专业英语 administrative刘亚平 专业英语（第八周）entralization and political

AdministrativeDecentralizationandPoliticalPowerHerbertKaufman精选pptTheadministrativehistoryofourgovernmentalmachinerycanbeconstructedasasuccessionofshiftsofthiskind,eachbroughtaboutbyachangeinemphasisamongthreevalues:representativeness,politicalneutralcompetence,andexecutiveleadership.Noneofthesevalueswasnevertotallyneglectedinanyofourpastmodificationsofgovernmentaldesign,buteachenjoyedgreateremphasisthantheothersindifferentperiods.精选pptRecentyearshavewitnessedanupsurgeofasenseofalienationonthepartofmanypeople,toafeelingthattheyasindividualscannoteffectivelyregistertheirownpreferencesonthedecisionsemanatingfromtheorgansofgovernment.Newmodesofrepresentationtokeeppacewithneweconomic,socialandpoliticaldevelopmentBurgeoningoflarge-scaleorganizationsineveryeraoflife精选pptCurrentDissatisfactionAmericaisnotwantinginarrangementsforrepresentation.Whyistheredissatisfactionwiththesearrangements?精选pptFundamentallybecausesubstantial(thoughminority)segmentsofthepopulationapparentlybelievethepolitical,economic,andsocialsystemshavenotdeliveredtothemfairsharesofthesystem’sbenefitsandrewardsandbecausetheythinktheycannotwintheirappropriatesharesinthosebenefitsandrewardsthroughthepoliticalinstitutionsaroundthecountryasthesearenowconstituted.精选pptThreecharacteristicsofthesystemcontributeheavilytothisimpressiononthepartofthedeprived:Existingrepresentativeorgansarecapableofgivingonlyquitegeneralmandatestoadministrativeagencies,yetitisintheday-to-daydecisionsandactionsofofficialsandemployeesinthelowerlevelsthatindividualcitizensperceivethepolicies.Thepluralisticnatureofthepoliticalsystemprovidesabundantopportunitiesforvetoesbyopponentsofchange.Thescaleoforganizationinoursocietyhasgrownsolargethatonlythroughlarge-scaleorganizationdoesitseempossibletohaveasignificantimpact.精选pptJustastheadaptationofgovernmentaldesignduringthepastcenturyhasgravitatedtowardfurnishingexpertiseandleadership,soitisnowunderpressurefromseveralquarterstoaccordagreaterroletorepresentativeness.精选pptMoreRepresentativeAdministrativeAgenciesOnetypeofproposalformakingadministrativeagenciesmorerepresentativeistraditionalincharacter:situating

spokesmenfortheinterestsaffectedinstrategicpositionswithintheorganizations.Suchplansdonotrequiredrasticmodificationofexistingorganizations,andtheirobjectivescouldprobablybemetbychangesinpersonnelathighorganizationallevels.精选pptMoreRepresentativeAdministrativeAgenciesMoreunorthodox,butswiftlygainingacceptance,istheconceptofacentralizedgovernmentalcomplaintbureau,clothedwithlegalpowersofinvestigation,tolookintocitizencomplaintsagainstadministrativeagenciesandtocorrectinequitiesandabuses.Onlyaspecializedfulltimeofficial,wiseinthewaysofbureaucracy,havingavestedinterestincorrectingitserrors,andsupportedbyadequatestaffandauthorityIttakesabureaucrattocontrolabureaucrat.精选pptMoreRepresentativeAdministrativeAgenciesThemostsweepingexpressionoftheunrestoverlackofrepresentativenessisthegrowingdemandforextremeadministrativedecentralization,frequentlycoupledwithinsistenceonlocalclienteledominationofthedecentralizedorganizations.Waronpoverty:runbythepoor,notmerelyforthepoorEducationPublichousing,hospitals,policeNotconfinedtopublicagencies,itreachedintocollegesanduniversities精选pptButitisgovernmentspherethatthetendencyhasbeenwinningwidestendorsement.AmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation:Discoverviablesmallerunitswithinwhichcitizenscanfromtimetotimeformulateandexpresstheirdesires,consultwithofficials,andinsomecasesparticipateevenmorefullyindecisions.AdvisoryCommissiononIntergovernmentalRelations:Authorizingcountiesandlargecitiestoestablish,andattheirdiscretiontoabolish,neighborhoodsubunitsendowedwithlimitedpowersoftaxationandlocalself-government.Onereasonpeopleareshoutingsoloudlytodayisthatit’sfarfromwheretheyaretowherethepoweris.Powershouldbebroughtclosertothemratherthanexercisedfromremotecenters.Reformersofearliergenerationssucceededinraisingthelevelexpertiseandprofessionalisminthebureaucracies,andtoalesserextent,inimprovingcapacityofchiefexecutivestocontroltheadministrativearmsofgovernment.精选pptThecontinuingsearchforleadershipPublicbureaucraciesareunderfirenotonlyfromcriticsoutsidethemachineryofgovernment,butalsofrominside.ChiefExecutiveareincreasinglyconcernedabouttheunresponsivenessofagenciestotheirleadership.精选pptNewwavesofadministrativereorganizationproposals.Rationalizing,enlargingandstrengtheningtheexecutive-officestaffsoftheheadsofgovernmentalunitsatalllevels;buildingupthestaffsoftheadministratorswhoreportdirectlytotheheads.Strengtheningexecutiveleadershipthroughwhatitsadvocateswillcall“decentralization”,butwhich,infact,isbettercharacterizedasorganizationbyareaasopposedtothepresentalmostexclusiveorganizationbyfunctionaldepartmentsandbureaus.精选pptConflictandCoalitionMuchpublicpolicyisshapedlargelybyclustersofbureaus,theirorganizedclienteles,andlegislativecommitteesandlegislatorsspecializingineachpublicfunction.Offsetfragmentationofgovernmentbyintroducingsufficientcentraldirectiontounifythepoliciesandadministration.Participationofthehithertoexcludedandunorganizedinterests精选pptconflictResistbybureausandlegislatorsUnwillingnesstosharetheirinfluencewithothers.ThreatenvaluesthepresentarrangementsprotectIntrusionofpartisanpoliticsintofieldsNegationofexpertisebuiltupbythespecialist.LegislatorsStrongregionalofficialsresponsivetochiefexecutivesandtheircabinetsisexecutiveattemptstoinvadelegislativedistricts.精选pptcoalitionTroubledchiefexecutivesatalllevelscouldconceivablymakecommoncausewithoneanother.Proceduresinmanyintergovernmentalprogramsareirritatinglyslow.Proceduresareoftenlabyrinthineanduncoordinated.Federalgrantsforveryspecificpurposesencourageatendencytoward“amoreorlessindependentgovernmentoftheirown”onthepartoffunctionalspecialistsatalllevelsofgovernmentwhoareonlynominallyunderthecontroloftheirrespectivechiefexecutives.精选pptConfluenceofleadershipandrepresentativenessGroupsclamoringforlocalcontrolofadministrativeprograms,confrontedwiththesuspicionandresentmentofbureaucraciesandtheirlegislativeandinterest-groupallies,willprobablydiscoverthattheygettheirmostsympathetichearingsfromchiefexecuti