerewidelyusedasgift,accessoriesaswellassacrificingvesselinfuneralceremonybythearistocratic.ThejadewaresoftheGuoStatewereofthelargestnumber,themostcompletestyle,thefinestcraft,andthebestquality,whichrepresentthemagnificentachievementinthehistoryofancientChinesejades.第一单元礼赞天地——礼玉Unit1TheRitualJade:WorshipofHeavenandEarth单元说明：礼玉，是历代王朝进行祭祀、朝聘、征伐、宴享、婚配、丧葬等活动的家国重器，也是贵族身份与地位的象征。在重大礼仪活动中，这类玉器被赋予了特殊的内涵。周人礼仪用玉的范畴和类别，据《周礼》记载，统称为祭祀天地四方用的“六器”和邦国朝聘和等级的“六瑞”，另外一些戚、斧、刀等仪仗器，均已经脱离了实用性，成为一种财富和特权的象征。礼玉是古代贵族才能拥有的奢侈品。Introduction:AsoneofnationaltreasuresinChineseancienthistory,ritualjadewasusedinmanyactivitieslikeworship,ChaoPin(officialintercourseamongfeudalprinces),wars,feasts,marriage,funeral,etc.Itisalsoasymbolofnobilityandstatus.Inthemajorceremonialactivities,suchjadeobjectsweregivensomespecialimplications.AccordingtoZhouLi,thejadesofritualusedintheZhouDynastywerecollectivelycategorizedintotwotypes:“SixVessels”usedforworshipingtheheavenandearthand“SixCeremonialJades”usedforofficialintercourserepresentingstatus.Inaddition,someofthedeviceslikeQi(battle-axe),axeanddao(Chinesesword)hadalreadybecomeasymbolofwealthandprivilegewithoutpracticality,whichmaderitualjadeaprivilegeofancientaristocracy.一、六器以祭——祭祀用玉“SixSacrificialVessels”:TheJadeforWorship组说明：礼玉，就是礼天祭神的玉器，在国事活动中举足轻重。周代祭祀主要对象是天神、地祗、人鬼，祭祀对象不同，用玉的器类和方式也有区别。礼玉的“六器”说，源于《周礼》，是战国和汉代儒生对先秦礼玉使用的总结，以玉的不同器形和色彩比附阴阳五行观念，礼祭天地四方，在史实中并不严格对应。但这种成熟于西周时期的玉礼器系统，依然影响贵族礼玉制度数百代。Introduction:Ritualjadewasakindofjadeusedforritualceremonyandplayedanimportantroleinstateactivities.ThesacrificingobjectsintheZhouDynastymainlyincludedthegodsofheaven,thegodsofearthandghosts.Insacrificingdifferentobjects,peopleuseddifferenttypesofjadesindifferentways.OriginatedfromtheRitesoftheZhouDynasty,thecategoryof“SixSacrificialVessels”ofritualjadedemonstratestheusageofritualjadeinthePre-QinperiodsummarizedbyConfucianscholarsoftheWarringStatesandHandynasty.TheancientpeoplematcheddifferentshapesandcolorsofthejadestoYin-YangandFiveElementsinworshipingheavenandearth.TheritualjadesystemfullydevelopedintheWesternZhouDynastyinfluencedthenobleritualjadesystemforcenturies.二、镇国之瑞——瑞玉与命圭制度RuiJade:TheRoyalAppointmentSystem组说明：瑞玉，是以玉制作的用于朝聘受命的信物，在君臣之间表示等级，在邦国交往中以示礼节。据考古发现证实，圭是周代重要的瑞玉之一，与周代的命圭制度密切相关。圭与璋，作为册命制度所必备的瑞玉类别，具体形制尚待进一步研究。Introduction:InancientChinesehistory,theRuijadewasseenasatokenofappointmentbythegovernmentrepresentingtheofficialstatusandetiquetteincountries’intercourse.Accordingtothearchaeologicaldiscoveries,asoneoftheimportantRuijades,GuiwascloselyrelatedtothesystemofroyalappointmentintheZhouDynasty.GuiandZhang,astheessentialcategoryofRuijadesusedinthesystemofappointment,stillremainfurtherstudies.三、执尔圭瓒（zàn）——柄形器考古探秘GuiZan:TheArchaeologyofHandle-shapedVessels组说明：圭瓒，是古代的一种玉制酒器，形状如勺，以圭为柄，用于祭祀。在商周时期考古中，有一类数量众多的玉器，考古工作者根据其形状命名为“玉柄形器”。关于它的用途，学者众说纷纭，观点多达十几种之多。这类器物真正的用途，还有待深入研究。Introduction:WiththeshapeofspoonandhandleofGuijade,GuiZanwasakindofjade-madedrinkingvesselsusedinthesacrificingactivities.InthearchaeologyoftheShangZhouperiod,archaeologistsdiscoveredagreatnumberofjadewaresofthesamecategoryandnamedthemhandle-shapedjadewares.Scholarshavemorethanadozenofdifferentviewsontheusageofthesejadewares,whichneedsfurtherresearch.第二单元人文美质——佩玉Unit2TheExquisiteDecorativeJade单元说明：佩玉，是古代随身佩带的装饰性玉器。“古之君子必佩玉”，说明佩玉已成为当时社会的一种习俗，是显示身份、地位和人格追求的标志。虢国墓地出土的佩玉可分为组合佩饰和单体佩饰两大类。组合佩饰有发饰、项饰、腕饰、胸佩等，单佩不仅有小型的璧、环、管等，而且有多种形态各异的象生动物玉雕，反映了虢国人的审美情趣和精神追求。Introduction:JadewasoftenusedasthedecorativeornamentsbytheancientChinesepeople.Theoldsaying“ancientgentlemanwearsjade”showsthatwearingjadehadbecameacustomofsocietyatthattime.Anditalsosymbolizedidentity,statusandpersonalitypursuit.ThewearingjadesunearthedinthecemeteryoftheGuoStatearedividedintotwocategories:jadeaccessorysetandsinglejadeaccessory.Accessorysetincludeshairaccessories,pendant,wrist-let,andjadewearingonthechestetc.Singleaccessoryincludessmalljadesofbi(jadeannulus),huan(jadependant)andguan(jadetube)aswellasjadecarvingsintheshapeofanimals,whichreflectedtheesthetictasteandspiritualpursuitofthepeopleintheGuoState.一、何以赠之琼瑰玉佩——组合玉佩TheGorgeousJadePendantSet组说明：西周的宗法礼制社会中，组合玉佩联缀的方式和数量同样与佩戴者的身份地位关系密切。在西周贵族墓葬中出现“三璜”“五璜”“六璜”“七璜”组合，均以玛瑙、松石等纳间联缀，由短及长，从颈及胸垂于腰间，雍容华贵。Introduction:InthepatriarchalclansocietyoftheWesternZhouDynasty,thejadesetwascloselyrelatedtothewearer’sstatusintermsoflinkingstyleandamountofjade.ThejadeaccessorysetunearthedintheWesternZhouDynastyTombs,like“Three-Huang”,“Five-Huang”and“Six-Huang”and“Seven-Huang”(Huang,arc-shapejadependant),lookedprettyelegantwiththedecorationsofagatesandturquoises.二、琼华尚之人神之间——神话动物TheMythicalJadeAnimals组说明：虢国墓地出土玉器中，有一类具有神秘色彩的人与动物形象，诸如人龙纹、龙、凤、神兽等，它们与现实生活中的人与动物形象有较大区别，带有神话传说的虚幻色彩，反映了当时人们的宗教崇拜和精神寄托。Introduction:InthecemeteryoftheGuoStatewereunearthedsomemysteriousjadewaresintheshapeofhumanandanimal,suchasdragon,phoenix,mythicalanimalsandcreatureswhichweredifferentfromtheimagesofhumanbeingsandanimalsinreallife.Thelegendsofmythandfantasyreflectthereligiousworshipandspiritualsustenanceofancientpeople.三、肖生摹之万象自然——动物玉雕TheJadeCarvingofAnimals组说明：虢国墓地出土玉器中，最为精美的当属仿生动物玉雕。据统计，动物有虎、鹿、象、兔、鼠、牛、羊、猪、狗、蝉、蜘蛛、蛇、鹦鹉、燕子、蜻蜓、喜鹊、鸽子、乌龟、鱼、蚕、鳖等30多种300多件，天上飞的、地上跑的、土里钻的、水里游的应有尽有，几乎囊括了所有北温带地区常见的动物类别。Introduction:ThemostexquisitejadecarvingsunearthedintheGuoStatearebionicanimaljadecarvings.Accordingtostatistics,thereweremorethanthreehundredpiecesofjadescarvedwithoverthirtyanimalsliketiger,deer,elephant,rabbit,rat,cattle,sheep,pigs,dogs,cicadas,spiders,snakes,parrots,dragonflies,swallow,magpie,dove,turtles,fish,silkworm,turtlesandsoon.Theanimalscoveralmostallkindsofcreatureslivinginthenortherntemperatezoneincludingthoseflyinginthesky,runningontheground,drillinginthesoilandswimminginthewater.四、佩而用之一物多专——实用佩玉ThePracticalJadeArtifacts组说明：中国玉文化发展早期，许多玉器均是以玉用具的形式存在的。到了周代，玉器逐渐以礼器和装饰品为主，但也有少量器物是作为日常生活中的用具出现的，既有实用性，又有装饰性。虢国墓地出土的用具类玉器主要有玉韘、玉觽、玉笄、玉刀及玉匕等。Introduction:IntheearlyperiodofChinesejadeculture,manyjadearticlesappearedintheformofjadeutensils.FromtheZhouDynasty,themainkindsofjadewaresweremainlyusedasritualartifactsandornaments,butasmallnumberofjadeobjectswereusedasdailyapplianceswithpracticalanddecorativefunction.JadeappliancesunearthedinthecemeteryoftheGuoStateincludejadeitering,conejade,jadehairpin,jadeknifeandjadedagger,etc.第三单元玉殓冥治——殓玉Unit3TheBurialJade单元说明：殓玉，是古代专为保存尸体而制作的殓葬玉器。古人丧葬观念信奉“事死如事生”，相信“金玉在九窍，则死人为之不朽”，故在人死后要用玉石保存其身体，以保证尸身不腐。虢国墓地出土的殓葬玉器，主要有缀玉面罩、玉琀、玉握、足趾夹玉、足下踏玉等，初步形成一套殓玉制度。Introduction:Burialjadewasdesignedtopreservethedeadbody.Accordingtotheancientburialcustom,peoplebelievedthatthedeadshouldbetreatedasiftheywerestillalive.Anditwasalsobelievedthatthecorpseswouldbeundying,ifgoldandjadewereplacedintheirnineorifices.Soafterdeath,peopleusejadetokeepcorpsesfromrot.TheburialjadesunearthedinthecemeteryoftheGuoStateincludejade-decoratedmask,jadeputinthedead’smouth,jadeholdinhand,jadegripedbytoes,andjadeunderneaththefeet,whichrepresenttheancientcustomofburialjade.第四单元天工治玉——玉器制作工艺Unit4TheUniqueJadeCarvingCraftsmanship单元说明：古人云：“玉不琢，不成器。”精美的玉器是玉工精心雕琢而成，虢国玉器的制作，可见玉工、在解玉、琢磨、透雕、钻孔、线刻等工艺水准的高超。诗经有“如切如磋”、“如琢如磨”之句，就是对制玉工艺的真实写照。后代记载玉器制作工艺的文献，见于明代宋应星的《天工开物·珠玉第十八·玉》，提到开玉料要用砣具和解玉砂，琢玉用的“精巧工夫”等；而系统总结玉器制作工艺的，是清光绪十七年李澄渊所绘的《玉作图》，书中将玉器的制作分为十二个步骤，才使后人彻底认识玉器制作的全过程。Introduction:Theancientssaid,“anuncutgemgoesnotsparkle.”Thewonderfuljadearticleiscarvedbyexquisitecraftsmanship.ThejadewaresoftheGuoStatewitnessthesuperbskillsofthecraftsmeninselecting,polishing,penetrated-sculpturing,drillingandlineengraving.AsthepoeminTheBookofSongsgoes,“ahighqualityjadeneedsfurthercutting,grinding,carvingandpolishing”,whichdisplaysthedetailedtechniquesofjadeproduction.InthehistoricaldocumentsofjadeproductiontechniqueslikeTiangongKaiwu(ExploitationoftheWorksofNature)bySongYing-xinginMingDynastyisintroducedthetoolsofcuttingroughjadestoneandthetechniquesofcarvingjade.ThesystematicprocessofjadeproductionisintroducedinYuZuoTu(IllustrationsofJadeMaking)byLiCheng-yuanintheQingDynasty.Inthisbook,theprocedureofmakingjadeisdividedintotwelvesteps,sothatlatergenerationscouldunderstandthewholeprocessofmakingjade.第四部分奇珍熠熠PartFourTheSparklingTreasures部分说明：虢国墓地出土文物除青铜和玉器外，还有铁器、石器、陶器、骨角牙器、纺织品等多种质地的文物，体现了多种多样的工艺技巧。特别是人工冶铁制品的出现，在历史进程中抹下了浓墨重彩的一笔，是古代科技史中里程碑式的大事。其他器物各有不同的功用，反映了社会生活的不同侧面，描绘出丰富多彩的古虢文明。Introduction:TheunearthedculturalrelicsfromtheburialgroundoftheGuoStateincludenotonlybronzeandjadewares,butalsowaresmadeofiron,stone,pottery,bone,hornandanimalteeth,textile,etc,showingvariedcraftsmanship.Andinparticular,theemergenceofhuman-madeironobjectsisamilestoneintheancienthistoryofscienceandtechnology,makingasignificantinfluenceonthecourseofhumanhistory.Besides,thevariousfunctionsofunearthedobjectsreflectthelivelyancientsociety,depictingtherichandcolourfulcultureofGuoState.第一单元抟土成器——陶器组合UnitOneTheEarthenwareSet单元说明：陶器是古代社会最常见的生活器具，是日常生活的必需品。在虢国都城上阳城，曾发现了数量众多的制陶作坊，出土了大量陶器成品、半成品及陶片。虢国墓地出土的陶器主要有鬲、盆、豆、罐之类，质地以泥质灰陶为多，夹砂陶较少；纹饰以绳纹和锯齿纹为主，具有强烈的虢国特色。Introduction:Intheancienttimes,pottery,themostcommonlivingware,isanecessityindailylife.TherehavediscoveredmanypotteryworkshopsintherelicsofSh