高考英语一轮（新课标通用）训练检测：专题三阅读理解 考点十八　科普研究类 Word版含解析

考点十八科普研究类A限时8分钟Couldthedevice,smartphoneorPC,whichyou'reusingaffectthemoraldecisionsyoumakewhenusingit?Totestit,researcherspresentedmultipledilemmastoasamplesetof1,010people．Theparticipantswereassignedadeviceatrandom．Onecaseofthequestionsparticipantswereaskedistheclassic“trolley(有轨电车)problem”：Arunawaytrolleyisheadedtowardsfivepeopletieduponasetoftraintracks．Youcandonothing,resultinginthedeathsoffivepeople,orpushamanoffabridge,whichwillstopthetrolley．Thepracticalresponseistokillonemantosavefivelives,which33．5percentofsmartphoneuserschose,comparedto22．3percentofPCusers．“Whatwefoundinourstudyisthatwhenpeopleusedasmartphonetoviewclassicmoralproblems,theyweremorelikelytomakemoreunemotional,reasonabledecisionswhenpresentedwithahighlyemotionaldilemma，”DrAlbertBarqueDuran,theleadauthorofthestudy,toldCityUniversityofLondon．“ThiscouldbeduetotheincreasedtimepressureoftenpresentwithsmartphonesandalsotheincreasedpsychologicaldistancewhichcanoccurwhenweusesuchdevicescomparedtoPCs．”Asforwhytheresearchersstartedthisstudy,DrBarqueDurannoted,“Duetothefactthatoursociallives,workandevenshoppingtakeplaceonline,itisimportanttothinkabouthowthecontextswherewetypicallyfacemoraldecisionsandareaskedtoengageinmoralbehaviorhavechanged,andtheimpactthiscouldhaveonthehundredsofmillionsofpeoplewhousesuchdevicesdaily．”It'sclearthatweneedmoreresearchonhowourdevicesaffectourmoraldecisionmakingbecausewe'reusingscreensataneverincreasingrate．1．Whydidtheauthormentionthetrolleyproblem?A．Tointroduceadifficultproblemtoreaders．B．Tointroducetheaimofcarryingoutthestudy．C．Toshowanexampleofthequestionsinthestudy．D．Toshowthedifficultyindealingwithdilemmas．答案：C推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“Onecaseofthequestionsparticipantswereaskedistheclassic‘trolley(有轨电车)problem’”可以推断出，作者提及到电车问题，只是展示了研究的问题中的一个例子。故选C。2．Howdothesmartphoneusersofthestudybehaveindealingwithemotionaldilemmas?A．Calmly．B．Cruelly．C．Hesitantly．D．Enthusiastically．答案：A细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Whatwefoundinourstudyisthatwhenpeopleusedasmartphonetoviewclassicmoralproblems,theyweremorelikelytomakemoreunemotional,reasonabledecisionswhenpresentedwithahighlyemotionaldilemma”可知，对于情感困境，手机使用者更能够镇定地处理。故选A。3．DrAlbertbelievesthatcomparedwithPCs,smartphones________．A．helppeoplebearmorepressureB．helppeoplemakedecisionsquickerC．makepeoplefeelmorementallydistantD．makepeoplestayhappiertosolveproblems答案：C细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句可知，与电脑相比较，手机更使人感到心理上的疏远。故选C。4．Whatcanweinferfromthetext?A．Shoppingonlinehasagreateffectonmakingmoraldecisions．B．ThepeopleusingsmartphonesaremorethanthoseusingPCs．C．PeoplewhooftenusesmartphonesorPCsalwaysmeetwithdilemmas．D．Itiscommonforpeopletobeinvolvedinmakingmoraldecisionsindailylife．答案：D推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段可知，研究者进行研究的目的是为了证明这些设备是否影响道德决策，而且全文最后一句指出还须进行更多的研究，故排除A；文中未提出使用手机的人比使用电脑的人多，故排除B；由全文内容，尤其是第一段第一句可知，道德决策不仅存在于手机用户和电脑用户之间，只不过本文是在研究使用这些设备是否对道德决策有影响，故排除C。B限时8分钟MostAmericansareworriedaboutnewtechnology．Theyareconcernedthatmachines,includingrobots,willtakeoverworknowdonebyhumans．ThesefindingscomefromanewreportbythePewResearchCenterofWashingtonD．C．About75percentofAmericansquestionedbyPewsaidautomationwillincreaseincomeinequalitybetweentherichandthemiddleclassandpoor．And64percentofpeopleexpectautomationtobesocommoninAmericathatpeoplewillfacedifficultyfindingthingstodowiththeirlives．Someoftheconcernsabouttechnologycomefromadistrustaboutwhethermachineswillalwaysmaketherightdecision．ManyAmericansbelievehumanshavebetterjudgementindealingwithcomplexmatters．Oneexampleisselectingapersonforajob．ThreequartersofAmericanssaidtheywouldnotwanttoapplyforajobthatusesacomputerprogramtochoosethemostqualifiedperson．“MostAmericanswantthegovernmenttolimitautomation．Forexample,87percentsupportarequirementthatalldriverlessvehicleshaveahumaninthedriver'sseatwhocantakecontrolwhenanemergencyoccurs．And85percentwanttolimitmachinestomostlydoingjobsthataredangerousorunhealthyforhumans．Andonly25percentexpectmorejobstocomefromautomation，”Pewsaid．MarkZuckerberg,thecofounderofFacebook,spokelastMaytograduatingseniorsfromHarvardUniversityinMassachusetts．Histalkcenteredontheuncertainfuturefacingyoungpeople．“Ourgenerationwillhavetodealwithtensofmillionsofjobsreplacedbyautomationlikeselfdrivingcarsandtrucks．”Zuckerhergtoldthegraduates．Zuckerbergsaidyoungpeoplehadbetterlaunch(发起)projectsthatwouldbringbothjobsanddirectbenefitstothepeopleoftheworld．Hesaidinhisspeechthat30,000peopleworkedtoputamanonthemoon,andmillionsofpeoplebuilttheHooverDamaswellasothergreatprojectsoverthelast100years．5．WhatdomanyAmericansthinkoftechnologyaccordingtoParagraph3?A．Useful．B．Effective．C．Dangerous．D．Undependable．答案：D推理判断题。根据第三段内容，尤其是该段的第一句可知，与人类处理复杂问题的能力相比，科技的可靠性令很多美国人担忧。故选D。6．WhydoAmericanswantahumanindriverlessvehicles?A．Totestthenewtechnology．B．Tomakeadriver．C．Toensurepersonalsafety．D．Toentertainthepassengers．答案：C推理判断题。根据第四段第二句可知，87%的美国人支持在一辆无人驾驶的汽车里配备一个人来确保人身安全。故选C。7．WhatdidZuckerbergencouragethestudentstodo?A．Refuseselfdrivingvehicles．B．Createnewjobchances．C．Focusonsmallprojects．D．Fightagainstrobots．答案：B推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Zuckerbergsaidyoungpeoplehadbetterlaunch(发起)projectsthatwouldbringbothjobsanddirectbenefitstothepeopleoftheworld．”可知，Zuckerberg鼓励学生创造新的工作机会。故选B。8．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．NewTechnologyCreatesMoreJobsB．NewTechnologyBringsMoreFairnessC．AmericansWorryMachinesWillTakeJobsD．RobotsMakeWorkEasytoDoforWorkers答案：C标题判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段第一、二句可知，本文讲述的是美国人担忧机器将接管现在由人做的工作。C限时8分钟ScientistsinBritainhavemanagedtoteachbumblebees(大黄蜂)topullstringstogettofoodandthenpassonwhattheyhavelearnedtoothersintheircolony(群体)—showingahighlevelofintelligencedespitetheirtinybrains．ResearchersatQueenMaryUniversityofLondonsaidtheexperiments,oftenusedtotesttheintelligenceofapes(猿)andbirds,showedforthefirsttimethatsomeinsectsareuptothetask,andcanalsopassskillsonthroughseveralgenerations．Thefindingsaddtotheevidencesuggestingtheabilityfor“culturespread”—theabilitytolearnandpassonknowledgeandskills—maynotbeexclusivetohumans．Intheresearch,publishedinthejournalPLOSBiologyonTuesday,thescientistswereabletotrain23outofagroupof40beestopullstringswiththeirlegsandfeet．Thestringswereattachedtodiscs—orartificial“flowers”—containingfoodattheircenterbutplacedunderatransparentscreen．Thebees,spottingthefoodbeneaththescreen,learnedtopullthe“flowers”outbypullingthestringwiththeirlegsandfeettobeabletogettoit．Fromanothergroupofbeesgiventhechancetosolvethetaskwithoutanytraining,onlytwoof110weresuccessful．Anothergroupofbeeswerethenallowedtoobservethetrainedbeespullingthestrings,and60percentofthemsuccessfullylearnedtheskill．Finally,trainedbeeswereputincolonies,andthescientistsfoundthetechniquespreadsuccessfullytoamajorityofthecolony'sworkerbees．LarsChittka,aQueenMaryUniversityprofessorwhoguidedtheproject,saidtheteamisinterestedinfiguringoutthebrainprocessesbehindthebees'learningandteachingskills．9．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“exclusive”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Unique．B．Ordinary．C．Widespread．D．Beneficial．答案：A词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“showedforthefirsttimethatsomeinsectsareuptothetask,andcanalsopassskillsonthroughseveralgenerations”可知，大黄蜂也具有学习并传播所学技能的能力，结合第三段可知，调查结果增加了证据表明大黄蜂所具有的“文化传播”的能力，并非人类独有。10．Whatdidtheresearchersfindaboutbees?A．Beesareascleverasbirds．B．Beeslearnbestininsects．C．Beescanbetrainedtolearnskills．D．Beesareborngoodlearners．答案：C细节理解题。根据第四段中的“thescientistswereabletotrain23outofagroupof40beestopullstringswiththeirlegsandfeet”和第五段第二句中的“learnedtopullthe‘flowers’outbypullingthestringwiththeirlegsandfeettobeabletogettoit”可知，蜜蜂可以通过训练学习技能。11．Whatmaytheresearchteamfocusonnext?A．Wherebeeslearnskills．B．Whatelsebeescando．C．Howbees'brainworks．D．Howbeesteachothers．答案：C推理判断题。根据文章最后一句中的“theteamisinterestedinfiguringoutthebrainprocessesbehindthebees'learningandteachingskills”可知，该小组感兴趣的是弄清楚蜜蜂学习和教学技能背后的大脑活动过程，所以研究小组下一步可能关注蜜蜂的大脑是如何工作的。12．Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A．BeesCanLearnandTeachB．SmallBees,GreatAbilitiesC．LetBeesLearnD．BeesAreSmarter答案：A标题判断题。结合全文尤其是第一段可知，文章主要介绍一项科学发现，大黄蜂经过训练可以学习并传播所学技能。D限时7分钟“Haveyoueverbeenoutonaboatandfeltitliftedupbyawave?Orhaveyoujumpedinthewaterandfelttherushofenergyaswavescameoveryou？”askedJamieTayloroftheWaveEnergyGroupatUniversityofEdinburgh．“Thereiscertainlyalotofenergyinwaves，”hesaid．Scientistsareworkingtousethatenergytomakeelectricity．Mostwavesarecreatedwhenwindsblowacrosstheocean．“Thewindstartsoutbymakinglittleripples(涟漪),butiftheykeeponblowing,thoseripplesgetbiggerandbiggerandturnintowaves，”Taylorsaid．“Wavesareoneofnature'swaysofpicking_upenergyandthensendingitoffonajourney．”Whenwavescometowardtheshore,peoplecansetupdamstoblockthewaterandsenditthroughalargewheelcalledaturbine(涡轮机)．Theturbinecanthenpoweranelectricalgeneratortoproduceelectricity．“Theresourceishuge，”saidJanetSwainoftheWorldwatchInstitute．“Wewillneverrunoutofwavepower．”Besides,waveenergydoesnotcreatethesamepollutionasotherenergysources,suchasoilorcoal．OceanscoverthreequartersoftheEarth'ssurface—thatwouldmakewavepowerseemidealforcreatingenergythroughouttheworld,thoughtherearesomeweakpointsyettoovercome．Swainsaidthatwavepowerstillcoststoomuchmoney．Shealsosaidthatitseffectsonseaanimalsarestillunknown．Whatismore,wavepowercouldaffectfishingandboattraffic．Traditionalsourcesofenergylikeoilandgasmaysomedayrunout．“DemandforenergytopowerourTVsandcomputers,driveourcars,andheatandcoolourhomesisrisingrapidlythroughouttheworld，”Swainsaid．Inthefuturewhenyouturnonalight,anoceanwavecouldbeprovidingtheelectricity!13．Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto________．A．testthereaders'knowledgeaboutwavesB．drawthereaders'attentiontothetopicC．showJamieTaylor'simportanceD．invitethereaderstoanswerthem答案：B推理判断题。作者在问题后谈到了波浪能源的相关内容，所以文章开头的两个问句是为了引起读者的注意，从而引出文章主题。故选B。14．Theunderlinedphrase“pickingup”isclosestinmeaningto“________”．A．startingagainB．speedingupC．improvingD．gathering答案：D词义猜测题。本句中的“andthensendingitoffonajourney”是关键信息，it指代energy,send．．．off意为“把……发散出去”，由此可知，前一动作是收集能源的过程。故pickingup在此意为“收集”，与gathering同义。故选D。15．Itcanbeinferredthatsomedaywemightnotworryabout________．A．ourpowersupplyB．ourboattrafficC．airpollutionD．oursupplyofseafish答案：A细节理解题。由第二段前两句可知，资源很庞大，所以将来终有一天我们不必再为电力供应担忧。neverrunoutof“永远不会用完”是关键信息。故选A。16．Wecanmakebetteruseofwaveenergyifwe________．A．shortenitsjourneytothousandsofhomesB．buildmoresmallpowerstationsontheoceansC．reducethecostofturningitintoelectricpowerD．quickenthestepsofproducingelectricity答案：C细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Swainsaidthatwavepowerstillcoststoomuchmoney．”可知，波浪能源仍耗资很多。由此可知，如果我们能降低波浪能源的发电成本，我们将会更好地利用波浪能源。故选C。A限时8分钟⊕(2019·成都市高中毕业班摸底测试)Asevolutiontendstoremovewaste，howcomeweevolvedsuchlarge,energyconsumingbrains?Thedominanthypothesis(假设)suggeststhattoughsocialinteractionsarethedrivingforce．Butournewstudydoneinanunusualwayshowsthathumanbrainexpansionislikelydrivenbyecology(生态)．Scientistshavetestedtheecologicalandsocialhypothesesbefore．Thecommonapproachistolookatmanyspeciesandinvestigatewhetherlargebrainsareassociatedwithspecificproblems．Forexample,doprimatesorotheranimalswithlargebrainshaveadietthatischallengingtofindbutnutritionallyrewarding?Thiswouldindicateanecologicalorigin．Ordotheyliveinlargegroupswheretheyfacelotsofsocialproblems?Whilemanystudieshavefoundsuchassociations,thereisaproblem．Itcannottellwhetherlargebrainsevolvedtosolvethedifficultproblemsorwhethertheyevolvedforotherreasonsandthenenabledtheirbearerstodealwiththehardproblems．Tofindoutthecausesofbrainexpansion,werecreatedthescenarios(可能出现的情况)ofthetwohypothesesusingamathematicalmodel．Wefoundthatacombinationofecologicalandsocialchallengesdoproducethebrainsizeweseeinhumans．Butitwasecologicalchallengesthatexpandedbrains．Incontrasttothedominantviewandourownexpectation,wefoundthatsocialchallengescontributedbydecreasingbrainsize．Butyouneedbothfactorstogetthebrainsizeweseetoday—iftherewerenosocialchallengesourbrainswouldhavebeenevenlargerbutlikelypoorlysuitedtosociallife．Biggerisn'tnecessarilybetter．Butmanyanimalsfacehardecologicalproblems．Whydon'ttheyallhavelargebrains?Wefoundthatecologicalproblemsonlyleadtohumansizedbrainswhenindividualscankeeplearninghardskillsastheygrow．Soourresultsandthoseofothers'suggestthathardecologyandtheaccumulationofculturalknowledgecouldacttogethertoproduceahumansizedbrain．Willthehumanbrainexpandfurther?Thecomplexityofthesystemsinvolvedmakesitimpossibletosaymuchwithcertaintyatpresent．1．Inmostpeople'sview,whatmakeshumanevolvelargebrains?A．Socialchallenges．B．Socialandecologicalchallenges．C．Ecologicalchallenges．D．Competitionwithotherlargeanimals．答案：A细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Thedominanthypothesis(假设)suggeststhattoughsocialinteractionsarethedrivingforce．”并结合第一段内容可知，大部分人认为棘手的社会交往活动是人类大脑进化的动力，故A项正确。2．What'stheproblemofthecommonapproach?A．Itsmodelisnotreliableenough．B．Itdoesn'ttellthecauseandeffectclearly．C．Itshypothesiscannotbeprovedeffectively．D．Itdoesn'tfindbrainsizeisconnectedwithproblems．答案：B细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Itcannottellwhetherlargebrainsevolvedtosolvethedifficultproblemsorwhethertheyevolvedforotherreasonsandthenenabledtheirbearerstodealwiththehardproblems．”可知，传统的研究方法无法解释清楚大脑进化的原因和影响，故B项正确。3．Whydon'tmanyanimalshavelargebrains?A．Theydon'tlearnfromeachother．B．Theydon'tfacehardecologicalproblems．C．Theydon'tneedtocooperatewitheachother．D．Theydon'tkeeplearningtoughskillsastheygrow．答案：D推理判断题。根据第五段第二、三句“Whydon'ttheyallhavelargebrains?Wefoundthatecologicalproblemsonlyleadtohumansizedbrainswhenindividualscankeeplearninghardskillsastheygrow．”可知，只有当个体在成长过程中不断学习艰难的技能时，生态环境才会导致人类特定大小的大脑。据此可以判断，动物在成长过程中并没有持续学习艰难的技能，所以动物没有大的大脑，故D项正确。4．Whichofthefollowingdotheresearchersfindmostsurprising?A．Animalsdon'thavelargebrains．B．Socialchallengesdecreasebrainsize．C．Ecologicalchallengesincreasebrainsize．D．It'sunclearwhetherhumanbrainswillexpandfurther．答案：B细节理解题。根据第四段第四句“Incontrasttothedominantviewandourownexpectation,wefoundthatsocialchallengescontributedbydecreasingbrainsize．”可知，与主流观点及我们自己的预期相反，我们发现社会挑战导致大脑变小。据此可知，社会挑战导致大脑变小是令人惊讶的发现，故B项正确。B限时8分钟调题库[4]D篇，序号与A篇顺排⊕(2019·合肥市高三调研性测试)Babiesteachtheirolderbrothersandsistersempathy(共鸣),accordingtoanewstudy．Empathymeansunderstandingandenteringothers'feelings．Untilnow,youngerkidshavegenerallybeenregardedtolearnplentyfromtheirolderbrothersorsistersbutdon'tgivebackmuch．Butthisstudy,publishedinChildDevelopmentconfirmsthatyoungersiblings(兄弟姐妹)ensuretheirbigbrothersandsistersdon'tgrowintodisgustingpeople—noeasytask．“Althoughit'sassumedthatoldersiblingsandparentsaretheprimarysocializinginfluencesonyoungersiblings'development,wefoundthatbothyoungerandoldersiblingspositivelycontributedtoeachother'sempathyovertime，”studycoauthorMarcJambonsaidinastatement．Priorsiblingstudieshavefocusedontheinfluenceofolderbrothersandsisters,probablybecausetheirimpactsaremostobvious．Asonereviewofliteraturenotes,studieshaveshownthatoldersiblingsinfluenceeverythingfromtheiryoungersiblings'motordevelopmenttotheirriskofsmokinglaterinlife．Andalthoughseparatestudieshavetriedtopin_downeffectsthatyoungersiblingshaveontheiroldersiblings,thespecificinfluenceofbabybrothersandsistersremainsunclear．Forthisnewstudy,Jambonandhiscolleaguesrecruited(招募)adiversegroupof452Canadiansiblingpairsbetweentheagesof18monthsandfouryears．Atthestartofthestudy,individualresearchersassessedchildren'sbaselineempathylevelsbyvisitingthekidsathomeandthenpretendingtohurtthemselvesorbreakavaluableitem．Eighteenmonthslater,theyfoundsmallbutsignificantincreasesinempathy．Oneunexpectedexception—oldersistersdidnotappeartoexperienceincreasedempathyafter18monthslivingwiththeirlittlebrothers,specifically．Theresearchersaren'tsurewhythisexceptionappeared,andtheyrecommendthatfuturestudiesdiveintomorecomplexphenomena．5．Whathasbeenfoundinthenewstudy?A．Youngkidscouldshowmoresympathyonothers．B．Youngsiblingsknowmoreaboutempathythantheolder．C．Youngersiblingscouldcontributetotheirolderones'empathy．D．Youngerkidscanlearnalotfromtheirolderbrothersorsisters．答案：C细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Babiesteachtheirolderbrothersandsistersempathy(共鸣),accordingtoanewstudy．”可知，新的研究发现婴儿会对他们的哥哥和姐姐的共鸣产生影响，故选C。6．WhatdoesMarcJambonsayaboutkids'empathydevelopment?A．Siblingsinfluenceeachotherinapositiveway．B．Parentsplayamoreimportantrolethanteachers．C．Oldersiblingshavefarmoreobviousinfluences．D．Youngersiblingsmakemuchsmallercontributions．答案：A细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“Althoughit'sassumedthatoldersiblingsandparentsaretheprimarysocializinginfluencesonyoungersiblings'development,wefoundthatbothyoungerandoldersiblingspositivelycontributedtoeachother'sempathyovertime”可知，MarcJambon认为在共鸣方面兄弟姐妹之间是以积极的方式互相影响、互相促进的，故选A。7．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“pindown”inParagraph2mean?A．Assess．B．Limit．C．Confirm．D．Reduce．答案：C词义猜测题。根据语境中的although，并结合该句中的“thespecificinfluenceofbabybrothersandsistersremainsunclear”可知，尽管不同的研究已经确定了这种影响，但具体影响还不确定，由此可推知，pindown和confirm“确认”含义相近，故选C。8．Whatcanweinferaboutthestudyfromthelastparagraph?A．Itoffersnoexceptions．B．Itappearstobeundercontrol．C．Itisrecognizedtobescientific．D．Itneedstobecarriedoutfurther．答案：D推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Theresearchersaren'tsurewhythisexceptionappeared,andtheyrecommendthatfuturestudiesdiveintomorecomplexphenomena．”可推知，这种例外产生的原因还不能确定，有待进一步的研究考证，故选D。C限时10分钟(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Abuildityourselfsolarstill(蒸馏器)isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable．DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheUSDepartmentofAgriculture,it'sanexcellentwatercollector．Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit'sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes．Theonlycomponentsrequired，though,area5′×5′sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhapsjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater．Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt．Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep．Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethe_water_catcher'sproductivity．Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole．Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup—andout—thesideofthehole．Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet'scenterdownwitharock．Theplasticshouldnowformacone(圆锥体)with45degreeangledsides．Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup．Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic．Groundwaterevaporates(蒸发)andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerial,andfalloffintothecup．Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon'thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink．9．Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?A．It'sdelicate．B．It'sexpensive．C．It'scomplex．D．It'sportable．答案：D推理判断题。根据第一段尾句“Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt．”可知，这些东西可以折叠放进小包中系在腰带上，由此可知这一太阳能蒸馏器装置是“可以随身携带的”。故选D。10．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher”inParagraph2referto?A．Thetube．B．Thestill．C．Thehole．D．Thecup．答案：B推理判断题。根据第二段中的描述可知，制作一个蒸馏器装置，需要挖一个四英尺宽、三英尺深的洞，要尽量在潮湿的地方挖洞来增加thewatercatcher的出水量，结合全文可知，增加的应该是整个蒸馏器装置的出水量。故选B。11．Whatisthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?A．Digaholeofacertainsize．B．Putthecupinplace．C．Weightthesheet'scenterdown．D．Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet．答案：C细节理解题。根据倒数第二段首句中的“．．．weightingthesheet'scenterdownwitharock”可知，最后一步是用石块将塑料板的中心位置压下去。故选C。12．Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom__________．A．theplastictubeB．outsidetheholeC．theopenairD．beneaththesheet答案：D细节理解题。根据最后一段可知，地下水蒸发后在塑料板下方凝结成水滴，然后坠落到杯子里。故选D。D限时12分钟(2018·北京高考)PlasticEatingWormsHumansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear．Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋场),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans．Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms．ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics．Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit．Toconfirmthattheworms'chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊状物)andappliedittoplasticfilms．14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms'stomachs．TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017．FedericaBertocchini,coauthorofthestudy,saystheworms'abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic．“Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarboncarbonbond,isthereaswell，”sheexplains．“Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond．”JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene．Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting．Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown．Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam'sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills．Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply“millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic．”13．Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A．Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood．B．Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures．C．Theycanconsumeplastics．D．Theywindupinlandfills．答案：C细节理解题。根据第二段前两句可知，蠕虫能消耗塑料。故选C。14．AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto________．A．identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB．findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC．confirmtheresearchfindingsD．increasethebreakdownspeed答案：B细节理解题。根据第四段最后两句可知，DeBruyn说，下一步将找出分解的原因。这种酶是蠕虫自身产生的，还是肠道微生物产生的？即根据JenniferDeBruyn的说法，下一步将找出这种酶的来源。故选B。15．Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight________．A．helptoraisewormsB．helpmakeplasticbagsC．beusedtocleantheoceansD．beproducedinfactoriesinfuture答案：D推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句可知，她希望通过某种工业生产程序使用这种化学物质，而不是简单地“把数百万条虫子扔在塑料上”。由此可推知，将来这种化学制品可能由工厂生产。故选D。16．Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A．Toexplainastudymethodonworms．B．Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm．C．Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics．D．Toproposenewmeanstokeepecobalance．答案：C主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了研究发现蠕虫能分解塑料，即一种分解塑料的新方法。故选C。E限时10分钟(2019·山东师范大学附中高三第二次模拟考试)Ifyouaskmostpeoplewhatwatertasteslike,they'llprobablytellyouthatwaterhasnotasteandtheymaygiveyouafunnylook．Butifyouwereafruitfly,askinganotherfruitfly,thatquestionmighthaveadifferentanswer．Toafruitfly,waterhasataste．Scientistswanttoknowhowthefruitflyknowswaterbecausethisinformationmayhelpinlearningho