语法结构：虚拟语气

语法构造：虚拟语气虚拟语气是英语三级考试的必考学问点之一，也是体现英汉语言习惯区分的一个语法现象。在汉语里表示假设虚拟的状况常用一些虚词来表示，例如“假设”、“假设”等等；而英文中表示虚拟的状况不但有虚词的提示，谓语动词也要相应的变化。虚拟语气的根本作用是：表达假设的状况，与事实相反；表达异想天开很难实现的愿望；表达建议、命令、劝告等语气。本节重在讲解if引导的虚拟条件句，含蓄条件句，特别构造中的虚拟语气，以及should+动词原形的用法。一、虚拟语气的根本形式和用法虚拟〔条件〕语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：假设类型条件从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反If+动词的过去式〔be用were而不用was〕would〔should〕+动词原形与过去事实相反If+had+-ed分词would〔should〕+have+-ed分词If+wereto+动词原形或If+should+动词原形would〔should〕+动词原形下面我们列举近年的真题来强化记忆。〔1〕Marysaidtome,“HadIseenyourbag,I_ittoyou.“A.willreturnB.mustreturnC.couldreturnD.wouldhavereturned〔D〕〔2023年4月45题〕〔2〕IwouldaskGeorgetolendusthemoneyifI_him.A.hadknownB.haveknownC.knewD.know〔【答案】C〕〔1995年38题〕例〔3〕IfBob withus;hewouldhavehadagoodtime.A.wouldcomeB.wouldhavecomeC.hadcomeD.came〔【答案】C〕〔1995年59题〕二、省略if的虚拟形式在虚拟条件句中，如谓语包含were，had，should等词，则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。例〔1〕 theadviceofhisfriends,hewouldnothavesufferedsuchaheavylossinhisbusiness.A.IfhetookB.IfheshouldtakeC.WerehetotakeD.Hadhetaken〔D〕〔2023年4月32题〕例〔2〕 ,Ishouldaskthemsomequestions.A.ShouldtheycometousB.IftheycometousC.WeretheycometousD.Hadtheycometous〔【答案】A〕〔1997年30题〕例〔3〕 youwerebusy,Iwouldn”thavebotheredyouwithmyquestions.A.IfIrealizedB.HadIrealizedC.DidIhaverealizedthatD.AsIrealized〔B〕〔1996年39题〕三、含蓄条件句有时一个假设的状况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件with，without，butfor。例〔1〕Withoutheatandsunlight,plantsontheearth well.A.wouldnotgrowB.willnotgrowC.hadnotgrownD.wouldnotbegrown〔A〕〔20231132题〕例〔2〕Butformyclassmates”help,I theworkintime.A.didnotfinishB.couldnotfinishC.willnotfinishD.wouldnothavefinished〔D〕〔2023年4月36题〕例〔3〕Butfortherain,we aniceholiday.A.shouldhaveB.wouldhavehadC.wouldhaveD.willhavehad〔【答案】B〕〔2023428题〕四、特别词或构造中的虚拟语气：①以wish〔that〕wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时wish+从句〔主语+过去时〕的愿望用：主语+wish+从句〔主语+过去完成时〕;例〔1〕1didn”tgototheparty,butIdowishI there.A.wereB.wouldbeC.hadbeenD.willbe〔C〕〔202353题〕例〔2〕Peterwishesthathe lawinsteadofliteraturewhenhewasincollege.A.couldstudyB.studiedC.hadstudiedD.wouldstudy〔C〕〔202353题〕②ifonly 句子〔过去时/过去完成时〕“要是…就好了”Ifonly 后面的句子假设是对现在或将来状况的虚拟，用过去时did;假设是对过去haddone.if区分，if只表示假设，“假设”，用真实语气；ifonly表示不行能实现的状况，用虚拟语气。例如：Ifonlythealarmclockhadrung. 当时闹钟响就好了。〔对过去虚拟〕IfonlyIwererich.〔对现在虚拟〕③wouldrather＋句子〔过去时〕表示宁愿、宁可的意愿，语气比较动听。后接过去式。例〔1〕1amtoobusythesedays.Iwouldratherallofyou_nextmonthforadinner.A.comeB.wouldcomeC.cameD.havecome〔C〕〔202346题〕例〔2〕1”d youdidn ”ttouchthat,ifyoudon ”tmind.A.ratherB.betterC.happierD.further〔A〕〔199845题〕④itistime〔that〕,itishightime〔that〕早该做而未做的事，意思是该……了、早该……了.

句型中，谓语动词用过去时，表示例〔1〕Let”sfinishourhomeworkinafewseconds;it”stimewe .A.playedfootballB.willplayfootballC.playfootballD.areplayingfootball〔A〕〔20231143题〕例〔2〕Don”tyouthinkitistimeyou smoking?A.giveupB.gaveupC.wouldgiveupD.shouldgiveup〔【答案】B〕〔1999年31题〕asif,asthough引导的从句asif，asthough引导的从句中，假设谈论的是不行能或不真实的状况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish后面的从句动词形式变化一样。例：Hetalksasifhe everythingintheworld.A.knowsB.knewC.hadknownD.wouldhaveknown〔【答案】B。本句表示说话人对现在的状况有所疑心，所以用过去时。〕五、should+should的省略、一些表示建议、要求、命令等的动词本身隐含说话者主观的意见。因此这些动〔或其变形，如名词，形容词，分词等〕后面的从句应使用虚拟语气，即“shoulddo”构造should”常被省略。如：表“提议、建议”的动词：suggest,advise,propose,recommend,move〔 提议〕;表“要求、主张”的动词：insist,require,request,demand,desire;表“命令”的动词：order,command.例〔1〕1don”tthinkitadvisablethatTom tothejobsincehehasnoexperience.A.beassignedB.isassignedC.willbeassignedD.hasbeenassigned年11月29题〕〔2〕Hismotherinsistedthathe_thecoatwhengoingout.A.putonB.putsonC.toputD.puttingon〔【答案】A〕〔1999年58题〕should.例〔3〕ThedoctoradvisedthatMr.Malan_anoperationrightawaysoastosavehislife.A.hadB.wouldhaveC.have D.wasgoingtohave〔【答案】C〕〔1998年28题〕should.、Itisnecessary/important/essential/vital/urgent/surprising/amazingthat引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词，should也可以省略。此词的特点是表示重要性或吃惊。例〔1〕itisvitalthatenoughmoneycollectedtogettheprojectstarted.A.isB.beCmustbeDcanbe〔B〕〔2023年11月24题〕例〔2〕It”surgentthatameeting beforethefinaldecisionismade.A.willbearrangedB.mustbearrangedC.bearrangedD.wouldbearranged

类形容〔C〕〔2023年4月45题〕〔3〕从句，表示“以防，以免”

、以incase,lest,forfearthat引起的状语其形Hetookhisraincoatwithhimincaseitshouldrain.他把雨衣带在身上以防下雨。1.3配套练习Youdidn”tletmedrive.Ifwe drove;didn ”tB.drove;wouldn”tget

inturn,you

sotired.C.weredriving;wouldn ”tgetD.haddriven;wouldn ”thavegot ,wecouldnothavefinishedtheworkontime.A.IftheydonothelpusB.WasitnotfortheirhelpC.ShouldtheyoffertohelpusD.Butfortheirhelp today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WasheleavingB.IfheisleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.IfheleavesIfonlyI howtooperateacomputerasyoudo!hadknownB.wouldknowC.shouldknowD.knewWhenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit .breaksB.hasbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbrokenThechairmanrequestedthat themembersstudiedtheproblemmorecarefullytheproblemsweremorecarefullystudiedtheproblemscouldbestudiedwithmorecarethemembersstudytheproblemmorecarefullyIfI

you,I

moreattentiontoEnglishidiomsandphrases.A.was;shallpayB.am;willpayC.wouldbe;wouldpayD.were;wouldpayWecannotimaginewhatourworld isB.willbeC.wouldbeD.were

likewithoutelectricpower.Therewasahalfsmileonhisfacewhichsuggestedthathe tohavegivenhislifeforhiscountry.wasB.shouldbeC.wouldbeD.were

happyWeallagreedtohersuggestionthatwe sightseeing.A.willgoB.goC.shallgoD.shouldhavegone

totheGreatWallforTheyoungmaninsistedthathe nothingwrongand free.A.did;setB.haddone;shouldbesetC.do;besetD.haddone;mustbesetIlostyouraddress,otherwiseI A.hadvisitedB.havevisitedC.wouldhavevisitedD.shouldvisit

youlongbefore. therainwewouldhavehadaniceholiday.A.ButthatB.ButforC.DespiteD.Inspiteof14 nogravity,therewouldbenoairaroundtheearth.A.WerethereB.TherewereC.WasthereD.TherebeIt”sgettingratherlate.It”stimewe .A.aregoingB.wentC.goD.mustgoTheykeeptellingusthatitisvitalthatwe thereontime.A.areB.beC.mustbeD.wouldbe答案与解析本句是对过去状况的虚拟。意为：假设我们轮番开车的话，你就不会那么累了。对过去虚拟，if条件句用过去完成式，haddriven，主句用wouldn”thavegot。D选D。