《商业伦理》 课件 刘白玉 Chapter 3 Production Ethics、Chapter 4 Marketing Ethics

BusinessEthics商业伦理Chapter3ProductionEthics新视界商务英语系列教材LearningObjectivesDefineproductionethics.2.Understanddualattributesofproductionethics.3.Analyzethebasicproblemsofproductionethics.4.Explaincorporatemoralresponsibilities.5.Examineprotectionofworkers’rightsandinterests.6.Evaluatedilemmaofproductionethics.7.Detaildevelopmentofmodernproductionethics.目录01Mini-case02OutlineofProductionEthics03CaseStudy04ChineseEthicalCultureCONTENTS05Exercises06ReferencesMini-caseIntheearly1980sBeech-Nut[1],amakerofbabyfoods,wasingravefinancialtroubleasitstrovetocompetewithGerberProducts[2],themarketleader.Threatenedwiththebankruptcy

ofthecompanyifitcouldnotloweritsoperatingcosts,Beech-Nutenteredintoanagreementwithalow-costsupplierofapplejuiceconcentrate.Theagreementwouldsavethecompanyover$250,000annuallyatatimewheneverydollarcounted.Soon,oneofBeech-Nut’sfoodscientistsbecameconcernedaboutthequalityoftheconcentrate.Hebelievedthatitwasnotmadefromapplesalonebutcontainedlargequantitiesofcornsyrupandcanesugar.HebroughtthisinformationtotheattentionoftopmanagersatBeech-Nut,buttheywereobsessedwiththeneedtokeepcostsdownandchosetoignorehisconcerns.Thecompanycontinuedtoproduceandsellitsproductaspureapplejuice.EventuallyinvestigatorsfromtheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration[3](FDA)confrontedBeech-Nutwithevidencethattheconcentratewasadulterated.Thetopmanagersissueddenialsandquicklyshippedtheremainingstockofapplejuicetothemarketbeforetheirinventorycouldbeseized.ThescientistwhohadquestionedthepurityoftheapplejuicehadresignedfromBeech-Nut,buthedecidedtoblowthewhistleonthecompany.HetoldtheFDAthatBeech-Nut’stopmanagementhadknownoftheproblemwiththeconcentrateandhadactedtomaximizecompanyprofitsratherthantoinformcustomersoftheadditivesintheapplejuice.In1987,thecompanypleadedguiltytochargesthatithaddeliberatelysoldadulteratedjuiceandwasfinedover$2million.Itstopmanagerswerealsofoundguiltyandweresentencedtoprisonterms.ConsumertrustinBeech-Nutproductsplummeted,asdidthevalueofBeech-Nutstock.Thecompany’sreputationwasruined,anditwaseventuallysoldtoRalstonPurina,nowownedbyNestlé,whichinstalledanewmanagementteamandanewethicalcodeofvaluestoguidefuturebusinessdecisions.QuestionWhywasBeech-Nut’sreputationruined?ReferenceKeytotheQuestionsofMini-caseQuestion:WhywasBeech-Nut’sreputationruined?Thecodeofmoralityandethicswasviolatedbydeceivingpeopleaboutthecontentoftheappledrinkandleadingpeopletobelievethedrinkhadthenutritionalvalueofapplejuice.TheyprobablylostmarketshareandprofitsasaresultofthisdeceptionfromBeech-Nut.WhetherforeignconsumerswereharmedisdependentuponBeech-Nutdisclosingtheappledrinkisadulterated.OutlineofProductionEthics1.DefinitionsofProductionEthicsProductionethicsreferstotheethicalspiritorethicaltemperamentofthepeopleintheproductionactivities,whichisthepeople’sfundamentalviewoftheproductionactivitiesfromtheperspectiveofmorality.Humanmaterialproductionactivitiesandmoralspiritarecontainedineachother.Productionisnotonlyanaturalprocessandaprocessofmaterialchange,butalsoasocialbehavioroftheformation,developmentandchangeofhumanvaluerelations.Materialproductionitselfhasmoralvalue:moralityisnotonlytheresultofnaturalchoice,butalsotheproductofhumanownchoice.Asauniquewayofhumanexistence,theexistenceofmoralitymustbebasedonmatter.Productsarethedirectresultofhumanproduction,thecrystallizationofthematerialcultureandrelationshipcultureofacertainera,andthematerializationofhumanspiritualtemperament.OutlineofProductionEthicsExamplesofUnethicalBehaviorsForexample,nostatuteinanystateinAmericamakesitacrimeforsomeonetocutinlineinordertosavethewaitingtimeinvolvedbygoingtotheendoftheline.Butweallviewthosewho“takecutsinline”withdisdain.Wesneeratthosecarsthatsneakalongthesideoftheroadtogetaroundalineoftrafficaswesitandwaitourturn.Weresentthosewhotrompuptothecashregisterinfrontofus,ignoringthefactthatweweretherefirstandthatourtimeisvaluabletoo.Ifyouhaveeverresentedalinecutter,thenyouunderstandethicsandhaveappliedethicalstandardsinlife.Waitingyourturninlineisanexpectationsocietyhas.OutlineofProductionEthics2.DualAttributesofProductionEthicsProductionethicshasthedualattributesofaltruism,serviceandprofit.Inthemodernsociety,theproductionethicsisformedorganicallythroughvariousexplicitandimplicitsystemconstructionchannels.Indifferenthistoricalperiodsanddifferentstagesofsocialdevelopment,therearedifferentvalueorientationsofproductionethics.Inasocialistsociety,theultimateconceptofproductionethicsisproducerequality.OutlineofProductionEthics3.AdjustmentofProductionEthicsEthicsRegulationofMacroProductionFromamacropointofview,howcanproductionethicsregulatetheproductioninthevisionofcapital?Thatis,theproductionforminthevisionofcapitalshouldbereplacedbyahigherproductionform,thatis,theproductioninthevisionofcapitalwithaproductionforminthevisionofhumannature.Theso-calledproductionforminthevisionofhumannatureistheproductionforminwhichthewholeultimategoalofproductionmustservethepeople’sbetterlife,anditsconcretemanifestationisthehumanizedproductionmode.OutlineofBusinessEthicsEthicalRegulationofMicroscopicProductionTheethicalregulationofmicro-productionisbasedontheethicsofproduction,startingfromthespecificproductionofspecificproducersintherealsociety,andexaminingtheregulatoryeffectofethicsontheproductionofthosespecificorganizationsorindividuals.Therefore,theethicalregulationofmicro-productioncontainstwoaspectsoftheethicalregulationof“whattoproduce”andtheethicalregulationof“howtoproduce”.OutlineofProductionEthics4.BasicProblemsofProductionEthicsThebasicproblemsofproductionethicsincludetwoaspects:whyproduceandhowtoproduce.Theformermeansthepurposeofproduction,andthelattermeansthewayofproduction.Theformerdeterminesthelatter,thatis,thepurposeofproductiondeterminesthewayofproduction.Thereisatwo-wayinteractionbetweenproductionandethics:thecharactersandformsofproductiondeterminetheorientation,normsandstandardsofethics;andthecharacterandformsofproduction.OutlineofProductionEthics5.OverviewoftheFourElementsofProductionNaturalresourcesincludeland,forests,mineraldeposits,riversandothernaturalresources.Inthenarrowsense,landreferstothelanditself;labor,whichreferstothesumofphysicalandmentallaborofhumanbeings;capital,alsoknownascapitalgoods(orcapitalgoods),itreferstothegeneraltermofalltools,machinery,equipment,etc.producedandusedfortheproductionofotherproducts;thesumoftheentrepreneur’sabilitytoorganizeproduction,management,innovationandrisk,sometimesreferredtoas“entrepreneur”or“managementability”.Theabovefoureconomicresourcesarethe“fourelementsofproduction”.OutlineofProductionEthics6.CorporateMoralResponsibilitiesEnterprisemoralresponsibilitymeansthatanenterpriseconsciouslyperformsethicalstandardsandmoralnormsinitsproductionandoperationactivities.Corporatemoralresponsibilityisahigherlevelofsocialresponsibility,dividedintointernalandexternalaspects:insidetheenterprise,itpaysattentiontothesafetyandhealth,improvingtheworkingenvironment,protectingthelegitimaterightsandinterests,andsharingtheachievementsofthedevelopmentoftheenterprise,includingobservingbusinessethics,equaltrade,honestyandtrustworthiness,respectfornature,protectingtheenvironment,andsavingresourcesandenergy.OutlineofProductionEthics7.DocumentsofLawsandRegulationsOutlineofProductionEthics

OutlineofProductionEthics8.ProtectionofWorkers’RightsandInterests1)EmploymentAgeTheminimumemploymentageinChinais16.Usechildlabortostrictlyprohibit,toviolatetheregulationortheunitthatrecruitedchildlabor,bylabordepartmentorderitstoreturnchildlabortooriginalplaceofresidence,usecost,bearentirelybyunitofchooseandemploypersons,giveadministrativepunishmentorfineaccordingtothecircumstance.OutlineofBusinessEthics2)TheRightsthatWorkersShouldEnjoy①Enjoyequalemploymentandchoiceofoccupation.②Havetherighttoobtainlaborremuneration,theunitofchooseandemploypersonsshouldpaythelaborerhimselfintheformofcurrency,shallnotdefaultordeductwages.Thelaborershouldalsohavetherighttoobtainwagesduringstatutoryholidays,marriageandfuneralleaveandsocialactivities.③Havetherighttorestandleave.Employersshouldensurethatworkersrestatleastonedayaweek,thedailyworkshouldnotexceed8hours,theaverageworkperweekshouldnotexceed44hours.Iftheemployerextendstheworkinghoursduetoproductionneeds,itshouldnegotiatewiththelaborerforamaximumperiodof3hoursaday.OutlineofProductionEthics④Havetherighttoobtainlaborsafetyandhealthprotection.⑤Havetherighttoreceivevocationalskillstraining.⑥Havetherighttosubmitlabordisputesforsettlement.⑦Havetherighttoenjoysocialinsuranceandwelfare.⑧Havetherighttorefusetherighttoforceriskywork.OutlineofProductionEthics3)TheLaborerShouldPerformtheObligation①Strivetocompletethelabortask.②Abidebylabordisciplineandmaintainthepropertysafetyoftheemployer.③Improvevocationalskillsandimplementthelaborsafetyandhealthsystem.OutlineofBusinessEthics9.DilemmaofEthicsinProductionTherearecertainprocessesinvolvedintheproductionofgoodsandaslighterrorinthesamecandegradethequalityseverely.Incertainproductsthedangerisgreateri.e.aslighterrorcanreducethequalityandincreasethedangerassociatedwithconsumptionorusageofthesameexponentially.Thedilemmathereforeliesindefiningthedegreeofpermissibility,whichinturndependsonanumberoffactors.Bhopalgastragedyisoneexamplewherethepoisonousgasgotleakedoutduetonegligenceonthepartofthemanagement.OutlineofProductionEthics10.DevelopmentofModernProductionEthicsModernproductionethicsismainlycomposedofethicalnormsorprinciplesonproductionmotivation,productionquality,productdistribution,productionandecologicalenvironment.1)ProductionMotiveEthicProductionmotivereferstothereasonsthatpromotepeopletoengageinproductionorthepurposethatpeopleattempttoachieve.Theethicallegitimacyofeconomicmotivation.Undertheconditionofmarketeconomy,theethicalprinciplesthatsocialistproductionshouldfolloware:first,theprincipleofunifyingsocialbenefitandenterpriseeconomicbenefit.Second,theprincipleofthecombinationofpublicinterestandpersonalinterest.Third,theprincipleofcombiningimmediateinterestsandlong-terminterests.Fourth,theprincipleofunifyinglocalinterestsandoverallinterests.OutlineofProductionEthics2)TheQualityEthicsofProductionThreeforeignexplanationsoftheethicalresponsibilitythatenterprisesshouldbearforqualityproblems:①Contracttheory②Ofcourseconcerntheory③SocialcosttheoryChina’slawsontheproductqualityresponsibilitiesandobligationsofproducersandsellers,whichisthemoralbottomlinethatproducersandsellersmustabideby.OutlineofProductionEthics3)ProductionandEnvironmentalEthicsThereviewofenvironmentalpollutionanditscontrolandprotectionofnon-renewableresourcesinvolvesmanyethicalissues:①Onsocialjustice②Safeguardingbasichumanrights—theenvironmentalrightsofthepeople.Basicprinciplesofsustainabledevelopment:①Principlesofecologicalsustainability②Principlesofeconomicsustainability③Principlesofsocialsustainability④PrinciplesofculturalsustainabilityOutlineofProductionEthics4)EthicsofProductDistribution①Historicalformofdistribution:averagedistribution;Assignedbyprivilege;Distributionaccordingtolaborelements(capital,labor,knowledgeandability)andthecorrespondingeconomicrightsrequiredinthecommodityeconomy,fairtradingrulesandfaircompetitionopportunities②Therepresentativetheoryofdistributivejustice:distributionaccordingtoworkordistributionaccordingtosocialcontributiontheory;Accordingtothetheoryof“moraldue”distribution;Accordingtothetheoryofqualificationorrightdistribution;③Therealizationoffairdistribution:thefairnessofprimarydistribution;Thefairnessofthesecondarydistribution;Thethirddistribution(includingtwokindsof“good”and“evil”).OutlineofProductionEthics10.TheRelationshipbetweenBusinessEthicsandMoralityMoralityisthestandardsthatanindividualoragrouphasaboutwhatisrightandwrong,orgoodandevil.Businessethicsisaparticularkindofethics:Itisthestudyofthemoralstandardsthatshouldguidebusinessactivities,anditaimstodevelopstandardsthatarereasonabletoapplyinbusiness.11.TheRelationshipbetweenBusinessEthicsandCorporateSocialResponsibility(CSR)•

Businessethicsrefertoanindividual’soraworkgroup’sdecisionsthatsocietyevaluatesasrightorwrong.•

Socialresponsibilityisabroaderconceptthatconcernstheimpactoftheentirebusiness’sactivitiesonsociety.CaseStudyEthicalIssuesinProductionatGucciinShenzhen,ChinaGucciisamultinationalcompanywithover270directlyoperatedstoresworldwide,servingcustomersofelitegoods,andgeneratingbillionsofdollarsrevenueperyear.Ithasaniconic,evennoble,luxurybrandimageintheGreaterChinaregion,whereitsrevenueincreasedby35.6%inthefirsthalfofyear2011.GuccihasexpresseditsintentiontoacceleratetheprocessofopeningstoresontheChinesemainland.Recently,however,thecompanycameunderfireafterfiveformeremployeesfromitsflagshipstoreinShenzhenrevealedinformationonlineaboutinhumaneworkingconditionsandlabormistreatmentinthecompany.ThispaperfocusesoneventsthattookplaceinaGucciflagshipstorelocatedinShenzhen,China.CaseStudyOn8October2011,anopenletter—APublicLettertotheTopManagementofGuccifromFormerEmployeeswhoresignedcollectively—wasspreadontheInternet.ThisletterwaswrittenbyfiveformeremployeesoftheGucciShenzhenFlagshipStore.Intheletter,theyallegedthatemployeescaughtanoccupationaldisease,thattherewasonemiscarriageattributabletoexcessiveworkinghoursandthattherewasnocompensationforthesehardships.Moreover,theystatedthattherewereexcessiverestrictionsonemployees’behavior,includingtheneedtoobtainpermissionbeforegettingadrinkorasnack,andstrictlimitationsontoilettime.Theystatedthat,whiletherestrictionswereappliedstrictlytoallfront-lineemployees,includingonewhowaspregnant,theywerenotappliedtothemanagers.Theletteralsoclaimedthattheemployeeshadtopaycompensationforanyproductthatwasstolenorwentmissing,eventhoughtheseluxuryproductshadalreadybeeninsured.CaseStudyOncerevealedonline,thisreportarousedwidespreaddiscussionamongInternetusers.Furtherinformationemerged,suggestingthatthecasealsoinvolvedfalsificationofrecordsaboutworkinghours,andtheimpositionofforced,unpaidovertimework.Gucciimplementedasystemofworkingonefullday,followedbyadayoff.Officially,1day’sworkwasabout10h.Buttheworkerscomplainedthat,ontheirworkingdays,theywererequiredtoclockoffatacertaintimetoestablishafalseelectronicrecord,andthencontinuetheirwork,countinggoodsuntiltwoorthreeo’clockinthemorningwithoutcompensation.

CaseStudy

SomenetizenslabeledGucciasa“sweatshop.”Manyopinedthatthelabormanagementpracticesofsomemultinationalcompaniesandbrandownersfailedtomatchtheirinternationalstatus.Severaldayslater,theGucciheadquartersinChinaissuedastatement,sayingthatGuccidoesnotandwillnotendorseortoleratetheallegedmalpractices.Guccialsostatedthatthatthecompanyhadconductedthoroughinvestigationsandhadimplementedaseriesofmeasures,includingthereplacementofthestoremanagerandassistantstoremanager.Meanwhile,theHumanResourcesBureauwithintheLegalDepartmentofShenzhenLuohuDistrictsaidtheywouldfurtherinvestigatethecase.On26October2011,GucciandtheformeremployeeseventuallyarrivedatasettlementinconjunctionwithShenzhenFederationofTradeUnions.DiscussionQuestions1.HowGucciusedthelabordispatchsystem?2.Howcanwetellrightfromwrong,andwhatarethepossiblesolutions?ReferenceKeytotheQuestionsofCaseStudy1.HowGucciusedthelabordispatchsystem?Inthisformofemployment,thecompanywhichactually“use”theseworkersisonlyresponsibleforpayingwages,whileotheraspects,includingsocialsecurityanddismissalcompensationarepassedontotheemployeeleasingcompany.Thelabordispatcharrangementservestoreducetheusercompanies’costsandcontractualresponsibilitiesfortheemployee.Theycanincurlowertrainingcostsandarenotrequiredtomakesocialsecurityarrangements.Becauseofthesefeatures,thisem-ploymentmodeliswidelyusedinChina.TheGuccistoresinShenzhenactuallyadoptedanevenmorecomplexdispatchsystem,involvingatleastthreeemployeeleasingcompaniesthatwerelocatedinShanghai.ReferenceKeytotheQuestionsofCaseStudy2.Howcanwetellrightfromwrong,andwhatarethepossiblesolutions?WeshalldrawontwoverydifferentperspectivestoconductamoralevaluationofthelabormanagementpracticesintheGuccicase.ThefirstperspectiveisthatoftraditionalConfucianethics,thesecondismodernlaborrightstheory.Confucianismconcernstherespectivedutiesofthepartiesinadyadicrelationship.Thejuniorpartyhastheobligationtoserveandobeytheseniorparty,andtheseniorpartyhastheresponsibilitytoteach,lead,andlookafterthejuniorparty.Appliedtomodernemploymentrelationships,thiswouldentailabenignarrangementunderwhichtheemployeeswouldberecognizedandcherishedasakeystakeholdergroupofthecompany,ReferenceKeytotheQuestionsofCaseStudywithwhichthecompanywouldbuildandmaintainacooperativerelationshipandseekwin-winoutcomes.“Squeezing”ratherthannurturingemployeesmaysaveeconomiccostsandleadtomoreprofitsintheshort-term,but,asinthisparticularcase,islikelytogiverisetolowmoraleamongemployeesandmayleadtoemotionaldistressandphysicalharm.Thelong-termrisksincludethatemployeeswillmaketheirgrievancespublicandthatthecompany’sreputationwillbeharmedasaresult.IntheadvancedWesterneconomies,themoralbasisofhumanrightshasbeenincorporatedintolegalrights.InChina,however,laborrightsturnoutnotbewidelyinstitutionalizedandlegalrightsturnoutnottobestronglyenforced,allowingemployersasthestrongerpartytoexploittheemployeesastheweakerparty.WhiletherearedifferencesbetweenWesterncountriesandChina,allpeopleintheworldsharetheneedforsomebasiccharacteristicsofhumandignitythatoughtnevertobeviolated,regardlessofsocialcontextandthusregardlessofwhethertheyhaveanabundanceofemploymentchoicesornearlynone,orwhethertheyhaveadequateinstitutionalmechanismstoprotecttheirinterests.Inaddition,theestablishmentofasociallyresponsiblemanagementsystemsshouldincludeastatementofsocialresponsibilityobjectivesandtargets,alongwithsufficienthumanandfinancialresourcestoensurethattheseobjectsandtargetsareclearlycommunicated,thatthesystemisadequatelyimplemented,andthattherearemechanismsforregularmonitoringandauditingofthesystemandforcorrectiveactionintheeventofshortfalls.ChineseEthicalCulture:中国伦理文化1.孟子曰：“不仁哉梁惠王也！仁者以其所爱及其所不爱，不仁者以其所不爱及其所爱。”《孟子》Menciussaid,“TheoppositeindeedofbenevolentwasthekingHuiofLiang!Thebenevolent,beginningwithwhattheycarefor,proceedtowhattheydonotcarefor.Thosewhoaretheoppositeofbenevolent,beginningwithwhattheydonotcarefor,proceedtowhattheycarefor.”TheMencius2.孟子曰：“不信仁贤，则国空虚；无礼义，则上下乱；无政事，则财用不足。”《孟子》Menciussaid,“Ifmenofvirtueandabilitybenotconfidedin,aStatewillbecomeemptyandvoid.Withouttherulesofproprietyanddistinctionsofright,thehighandthelowwillbethrownintoconfusion.Withoutthegreatprinciplesofgovernmentandtheirvariousbusiness,therewillnotbewealthsufficientfortheexpenditure.”TheMenciusExercises1.Trueorfalse.1)Productionethicshasthedualattributesofaltruism,serviceandprofit.2)Theethicalregulationofmicro-productioncontainsTHREEaspectsoftheethicalregulation.3)Thepurposeofproductiondeterminesthewayofproduction.4)Economicethicsmainlydiscussestheregulatingeffectofethicalorientation,normsandstandardsonproductionactivities.5)Naturalresourcesincludeland,forests,mineraldeposits,riversandotherresources.6)Fromthenarrowsense,themoralresponsibilityofenterprisesisreflectedintheeconomicresponsibility,legalresponsibilityandspiritualandculturalresponsibilityofenterprises.TFTTFTExercises7)Thebasicdifficultyraisedbythedue-careviewisthatitassumesthatthemanufacturercandiscovertherisksthatattendtheuseofaproductbeforetheconsumerbuysandusesit.8)Enterprisemoralresponsibilitymeansthatanenterpriseconsciouslyperformsethicalstandardsandmoralnormsinitsproductionandoperationactivities.9)Manufacturersareinamoredisadvantagedposition,theyhaveadutytotakespecialcaretoensurethatconsumers’interestsarenotharmedbytheproductsthattheyoffer.10)Manufacturersorproducersexercisesufficientcareonlywhentheytakeadequatestepstopreventwhateverinjuriouseffectstheycanforeseethattheuseoftheirproductmayhaveonconsumers.FTFTExercises2.GivethefollowingdefinitionsforthenamesinEnglish.1)Productionethics2)CorporateMoralResponsibilities3)EnterpriseconscienceCorporatemoralresponsibilitymeansthatanenterpriseconsciouslyperformsethicalstandardsandmoralnormsinitsproductionandoperationactivities.Enterpriseconscienceistheself-consciousnessandself-evaluationofcorporatemoralresponsibility.Itiscomposedofenterpriselove,enterprisesincerityandenterpriserighteousnessorjusticeheart.Productionethicsreferstotheethicalspiritofpeopleinproductionactivities,ispeople’sfundamentalviewofproductionactivitiesfromthemoralpointofview,andistheideologyofethicalconcepts,commonvalues,moralnorms,codeofconductandhistoricaltraditionsformedinproduction.Exercises2.GivethefollowingdefinitionsforthenamesinEnglish.4)ProductionMotiveEthic5)EthicalRegulationofMicroscopicProductionProductionmotivereferstothereasonsthatpromotepeopletoengageinproductionorthepurposethatpeopleattempttoachieve.Theethicalregulationofmicro-productionisbasedontheethicsofproduction,startingfromthespecificproductionofspecificproducersintherealsociety,andexaminingtheregulatoryeffectofethicsontheproductionofthosespecificorganizationsorindividuals.Exercises3.TranslatethefollowingtermsintoChinese.1)Productionethics2)Due-careview3)RegulationsonWorker’s

CompensationInsurance4)DistributiveJustice5)MacroProduction

生产伦理应有关怀观《工伤保险条例》分配公平宏观生产Exercises4.TranslatethefollowingtermsintoEnglish.1)生产伦理调节2)契约论3)生态持续原则4)道德价值5)社会成本论

AdjustmentofProductionEthicsContractTheoryPrinciplesofEcologicalSustainabilityMoralValuesSocialCostTheoryExercises5.

Answerthequestionsbriefly.1)

What’sthedilemmaofethicsinproduction?Therearecertainprocessesinvolvedintheproductionofgoodsandaslighterrorinthesamecandegradethequalityseverely.Thedilemmathereforeliesindefiningthedegreeofpermissibility,whichinturndependsonanumberoffactors.2)

What’sthedualattributesofproductionethics?Productionethicshasthedualattributesofaltruism,serviceandprofit.Inthemodernsociety,theproductionethicsisformedorganicallythroughvariousexplicitandimplicitsystemconstructionchannels.Exercises3)

What’sthebasicproblemsofproductionethics?Thebasicproblemsofproductionethicsincludetwoaspects:whyproduceandhowtoproduce.Theformermeansthepurposeofproduction,andthelattermeansthewayofproduction.Theformerdeterminesthelatter,thatis,thepurposeofproductiondeterminesthewayofproduction.

6.CaseStudyChinaEasternAirlinesAirlinerDrops30TonsofFuelintheAirasanAlternateLandingtoSavealifeAt11:49amonMarch23,2018,ChinaEasternAirlinesflightMU587departedfromShanghaitoNewYork.Ifeverythinggoessmoothly,theplanewillarriveinNewYorkat2:25amBeijingtimeonthe24th.However,just3hoursand40minutesaftertheplanetookoff,theflightattendantsdiscoveredduringcabininspectionthatafemalepassengerinher60shadsymptomsofphysicaldiscomfort.Thecrewimmediatelyreportedtothecaptainandimplementedemergencytreatment,andimmediatelybroadcasttofindadoctor.Atthesametime,theytransferredthepatientfromeconomyclasstobusinessclass.AdoctorfromaforeignmedicaltreatmentteamandaChineseAmericannursearrivedatthesceneforrescue,andtheydeterminedthatthesituationwasquitedangerousandcouldpotentiallyendangerthepatient’slife.ExercisesCaseStudyCaptainGuJian,afterlearningab