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2021年全国硕士研究生入学招生考试英语二试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.ChoosetheBestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark
A,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
It'snotdifficulttosettargetsforstaff.Itismuchharder,J_,tounderstandtheir
negativeconsequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshavemultiplecomponents._2
oneandtheothersbecomedistorted.
TravelonaLondonbusandyou'll3seehowthisworkswithdrivers.Watch
peoplegetonandshowtheirtickets.Aretheycarefullyinspected?Never.Dopeople
getonwithoutpaying?Ofcourse!Arethereinspectorsto4thatpeoplehavepaid?
Possibly,butveryfew.Andpeoplewhorunforthebus?Theyare5Howabout
jumpinglights?Busesdosoalmostasfrequentlyascyclists.
Why?Becausethetargetis6.Peoplecomplainedthatbuseswerelateand
infrequent.7thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswereincreased,anddriverswere
_8orpunishedaccordingtothetimetheytook.Anddrivershitthesetargets.But
they9hitcyclists.Ifthetargetwaschangedto10,youwouldhavemore
inspectorsandmoresensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedtosafety,youwouldget
more11driverswhoobeyedtrafficlaws.Butboththesecriteriawouldbeatthe
expenseoftime.
Thereisanother12:peoplebecameimmenselyinventiveinhittingtargets.
Haveyou13thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhourlatebutstillarriveontime?
Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!Airlineshavesimplychangedthetimea14ismeantto
take.Aone-hourflightisnowbilledasatwo-hourflight.
The15ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,withmultiple
criteria.Chooseonecriterionandyoumaywell16others.Everythingcanbedone
fasterandmadecheaper,butthereisa17.Settingtargetscananddoeshave
unforeseennegativeconsequences.
Thisisnotanargumentagainsttarget-setting.Butitisanargumentforexploring
consequencesfirst.Allgoodtargetsshouldhavemultiplecriteria18criticalfactors
suchastime,money,qualityandcustomerfeedback.Thetrickisnotonlyto19just
oneoreventwodimensionsoftheobjective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelp
peoplebetter20theobjective.
第1页共14页
1.[A]therefore[B]however[C]again[D]moreover
2.[A|Emphasize|B|Identify[C]Assess[D]Explain
3.[A]nearly[B]curiously[C]eagerly[D]quickly
4.[A]claim[B]prove[C]check[D]recall
5.[A]threatened|B|ignored[C]mocked[D]blamed
6.[A]punctuality[B]hospitality[C]competition[D]innovation
7.[A]Yet[B]So[C]Besides[D]Still
8.[A]hired[B]trained[C]rewarded[D]grouped
9.[A]only|B]rather[CJonce[D]also
1O.[A]comfort[B]revenue[C]efficiency[D]security
11.[A]friendly[B]quiet[C]cautious[D]diligent
12.[A]purpose[B|problem[C|prejudice[D]policy
13.[A]reported[B]revealed[C]admitted[D]noticed
14.[A]break[B]trip[C]departure[D]transfer
15.[A]moral|B|background[C]style[D]form
16.[A]interpret[B]criticize[C]sacrifice[D]tolerate
17.[A]task[B]secret[C]product[D]cost
18.[A]leadingto[B]callingfor[C]relatingto[D]accountingfor
19.[A]specify[B]predict[C]restore[D]create
2O.[A]modify[B|review[C]present[D]achieve
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,
CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
第2页共14页
Text1
“Reskilling“issomethingthatsoundslikeabuzzwordbutisactuallya
requirementifweplantohaveafuturewherealotofwould-beworkersdonotgetleft
behind.Weknowwearemovingintoaperiodwherethejobsindemandwillchange
rapidly,aswilltherequirementsofthejobsthatremain.ResearchbytheWorld
EconomicForumfindsthatonaverage42percentofthe46coreskills^withinjobroles
willchangeby2O22.Thatisaveryshorttimeline.
Thequestionofwhoshouldpayforreskillingisathornyone.Forindividual
companies,thetemptationisalwaystoletgoofworkerswhoseskillsarenolongerin
demandandreplacethemwiththosewhoseskillsare.Thatdoesnotalwayshappen.
AT&Tisoftengivenasthegoldstandardofacompanywhodecidedtodoamassive
reskillingprogramratherthangowithafire-and-hirestrategy.Othercompanies
includingAmazonandDisneyhadalsopledgedtocreatetheirownplans.Whenthe
skillsmismatchisinthebroadereconomythough,thefocususuallyturnsto
governmenttohandle.EffortsinCanadaandelsewherehavebeenarguablylanguidat
best,andhavegivenusasituationwherewefrequentlyhearofemployersbeggingfor
workers,evenattimesandinregionswhereunemploymentishigh.
Withthepandemic,unemploymentisveryhighindeed.InFebruary,at3.5per
centand5.5percentrespectively,unemploymentratesinCanadaandtheUnited
Stateswereatgenerationallowsandworkershortageswereeverywhere.AsofMay,
thoserateshadspikedupto13.3percentand13.7percent,andalthoughmanyworker
shortageshaddisappeared,notallhaddoneso.Inthemedicalfield,totakeanobvious
example,thepandemicmeantthattherewerestillclearshortagesofdoctors,nurses
andothermedicalpersonnel.
Ofcourse,itisnotlikeyoucantakeanunemployedwaiterandtrainhimtobea
doctorinafewweeks,nomatterwhopaysforit.Butevenifyoucannotclosethatgap,
maybeyoucancloseothers,anddoingsowouldbetothebenefitofall
concerned.ThatseemstobethecaseinSweden:Whenforcedtofurlough90percent
oftheircabinstaff,ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedtostartupashortretraining
programthatreskilledthelaid-offworkerstosupporthospitalstaff.Theeffortwasa
collectiveoneandinvolvedothercompaniesaswellasaSwedishuniversity.
第3页共14页
21.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumsuggests
[A]anincreaseinfull-timeemployment
[Blanurgentdemandfornewjobskills
[C]asteadygrowthofjobopportunities
[D]acontroversyaboutthe“coreskills^^
22.AT&Tiscitedtoshow.
[A]analternativetothefire-and-hirestrategy
[B]animmediateneedforgovernmentsupport
[C]theimportanceofstaffappraisalstandards
[D]thecharacteristicsofreskillingprograms
23.EffortstoresolvetheskillsmismatchinCanada.
[A]havedrivenuplabourcosts
[B]haveprovedtobeinconsistent
[C]havemetwithfierceopposition
[D]haveappearedtobeinsufficient
24.WecanlearnfromParagraph3thattherewas.
[A]acallforpolicyadjustment
[Blachangeinhiringpractices
[C]alackofmedicalworkers
[D]asignofeconomicrecovery
25.ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedto.
[A]createjobvacanciesfortheunemployed
[B]preparetheirlaid-offworkersforotherjobs
[C]retraintheircabinstaffforbetterservices
[D]financetheirstaffscollegeeducation
第4页共14页
Text2
Withtheglobalpopulationpredictedtohitcloseto10billionby2050,and
forecaststhatagriculturalproductioninsomeregionswillneedtonearlydoubleto
keeppace,foodsecurityisincreasinglymakingheadlines.lntheUK,ithasbecomea
bigtalkingpointrecentlytoo,foraratherparticularreason:Brexit.
BrexitisseenbysomeasanopportunitytoreversearecenttrendtowardstheUK
importingfood.Thecountryproducesonlyabout60percentofthefooditeats,down
fromalmostthree-quartersinthelate1980s.Amovebacktoself-sufficiency,the
argumentgoes,wouldboostthefarmingindustry,politicalsovereigntyandeventhe
nation'shealth.Soundsgreat-buthowfeasibleisthisvision?
AccordingtoareportonUKfoodproductionfromtheUniversityofLeeds,UK,
85percentofthecountry'stotallandareaisassociatedwithmeatanddairy
production.Thatsupplies80percentofwhatisconsumed,soevencoveringthewhole
countryinlivestockfarmswouldn'tallowustocoverallourmeatanddairyneeds.
Therearemanycaveatstothosefigures,buttheyarestillgrave.Tobecome
muchmoreself-sufficient,theUKwouldneedtodrasticallyreduceitsconsumptionof
animalfoods,andprobablyalsofarmmoreintensively—meaningfewergreenfields
andmorefactory-styleproduction.
Butswitchingtoamainlyplant-baseddietwouldn'thelp.Thereisagoodreason
whytheUKisdominatedbyanimalhusbandry:mostofitsterraindoesn'thavethe
rightsoilorclimatetogrowcropsonacommercialbasis.Just25percentofthe
country'slandissuitableforcrop-growing,mostofwhichisalreadyoccupiedby
arablefields.Evenifweconvertedallthesuitablelandtofieldsoffruitandveg—
whichwouldinvolvetakingoutallthenaturereservesandremovingthousandsof
peoplefromtheirhomes一wewouldachieveonlya30percentboostincrop
production.
Just23percentofthefruitandvegetablesconsumedintheUKarecurrently
home-grown,soevenwiththemostextrememeasureswecouldmeetonly30percent
ofourfreshproduceneeds.Thatisbeforewelookforthespacetogrowthegrains,
sugars,seedsandoilsthatprovideuswiththevastbulkofourcurrentcalorieintake.
第5页共14页
26.Somepeoplearguethatfoodself-sufficiencyintheUKwould.
[A]behinderedbyitspopulationgrowth
[B]contributetothenation'swell-being
[C]becomeapriorityofthegovernment
[D]poseachallengetoitsfarmingindustry
27.ThereportbytheUniversityofLeedsshowsthatintheUK.
[A]farmlandhasbeeninefficientlyutilized
[B]factory-styleproductionneedsreforming
[C]mostlandisusedformeatanddairyproduction
[D]moregreenfieldswillbeconvertedforfarming
28.Crop-growingintheUKisrestricteddueto.
[A]itsfarmingtechnology
[B]itsdietarytradition
[C]itsnaturalconditions
[D]itscommercialinterests
29.ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatBritishpeople.
[A]relylargelyonimportsforfreshproduce
[B]enjoyasteadyriseinfruitconsumption
[C]areseekingeffectivewaystocutcalorieintake
[D|aretryingtogrownewvarietiesofgrains
30.Theauthor9sattitudetofoodself-sufficiencyintheUKis.
[A]defensive
[B]doubtful
[C]tolerant
[D]optimistic
第6页共14页
Text3
WhenMicrosoftboughttaskmanagementappWunderlistandmobilecalendar
Sunrisein2015,itpickedtwonewcomersthatwereattractingconsiderablebuzzin
SiliconValley.MicrosoffsownOfficedominatesthemarketfor“productivity”
software,butthestart-upsrepresentedanewwaveoftechnologydesignedfromthe
groundupforthesmartphoneworld.
Bothapps,however,werelaterscrapped,afterMicrosoftsaidithadusedtheir
bestfeaturesinitsownproducts.Theirteamsofengineersstayedon,makingthemtwo
ofthemany“acqui-hires^thatthebiggestcompanieshaveusedtofeedtheirgreat
hungerfortechtalent.
ToMicrosoffscritics,thefatesofWunderlistandSunriseareexamplesofa
remorselessdrivebyBigTechtochewupanyinnovativecompaniesthatlieintheir
path."Theyboughttheseedlingsandclosedthemdown,^^complainedPaulArnold,a
partneratSanFrancisco-basedSwitchVentures,puttinganendtobusinessesthat
mightonedayturnintocompetitors.Microsoftdeclinedtocomment.
Likeotherstart-upinvestors,Mr.Arnold'sownbusinessoftendependsonselling
start-upstolargertechcompanies,thoughheadmitstomixedfeelingsabouttheresult:
“Ithinkthesethingsaregoodforme,ifIputmyselfishhaton.Butaretheygoodfor
theAmericaneconomy?!don'tknow.^^
TheUSFederalTradeCommissionsaysitwantstofindtheanswertothat
question.Thisweek,itaskedthefivemostvaluableUStechcompaniesfor
informationabouttheirmanysmallacquisitionsoverthepastdecade.Althoughonlya
researchprojectatthisstage,therequesthasraisedtheprospectofregulatorswading
intoearly-stagetechmarketsthatuntilnowhavebeenbeyondtheirreach.
Giventheircombinedmarketvalueofmorethan$5.5trillion,riflingthrough
suchsmalldeals-manyofthemmuchlessprominentthanWunderlistandSunrise一
mightseembesidethepoint.Betweenthem,thefivebiggesttechcompanieshavespent
anaverageofonly$3.4billionayearonsub-$1billionacquisitionsoverthepastfive
years一adropintheoceancomparedwiththeirmassivefinancialreserves,andthe
morethan$130billionofventurecapitalthatwasinvestedintheUSlastyear.
However,criticssaythebigcompaniesusesuchdealstobuytheirmost
threateningpotentialcompetitorsbeforetheirbusinesseshaveachancetogain
momentum,insomecasesaspartofa“buyandkill^tactictosimplyclosethemdown.
第7页共14页
31.WhatistrueaboutWunderlistandSunriseaftertheiracquisitions?
[A]Theirengineerswereretained.
[B]Theirmarketvaluesdeclined.
[C]Theirtechfeaturesimproved.
[D]Theirproductswerere-priced.
32.Microsoffscriticsbelievethatthebigtechcompaniestendto.
[A]exaggeratetheirproductquality
[B]eliminatetheirpotentialcompetitors
[C]treatnewtechtalentunfairly
[D|ignorepublicopinions
33.PaulArnoldisconcernedthatsmallacquisitionsmight.
[A]weakenbigtechcompanies
[B]worsenmarketcompetition
[C]harmthenationaleconomy
[D]discouragestart-upinvestors
34.TheUSFederalTradeCommissionintendsto.
[A]limitBigTech'sexpansion
[B]encourageresearchcollaboration
[C]examinesmallacquisitions
[D]supervisestart-ups9operation
35.Forthefivebiggesttechcompanies,theirsmallacquisitionshave.
[A]broughtlittlefinancialpressure
[B]raisedfewmanagementchallenges
[C]setanexampleforfuturedeals
[D|generatedconsiderableprofits
第8页共14页
Text4
We'refairlygoodatjudgingpeoplebasedonfirstimpressions,thinslicesof
experiencerangingfromaglimpseofaphototofive-minuteinteraction,and
deliberationcanbenotonlyextraneousbutintrusive.Inonestudyoftheabilityshe
called€'thinslicing,“thelatepsychologistNaliniAmbadyaskedparticipantstowatch
silent1O-secondvideoclipsofprofessorsandtoratetheinstructor'soverall
effectiveness.Theirratingscorrelatedstronglywithstudents9end-of-semesterratings.
Anothersetofparticipantshadtocountbackwardfrom1,000byninesasthey
watchedtheclips,occupyingtheirconsciousworkingmemory.Theirratingswerejust
asaccurate,demonstratingtheintuitivenatureofthesocialprocessing.
Critically,anothergroupwasaskedtospendaminutewritingdownreasonsfor
theirjudgment,beforegivingtherating.Accuracydroppeddramatically.Ambady
suspectedthatdeliberationfocusedthemonvividbutmisleadingcues,suchascertain
gesturesorutterances,ratherthanlettingthecomplexinterplayofsubtlesignalsform
aholisticimpression.Shefoundsimilarinterferencewhenparticipantswatched15-
secondclipsofpairsofpeopleandjudgedwhethertheywerestrangers,friends,or
datingpartners.
Otherresearchshowswe9rebetteratdetectingdeceptionfromthinsliceswhen
werelyonintuitioninsteadofreflection.6€Ifsasifyou9redrivingastickshift,"says
JudithHall,apsychologistatNortheasternUniversity,uandifyoustartthinkingabout
ittoomuch,youcan'trememberwhatyou9redoing.Butifyougoonautomatic
pilot,you'refine.Muchofoursociallifeislikethat.”
Thinkingtoomuchcanalsoharmourabilitytoformpreferences.Collegestudents5
ratingsofstrawberryjamsandcollegecoursesalignedbetterwithexperts7opinions
whenthestudentsweren'taskedtoanalyzetheirrationale.Andpeoplemadecar
buyingdecisionsthatwerebothobjectivelybetterandmorepersonallysatisfying
whenaskedtofocusontheirfeelingsratherthanondetails,butonlyifthedecision
wascomplex一whentheyhadalotofinformationtoprocess.
Intuition'sspecialpowersareunleashedonlyincertaincircumstances.Inone
study,participantscompletedabatteryofeighttasks,includingfourthattapped
reflectivethinking(discerningrules,comprehendingvocabulary)andfourthattapped
intuitionandcreativity(generatingnewproductsorfiguresofspeech).Thentheyrated
thedegreetowhichtheyhadusedintuition("gutfeelings/9"hunches,“"my
heart").Useoftheirguthurttheirperformanceonthefirstfourtasks,asexpected,and
helpedthemontherest.Sometimestheheartissmarterthanthehead.
第9页共14页
36.NaliniAmbady9sstudydealswith.
[A]thepowerofpeople'smemory
[B]thereliabilityoffirstimpressions
[C]Instructor-studentinteraction
[D|people'sabilitytoinfluenceothers
37.InAmbady'sstudy,ratingaccuracydroppedwhenparticipants,
[A]focusedonspecificdetails
[B]gavetheratinginlimitedtime
[C]watchedshortervideoclips
[D]discussedwithoneanother
38.JudithHallmentionsdrivingtoshowthat.
[A]reflectioncanbedistracting
[B]memorymaybeselective
[C]socialskillsmustbecultivated
[D]deceptionisdifficulttodetect
39.Whenyouaremakingcomplexdecisions,itisadvisableto.
[A]collectenoughdata
[B]listyourpreferences
[C]seekexpertadvice
[D]followyourfeelings
40.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?
[A]Generatingnewproductstakestime.
[B|Intuitionmayaffectreflectivetasks.
[C]Vocabularycomprehensionneedscreativity.
[D]Objectivethinkingmayboostintuitiveness.
第10页共14页
PartB
Directions:
Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitable
subheadingfromthelistA-Gfbreachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwo
extrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER
SHEET.(10points)
[A]Staycalm.
[B|Stayhumble.
[C]Decidewhethertowait.
[D|Berealisticabouttherisks.
[E]Don5tmakejudgements.
[F]Identifyasharedgoal.
[G]Askpermissiontodisagree.
Howtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou
Yourbossproposesanewinitiativeyouthinkwon'twork.Yourseniorcolleague
outlinesaprojecttimelineyoubelieveisunrealistic.Whatdoyousaywhenyou
disagreewithsomeonewhohasmorepowerthanyoudo?Howdoyoudecidewhether
it'sworthspeakingup?Andifyoudo,whatexactlyshouldyousay?Here*showto
disagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou.
41._____________________
Youmaydecideit'sbesttoholdoffonvoicingyouropinion.Maybeyouhaven't
finishedthinkingtheproblemthrough,oryouwanttogetaclearersenseofwhatthe
groupthinks.Ifyouthinkotherpeoplearegoingtodisagree,too,youmightwantto
gatheryourarmyfirst.Peoplecancontributeexperienceorinformationtoyour
thinking-allthethingsthatwouldmakethedisagreementstrongerormorevalid.It's
alsoagoodideatodelaytheconversationifyouareinameetingorotherpublicspace.
Discussingtheissueinprivatewillmakethepowerfulpersonfeellessthreatened.
42._____________________
Beforeyoushareyourthoughts,thinkaboutwhatthepowerfulpersoncares
about-itmaybethecredibilityoftheirteamorgettingaprojectdoneontime.You're
morelikelytobeheardifyoucanconnectyourdisagreementtoahigherpurpose.When
youdospeakup,don'tassumethelinkwillbeclear.You'llwanttostateitovertly,
contextualizingyourstatementssothatyou'reseennotasadisagreeablesubordinatebut
第11页共14页
asacolleaguewho'stryingtoadvanceacommonobjective.Thediscussionwillthen
becomemorelikeachessgamethanaboxingmatch.
43._____________________
Thisstepmaysoundoverlydeferential,butit'sasmartwaytogivethepowerful
personpsychologicalsafetyandcontrol.Youcansaysomethinglike,“Iknowwe
seemtobemovingtowardafirst-quartercommitmenthere.Ihavereasonstothinkthat
won'twork.Fdliketolayoutmyreasoning.WouldthatbeOK?”Thisgivesthe
personachoice,allowinghimtoverballyoptin.And,assuminghesaysyes,itwill
makeyoufeelmoreconfidentaboutvoicingyourdisagreement.
44.____________________
Youmightfeelyourheartracingoryourfaceturningred,butdowhateveryou
cantoremainneutralinbothyourwordsandactions.Whenyourbodylanguage
communicatesreluctanceoranxiety,itundercutsthemessage.ltsendsamixed
message,andyourcounterpartgetstochoosewhatsignalstoread.Deepbreathscan
help,ascanspeakingmoreslowlyanddeliberately.Whenwefeelpanicky,wetendto
talklouderandfaster.Simplyslowingthepaceandtalkinginaneventonehelpsthe
otherpersoncooldownanddoesthesameforyou.Italsomakesyouseemconfident,
evenifyouaren't.
45._____________________
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