软件工程专业英语-Internet of Things

我们毕业啦其实是答辩的标题地方软件工程专业英语SOFTWAREENGINEERINGESSENTIALS2023/10/212

Chapter1 MobileComputers

Chapter2 SoftwareReengineering

Chapter3

MainMemoryDatabase

Chapter4 NetworkingandSecurity

Chapter5 ArtificialIntelligence

Chapter6 BigData

Chapter7 MobileInternet

Chapter8

InternetofThings

2023/10/21..2023/10/212023/10/2132023/10/21..8.1

DEFINITIONOFINTERNETOFTHINGS8.2TECHNOLOGIESOFINTERNETOFTHINGS8.3APPLICATIONSOFINTERNETOFTHINGSTERMSCHAPTER8

INTERNETOFTHINGS2023/10/212023/10/214COMPETENCIESAfterreadingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:1.DescribetheInternetofThings(IoT)accurately.2.TalkaboutthedevelopmentoftheInternetofThingsfromdifferentperspectives.3.Discusssomeproblemsexitingtodayabout"InternetofThings".4.Explainthedefinitionofwirelesssensornetwork(WSN),anddescribethecharacteristicsofwirelesssensornetwork.

2023/10/21..2023/10/212023/10/215COMPETENCIESAfterreadingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:5.Explainthedefinitionofembeddedsystem(ES),anddescribethecharacteristicsofembeddedsystem.6.ExplainwhatRFIDis,anddescribetheapplicationsofRFID.7.DiscussothertechnologiesconcernedintheInternetofThings.8.Listseveraltypesofintelligenthomeanddescribetheirfunctions.2023/10/21..2023/10/212023/10/2162023/10/21..inthischapter,wewill:presentanoverviewoftheInternetofThings:definition,types,featuresandframeworkdescribesomepopulartechnologiesconcernedintheInternetofThings:wirelesssensornetwork(WSN),embeddedsystem,RFID,etc.discusstheapplicationsofInternetofThingslistseveraltypesofintelligenthomeandintroducethefunctions2023/10/212023/10/2172023/10/21..8.1DefinitionofInternetofThings8.1.1

OriginoftheConceptof"InternetofThings"8.1.2

CommonDefinitionofInternetofThings8.1.3

DevelopmentofInternetofThings2023/10/212023/10/2188.1.1

OriginoftheConceptof"InternetofThings"InternetofThingsThephrase“InternetofThings”(IoT)wascoinedabout15yearsagobythefoundersoftheoriginalMITAuto-IDCenter,withspecialmentiontoKevinAshtonin1999andDavidL.Brockin2001.Auto-IDTheterm“Auto-ID”referstoanybroadclassofidentificationtechnologiesusedinindustrytoautomate,reduceerrors,andincreaseefficiency.2023/10/21..2023/10/212023/10/219identificationtechnologiesbarcodessmartcardssensorsvoicerecognitionbio-metrics2023/10/21..8.1.1

OriginoftheConceptof"InternetofThings"2023/10/212023/10/21102023/10/21..8.1.1

OriginoftheConceptof"InternetofThings"EPC(electronicproductcode)ExecutiveSymposiumtookplaceinChicago,inSeptember2003theclimaxoftheAuto-IDCenterreputationoccurredmarkedtheofficiallaunchoftheEPCNetworkdeemedthatRFIDwouldbecomeakeyenablingtechnologyforeconomicgrowthinthenextfiftyyearsEPCNetwork

anopentechnologyinfrastructureallowingcomputerstoautomaticallyidentifyman-madeobjectsandtrackthemastheyflowfromtheplanttodistributioncentertostoreshelves2023/10/212023/10/21112023/10/21..8.1.1

OriginoftheConceptof"InternetofThings"Thephrase“InternetofThings”pointsoutavisionofthemachinesofthefuture:Inthenineteenthcentury:machineslearnedtodoInthetwentiethcentury:machineslearnedtothinkInthetwenty-firstcentury:machinelearnedtoperceive----they actuallysenseandrespond2023/10/212023/10/21122023/10/21..8.1.2

CommonDefinitionofInternetofThingsThetermInternetofThingsappearstohavebeencoinedbyamemberoftheRFIDdevelopmentcommunitycirca2000,whoreferredtothepossibilityofdiscoveringinformationaboutataggedobjectbybrowsinganInternetaddressordatabaseentrythatcorrespondstoaparticularRFID.Commondefinition:referstothegeneralideaofthings,especiallyeverydayobjects,whicharereadable,recognizable,locatable,addressable,and/orcontrollableviatheInternet----whetherviaRFID,wirelessLAN,wide-areanetwork,orothermeans.2023/10/212023/10/21132023/10/21..8.1.2

CommonDefinitionofInternetofThingsAnalystscommonlydescribetwodistinctmodesofcommunicationintheInternetofThings:12023/10/212023/10/21142023/10/21..8.1.2

CommonDefinitionofInternetofThings2Machine-to-machinecommunicationisasubsetofthing-to-thingcommunication;butmachine-to-machinecommunicationoftenexistswithinlarge-scaleITsystemsandsoencompassesthingsthatmaynotqualifyas“everydayobjects”.2023/10/212023/10/21158.1.3

DevelopmentoftheInternetofThings

2023/10/21..Today,thereareroughly1.5billioninternet-enabledPCsandover1billionInternet-enabledcellphones.Thepresent“InternetofPCs”willmovetowardsan“InternetofThings”inwhich50to100billiondeviceswillbeconnectedtotheInternetby2020.Inthesameyear,thenumberofmobilemachinesessionswillbe30timeshigherthanthatofmobilepersonsessions.Ifweconsidernotonlymachine-to-machinecommunicationbutcommunicationsamongallkindsofobjects,thenthepotentialnumberofobjectstobeconnectedtotheInternetwillariseto100,000billion.2023/10/212023/10/21162023/10/21..8.1.3

DevelopmentoftheInternetofThings

ResearchperspectivedevelopnewtechnologiessuchasRFIDandwirelesssensornetworksthefirstInternetofThingsconference:inZurichin2008leadingresearchersandpractitionerstogethertofacilitatesharingofapplications,researchresultsandknowledgethesecond:inTokyoattheendof2010aroundthetheme“IoTforaGreenPlanet”,exploredthetechnicalrequirementsandbusinesschallenges2023/10/218.1.3

DevelopmentoftheInternetofThings

today'ssocietalchallengeswithIoTtechnology:healthmonitoringsystemstosupporttheagingsocietydistributedawarenesstohelppredictnaturaldisastersandreactmoreappropriatelytrackandtracetohelpreducetrafficcongestionproductlifetimeinformationtoimproverecyclabilitytransparencyoftransportationtoreducecarbonfootprintmoreinsightsintovariouskindsofprocessestoimproveoptimization2023/10/212023/10/21182023/10/21..AnotherresearchperspectivefortheInternetofThingsisgivenbyHewlett-Packardwhichhaslaunchedaten-yearmission,aCentralNervousSystemfortheEarth,toembeduptoatrillionpushpin-sizesensorsaroundtheglobe.InChina,researchesinthefieldofInternetofThingsareregardedasessentialtofostereconomicgrowthandcatchupwiththedevelopedcountries.Since2006,severalresearchinstituteshavebeeninvolvedinafar-reachingprojectwithstrongsupportfromChinesegovernment.8.1.3

DevelopmentoftheInternetofThings

2023/10/212023/10/21192023/10/21..Industryperspectivein1998thefirstindustrialrealizationoftheInternetofThings,inthesenseofRFIDtagsembeddedinobjects,wasactuallythePrestonetworkin2005Wak-MartandtheU.S.DepartmentofDefencedemandedthattheirmajorcontractorsandsuppliersmarktheirshipmentswithRFIDtagsforinventorycontrol.8.1.3

DevelopmentoftheInternetofThings

2023/10/212023/10/21202023/10/21..8.1.3

DevelopmentoftheInternetofThings

Industryperspectivein2008AnopengroupofcompanieslaunchedtheIPOAlliancetopromotetheuseofInternetprotocol(IP)innetworksof“smartobjects”.TheIPSOAlliancenowboasts53membercompanies:2023/10/212023/10/2121..8.1.3

DevelopmentoftheInternetofThings

IndustryperspectiveFurthermore,astheInternetisrunningoutofaddresses,inthelastfewyears,ithasbeenmovingtoanewprotocol,IPv6.Thenewaddressspacecansupport128(about3.4*10^38)addresses,whichmeans,totakeacommonlyusedanalogy,thatitprovidesenoughaddressesforeverygrainofsandoneverybeachintheworld!2023/10/212023/10/2122..8.1.3

DevelopmentoftheInternetofThings

GovernmentperspectiveSeveralcountrieshaverecognizedtheimportanceoftheInternetofThingsforeconomicgrowthandsustainabilityinthefuture.theEuropeanCommissionlaunchedpublicconsultationsandstimulatedwidelyopendiscussionsonRFIDandtheInternetofThings,especiallyoncriticalpolicyissuessuchasgovernance,privacy,andresilience/security2023/10/212023/10/2123..8.1.3

DevelopmentoftheInternetofThings

GovernmentperspectiveChinacommissionedaseriesofstudiesthatemphasizedthestrategicimportanceofInternetofThingsforU.S.relativewealthandeconomicpowertheU.S.anumberofsignificantpublicspeechesweredeliveredabouttheInternetofThingsainterestingequation:

Internet+InternetofThings=WisdomoftheEarth2023/10/212023/10/2124..8.1.3

DevelopmentoftheInternetofThings

technologiesoftheInternetofThings:(accordingtoSRIConsultingBusinessIntelligence)2023/10/212023/10/2125..2023/10/212023/10/21262023/10/21..Listseveralidentificationtechnologieswhichareusedinindustrytoreduceerrorsandincreaseefficiency.DescribethecommondefinitionoftheInternetofThings.3.DescribethetwodistinctmodesofcommunicationintheInternetofThings.4.TalkaboutthedevelopmentoftheInternetofThingsfromdifferentperspectives.CONCEPTS2023/10/212023/10/21272023/10/21..8.2TECHNOLOGIESOFINTERNETOFTHINGS8.2.1WirelessSensorNetwork8.2.2EmbeddedSystem8.2.3RFID8.2.4OtherTechnologies2023/10/212023/10/21288.2.1WirelessSensorNetwork2023/10/21..1.DefinitionofwirelesssensornetworkwewillintroducetheWSNfromthreeaspects:2.Characteristics3.Standardsandspecifications2023/10/212023/10/2129..Awirelesssensornetwork(WSN)consistsofspatiallydistributedautonomoussensorstomonitorphysicalorenvironmentalconditions,suchastemperature,sound,pressure,etc,andtocooperativelypassteirdatathroughthenetworktoamainlocation.earlyapplication:battlefieldsurveillance----militaryapplicationstoday:industrialprocessmonitoringandcontrolmachinehealthmonitoring8.2.1WirelessSensorNetworkindustryandconsumerapplications1.Definitionofwirelesssensornetwork2023/10/212023/10/21302023/10/21..8.2.1WirelessSensorNetworkTheWSNisbuiltof“nodes”----fromafewtoseveralhundredsoreventhousands,whereeachnodeisconnectedtooneorseveralsensors.Eachsuchsensornetworknodehastypicallyseveralparts:aradiotransceiverwithaninternalantennaorconnectiontoanexternalantennaamicrocontrolleranelectroniccircuitforinterfacingwiththesensorsanenergysource,usuallyabatteryoranembeddedformofenergyharvesting2023/10/212023/10/21312023/10/21..8.2.1WirelessSensorNetworkAboutsensornode:Size:formashoeboxdowntoagrainofdust,althoughfunctioning “motes”ofgenuinemicroscopicdimensionshaveyettobecreatedCost:fromafewtohundredsofdollars,dependingonthecomplexityof theindividualsensornodesSmartsensornodesarelowpowerdevicesequippedwithoneormoresensors,aprocessor,memory,apowersupply,aradio,andanactuator.2023/10/212023/10/21322023/10/21..8.2.1WirelessSensorNetworkThetopologyoftheWSNscanvaryfromasimplestarnetworktoanadvancedmulti-hopwirelessmeshnetwork.Typicalmulti-hopwirelesssensornetworkarchitecture2023/10/212023/10/21332023/10/21..8.2.1WirelessSensorNetworkThemaincharacteristicsofaWSNinclude:PowerconsumptionconstrainsfornodesusingbatteriesorenergyharvestingAbilitytocopewithnodefailuresMobilityofnodesCommunicationfailuresHeterogeneityofnodesScalabilitytolargescaleofdeploymentAbilitytowithstandharshenvironmentconditionsEaseofuse2.Characteristics2023/10/212023/10/2134..8.2.1WirelessSensorNetworkAWSN’sresourceconstraintsinclude:alimitedamountofenergyshortcommunicationrangelowbandwidthlimitedprocessingandstorageineachnodeAWSN’sdesignconstraintsare:applicationdependentbasedonthemonitoredenvironment2023/10/212023/10/2135..8.2.1WirelessSensorNetwork3.StandardsandspecificationsThereareanumberofstandardizationbodiesinthefieldofWSNs.TheIEEEfocusesonthephysicalandMAClayers;TheInternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF)worksonthreeormorelayers.BodiessuchasInternationalSocietyofAutomationprovideverticalsolutions,coveringallprotocollayers.Therearealsoseveralnon-standard,proprietarymechanismsandspecifications.2023/10/212023/10/2136..8.2.1WirelessSensorNetworkPredominantstandardscommonlyusedinWSNcommunicationsinclude:(1)WirelessHARTWirelessHARTisawirelesssensornetworkingtechnologybasedonthehighwayaddressableremotetransducerprotocol(HART).Developedasamulti-vendor,interoperablewirelessstandard,WirelessHARTwasdefinedfortherequirementsofprocessfielddevicenetworks.2023/10/212023/10/2137..8.2.1WirelessSensorNetworkIEEE1451IEEE1451isasetofsmarttransducerinterfacestandardsdevelopedbytheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers(IEEE)andInstrumentationandMeasurementSociety’sSensorTechnologyTechnicalCommitteedescribingasetofopen,common,network-independentcommunicationinterfacesforconnectingtransducers(sensorsoractuators)tomicroprocessors,instrumentationsystems,andcontrol/fieldnetworks.2023/10/212023/10/2138..8.2.1WirelessSensorNetwork(3)IEEE802.15.4IEEE802.15.4isastandardwhichspecifiesthephysicallayerandmediaaccesscontrolforlow-ratewirelesspersonalareanetworks(LR-WPANs).ZigBeeZigBeeisaspecificationforasuiteofhighlevelcommunicationprotocolsusingsmall,low-powerdigitalradiosbasedonanIEEE802standardforpersonalareanetworks.ZigBeedevicesareoftenusedinmeshnetworkformtotransmitdataoverlongerdistances,passingdatathroughintermediatedevicestoreachmoredistantones.2023/10/212023/10/2139..8.2.1WirelessSensorNetwork6LoWPAN6LoWPANisanacronymofIPv6overlowpowerwirelesspersonalareanetworks.6LoWPANisthenameofaworkinggroupintheInternetareaoftheIETF.2023/10/212023/10/21408.2.2EmbeddedSystem2023/10/21..1.Definitionofembeddedsystemwewillintroduceembeddedsystemfromthreeaspects:2.History3.Characteristics2023/10/212023/10/21418.2.2EmbeddedSystem2023/10/21..DefinitionofembeddedsystemAnembeddedsystem(ES)isacomputersystemdesignedforspecificcontrolfunctionswithinacompletedeviceoftenincludinghardwareandmechanicalparts.Embeddedsystemscontainprocessingcoresthatareeithermicrocontrollersordigitalsignalprocessors(DSP).Aprocessorisanimportantunitintheembeddedsystemhardware.Itistheheartoftheembeddedsystem.2023/10/212023/10/21428.2.2EmbeddedSystem2023/10/21..Embeddedsystemscontrolmanydevicesincommonusetoday.Thekeycharacteristics,however,isbeingdedicatedtohandleaparticulartask.Physically,embeddedsystemsrangefromportabledevicessuchasdigitalwatchesandMP3players,tolargestationaryinstallationsliketrafficlights,factorycontrollers,andlargelycomplexsystemslikehybridvehicles,MRI,andavionics.Complexityvariesfromquitelow,withasinglemicrocontrollerchip,toveryhighwithmultipleunits,peripheralsandnetworksmountedinsidealargechassisorenclosure.2023/10/212023/10/21438.2.2EmbeddedSystem2023/10/21..2.HistoryOneofthefirstrecognizablemodernembeddedsystemswastheApolloGuidanceComputer(AGC),developedbyCharlesStarkDraperattheMITInstrumentationLaboratory.Thedisplayandkeyboard(DSKY)interfaceof

theApolloGuidanceComputermountedon

the

controlpaneloftheCommandModule,withtheFlightDirectorAttitudeIndicator(FDAI)above.

ApollocomputerDSKYuserinterfaceunit.2023/10/212023/10/21448.2.2EmbeddedSystem2023/10/21..Anearlymass-producedembeddedsystemwastheAutoneticsD-17guidancecomputer,fortheMinutemanmissile,releasedin1961.AutoneticsD-17guidancecomputerfromaMinutemanImissile.WhentheMinutemanⅡwenttoproductionin1996,theD-17wasreplacedwithanewcomputerthatfirstusedhigh-volumeofintegratedcircuits.ThisprogramalonereducedpricesonquadnandgateICsfrom$1000/eachto$3/each,permittingtheiruseincommercialproducts.2023/10/212023/10/21458.2.2EmbeddedSystem2023/10/21..Inthe1960sembeddedsystemshavecomedowninpriceandtherehasbeenadramaticriseinprocessingpowerandfunctionalityIn1978NationalEngineeringManufacturersAssociationreleaseda“standard”forprogrammablemicrocontrollers,includingalmostanycomputer-basedcontrollers,suchassingleboardcomputers,numerical,andevent-basedcontrollersBytheearly1980smemory,inputandoutputsystemcomponentshadbeenintegratedintothesamechipastheprocessorformingamicrocontroller2023/10/212023/10/21468.2.2EmbeddedSystem2023/10/21..3.Characteristics

(1)UserinterfaceEmbeddedsystemsrangefromnouserinterfaceatall—dedicatedonlytoonetask—tocomplexgraphicaluserinterfaces.Simpleembeddeddevicesusebuttons,LEDs,graphicorcharacterLCDswithasimplemenusystem.2023/10/21Moresophisticateddevicesuseagraphicalscreenwithtouchsensingorscreen-edgebuttonstoprovideflexibilitywhileminimizingspaceused:themeaningofthebuttonscanchangewiththescreen.2023/10/21478.2.2EmbeddedSystem2023/10/21..2023/10/212023/10/21488.2.2EmbeddedSystem2023/10/21..Somesystemsprovideuserinterfaceremotelywiththehelpofaserialornetworkconnectionwithinseveraladvantages:ExtendingthecapabilitiesofembeddedsystemAvoidingthecostofadisplaySimplifyingBSPAllowingustobuildarichuserinterfaceonthePC2023/10/212023/10/21498.2.2EmbeddedSystem2023/10/21..

(2)ProcessorsinembeddedsystemsEmbeddedprocessorscanbebrokenintotwobroadcategories:Ordinarymicroprocessors(µP)useseparateintegratedcircuitsformemoryandperipherals.Microcontrollers(µC)havemanymoreperipheralsonchip,reducingpowerconsumption,sizeandcost.Numerousmicrocontrollershavebeendevelopedfortheuseofembeddedsystems.General-purposemicroprocessorsarealsousedinembeddedsystems,butgenerallyrequiremoresupportcircuitrythanmicrocontrollers.2023/10/212023/10/21508.2.2EmbeddedSystem2023/10/21..

(3)Ready-madecomputerboardsPC/104andPC/104+areexamplesofstandardsforready-madecomputerboardsintendedforsmall,low-volumeembeddedandruggedizedsystems,mostlyx86-based.TheseareoftenphysicallysmallcomparedtoastandardPC,althoughstillquitelargecomparedtomostsimple(8/16-bit)embeddedsystems.TheyoftenuseMSDOS,Linux,NetBSD,oranembeddedreal-timeoperatingsystemsuchasMicroC/OS-Ⅱ,QNXorVxWorks.Sometimestheseboardsusenon-x86processors.2023/10/212023/10/21518.2.2EmbeddedSystem2023/10/21..

(3)Ready-madecomputerboardsHowever,mostready-madeembeddedsystemsboardsarenotPC-centeredanddonotusetheISA(IndustryStandardArchitecture),orPCI(PeripheralComponentInterconnect)busses.Whenasystem-on-a-chip(SOC)processorisinvolved,theremaybelittlebenefittohavingastandardizedbusconnectingdiscretecomponents,andtheenvironmentforbothhardwareandsoftwaretoolsmaybeverydifferent.2023/10/212023/10/21528.2.2EmbeddedSystem2023/10/21..

(4)ReliabilityEmbeddedsystemsoftenresideinmachinesthatareexpectedtoruncontinuouslyforyearswithouterrorsandinsomecasesrecoverbythemselvesifanerroroccurs.Thereforethesoftwareisusuallydevelopedandtestedmorecarefullythanthatforpersonalcomputers,andunreliablemechanicalmovingpartssuchasdiskdrives,switchesorbuttonsareavoided.2023/10/212023/10/21538.2.3RFID2023/10/21..1.DefinitionofRFIDwewillintroduceRFIDfromthreeaspects:2.RFIDtags3.Application2023/10/212023/10/21548.2.3RFID2023/10/21..DefinitionofRFIDRadio-frequencyidentification(RFID)istheuseofawirelessnon-contactsystemthatusesradio-frequencyelectromagneticfieldstotransferdatafromatagattachedtoanobject,forthepurposesofautomaticidentificationandtracking.applicationspreventingtheftofautomobilescollectingtollswithoutstoppingmanagingtrafficgainingentrancetobuildingsautomatingparking2023/10/212023/10/21558.2.3RFID2023/10/21..DefinitionofRFIDapplicationscontrollingaccessofvehiclestogatedcommunities,corporatecampusesandairportsdispensinggoodsprovidingskiliftaccesstrackinglibrarybooksbuyinghamburgersgrowingopportunitytotrackawealthofassetsinsupplychainmanagement2023/10/212023/10/21568.2.3RFID2023/10/21..TodayRFIDisagenerictermfortechnologiesthatuseradiowavestoautomaticallyidentifypeopleorobjects.Thereareseveralmethodsofidentification,butthemostcommononeistoassociatetheRFIDtaguniqueidentifierwithanobjectorperson.AnRFIDsystemwilltypicallycomprisethefollowing:ARFIDdevice(tag)AtagreaderwithanantennaandtransceiverHostsystemorconnectiontoanenterprisesystem2023/10/212023/10/21578.2.3RFID2023/10/21..2.RFIDtagsRFIDdevicesfallintotwobroadcategories:thosewithapowersupply(abattery)andthosewithout.activetags—anRFIDdevicethatactivelytransmittedtoareaderpassivetags—unpoweredpassivedevicescomparisonActivetagsaretypicallyalsoread/writedeviceswhilepassivetagsaregenerallyreadonly.Activetagsarelargerandmoreexpensivethanpassivetags.2023/10/212023/10/21588.2.3RFID2023/10/21..Tagsareavailableinawidevarietyofshapes,sizesandprotectivehousings.Animaltrackingtags,whichareinjectedbeneaththeskin,areapproximately10mmlongand1mmindiameter.Sometagsareencapsulatedincreditcardsizedpackages,typicallybuildingaccesscards.Othersareforuseinharshenvironmentssuchascontainertrackingapplicationsandcanmeasure120*100*50mm.HitachiholdstherecordforthesmallestRFIDchip,at0.5mm*0.5mm.2023/10/212023/10/21598.2.3RFID2023/10/21..3.ApplicationTheRFIDtagscanbeaffixedtoanobjectandusedtotrackandmanageinventory,assets,people,etc.Forexample,itcanbeaffixedtocars,computerequipment,books,mobilephones,etc.RFIDcanbeusedinavarietyofapplications,suchastransportationpayments,animalidentification,hospitals,healthcare,etc.2023/10/212023/10/21608.2.3RFID2023/10/21..(1)TransportationpaymentsInmanycountries,RFIDtagscanbeusedtopayformasstransitfaresonbus,trains,orsubways,ortocollecttollsonhighways.SomebikelockersareoperatedwithRFIDcardsassignedtoindividualusers.Aprepaidcardisrequiredtoopenorenterafacilityorlockerandisusedtotrackandchargebasedonhowlongthebikeisparked.TheZipcarcar-sharingserviceusesRFIDcardsforlockingandunlockingcarsandformemberidentification.2023/10/212023/10/21618.2.3RFID2023/10/21..(2)AnimalidentificationRFIDtagsforanimalsrepresentoneoftheoldestusesofRFIDtechnology.Originallymeantforlargeranchesandroughterrain,sincetheoutbreakofmad-cowdisease,RFIDhasbecomecrucialinanimalidentificationmanagement.AnimplantableRFIDtagortranspondercanalsobeusedforanimalidentification.Thetranspondersaremorewell-knownaspassiveRFIDtechnology,or"chips"onanimals.TheCanadianCattleIdentificationAgencybeganusingRFIDtagsasareplacementforbarcodetags.2023/10/212023/10/21628.2.3RFID2023/10/21..(3)HospitalsandhealthcareAdoptionofRFIDinthemedicalindustryhasbeenwidespreadandveryeffective.HospitalsareamongthefirstusertocombinebothactiveandpassiveRFIDtechnology.Manysuccessfuldeploymentsinthehealthcareindustryhavebeencited.Activetechnologytrackshigh-value,orfrequentlymoveditems,whilepassivetechnologytrackssmaller,lowercostitemsthatonlyneedroom-levelidentification.2023/10/212023/10/21638.2.4OtherTechnologies2023/10/21..(1)SensortechnologiesAsensor(alsocalleddetector)isaconverterthatmeasuresaphysicalquantityandconvertsitintoasignalwhichcanbereadbyanobserverorbyan(todaymostlyelectronic)instrument.Sensorsareusedeverydaysuchastouch-sensitiveelevatorbuttons(tactilesensor)andlampswhichdimorbrightenbytouchingthebase.Therearealsoinnumerableapplicationsforsensorsofwhichmostpeopleareneveraware.Applicationsincludecars,machines,aerospace,medicine,manufacturingandrobotics.2023/10/212023/10/21642023/10/21..(2)MobileInternettechnologiesFromthetechnicallevel:mobileinternetisanopen-endedbasictelecommunicationswebsitethattakesbroadbandIPastechnicalcoreandsimultaneouslyprovidesvoice,dataandmultimediaservicesFromtheterminallevel:Inawidesense,itreferstouser’sadoptionofmobilephones,laptopsandothermobileterminalsformobilecommunicationsservicesandinternetaccessservicesInanarrowsense,itreferstouser’sadoptionofmobilephonesterminalforinternetandmobilephoneswebsitestogetaccesstomultimedia,customizedinformationandotherdataandinformationservices.2023/10/212023/10/21652023/10/21..(2)MobileInternettechnologiesHavingexperiencedfromanalogcommunications--AnalogMobileCommunications1G,todigitalcommunications--DigitalMobileCommunications2G,mobilecommunicationshasdevelopedtoastageofmultimedialevel--MultimediaMobileCommunications3G,andwillfinditsdirectioninfuturebroadbandmobilecommunications--BroadbandMobileCommunications4G.8.2.4OtherTechnologies2023/10/212023/10/21662023/10/21..(3)SmarttechnologiesA"smartsystem"hasaninherentabilitytogatherinformationonitsoperatingenvironmentorhistory,toprocessthatinformationinordertodrawintelligentinferencesfromitandtoactonthoseinferencesbychangingitscharacteristicsinanadvantageousmanner.Ithasbeenobservedthatinthecaseofamechanicalsystem,or"smartstructure",thefollowing