高考英语二轮复习讲练测专题15：阅读理解微技能之长难句分析（含解析）

►专题15高考阅读理解中的长难句分析考点精考点精讲【考情链接】高考阅读文章均选自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其阅读C篇除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是文中句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长难句，对长难句的理解会直接影响我们的阅读成绩。那么如何破解阅读理解中的长难句？长难句构成特征如下：EQ\o\ac(

,●)带有较多成分的简单句EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有多个从句的复合句EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有插入成份的句子EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有省略成份的句子EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有倒装句、强调句【要点梳理】破解长难句方法找谓语，定主语一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperimentalthoughnoonehadproposedtodosoandaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.【简析】此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有：wasopposed--he;ordered--he;(should)notbeusedfederal--funds;hadproposednoone;asked--he(asked前面有and,说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为“heordered...asked”,“Declaringthat...”作状语。句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长HaroldShapiro为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。提主干，去枝叶（从句等）一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如：First

put

forward

by

the

French

mathematician

PierredeFormatinthe17thcentury，thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds，includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem，andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobe

able

to

study

at

theEco-labPolytechnique.【简析】本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。“FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFormatinthe17thcentury”为过去分词短语作状语;“including...”为介词短语作状语;“whomade...andwhohadto...”为两个并列的定语从句，修饰aFrenchwomanscientist。所以句子的主干为thetheoremhadbaffled

andbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds此为主要信息。句意：这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家PierredeFormat提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，其中包括一个法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。为了能够在Eco-labPolytechnique理工学院学习她曾女扮男装。寻关联，辨逻辑一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。Whereasawoman’sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage,itwasn’tunusualtohearamansayhedidn’tknowhisfriend’smarriage

was

inserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenightaskingifhecould

sleeponthesofa.【简析】“whereas”提示前后对比;notunusual=usual;not...until...直到……才……。句意：一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻的人;而听见一个男人说，直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常的事。看搭配，防隔离有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如：Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturingofcleanandsafeproducts，tosomedegree，theirmainsellingpointsandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.【简析】其实本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾语+宾补”，即“使……成为……”，只不过宾语和宾补被“tosomedegree”隔开而已。句意：一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品，从某种程度上说，当作他们的卖点，并在广告中强调这一点。关键词，抓线索有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如：Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefood，meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked,which

shows

thefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming,whiletheupperclassNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.【简析】本句夹杂多种语法结构，而且包含对比。句子的主干为“Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefoods，meatinparticular”;“dependingon...”为分词短语作状语;“whetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked”作dependingon的宾语;“which”引导非限制性定语从句指代上述内容“thefact”后为其同位语，即同位语从句说明fact的具体内容。句意：我们甚至对某些食物用不同的单词表达，特别是肉类，这取决于它是长在田野时，还是在家里准备煮着吃，这就表明一个事实，即萨克森农民在农田干活，而上层阶级的诺曼人在大口地吃。_____真题演练真题演练原文IwatchedwithgreatsympathyaselderlyItalianstriedtoholdaconversationinItalianwithpeoplewhodidnotspeakthelanguage.（2022浙江高考卷阅读A篇第二段)【简析】本句的主干为Iwatched，withgreatsympathy为介词短语作伴随状语，修饰动词watched。as引导时间状语从句，其中包含了一个who引导的定语从句，先行词为people。【译文】我怀着极大的同情，看着意大利老人试图用意大利语与不懂意大利语的人交谈。原文Thisvariety,coupledwiththefactthattinyforestsgrowuptotentimesfasterthanstandardforests,meanstheyattractarichabundanceofwildlife.（2022浙江高考卷阅读B篇第四段)【简析】：本句主干为Thisvarietymeans...。coupledwiththefactthat...standardforests为插入语，其中含有一个同位语从句thefactthat...。【译文】：这种多样性，再加上微型森林比普通森林生长速度要快十倍，会使它们（微森林）吸引大量的野生动物。原文Theyoungbankerwhoeatslunchathisdeskisprobablyseenasago-getter,whilehiscolleagueswhochatoverarelaxedconference-roommealgetdirtylooksfromthecorneroffice.（2022浙江高考卷阅读C篇第三段)【简析】：本句主干为Thebankerisseenasago-getter,whilehiscolleaguesgetdirtylooks。本句是一个并列句，while意为“然而”，表示转折。第一个who引导定语从句，先行词为theyoungbanker，第二个who引导定语从句，先行词为hiscolleagues。【译文】：在办公桌上吃午餐的年轻银行家可能被视为一个积极进取的人，而他的同事们在会议室悠闲地吃饭聊天，只会招致办公室高层的冷眼。原文PASSinvolvesweeklysessionswhereyouworkingroupstotacklespeciallypreparedproblemsets,basedaroundaunitofstudyyou’reenrolledin.（2022北京高考卷阅读A篇)【译文】：PASS包括每周一次的会议，您可以在小组中根据您注册的学习单元解决专门准备的问题集。原文Lookingback,Inowseethatthiswouldbethefirstinaseriesoftimelyopportunitiesthatmyoldselfwouldhaveletpass,butthatthisnewandmoreconfidentAliceenthusiasticallyseized.（2022北京高考卷阅读B篇)【译文】：回首往事，我现在看到这将是一系列及时机会中的第一个，旧的自我将会放过它，但这个新的、更自信的爱丽丝热情地抓住了。原文Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.（2022北京高考卷阅读C篇)【译文】：这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在这个例子中，就是识别营养系统的更多组成部分。原文Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”（2022北京高考卷阅读D篇)【译文】：他说，这家公司比任何其他公司“在很大程度上”更接近于建造一台“有用的”量子计算机，一台“解决一个我们无法解决的有影响力的问题”的计算机。原文OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline,athird

concedethatit’snotreallynecessaryandthey’rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaytheyneveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies.（2021全国乙卷阅读B篇)【简析】：定语从句whostillhavealandline修饰thoseAustralians，谓语动词concede后接并列连词连接的两个宾语从句，破折号后面say后接宾语从句中while引导状语从句。【译文】：在澳大利亚仍使用固定电话的人中，三分之一的人承认固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况。原文Sincetheeffectsweresmall,thismaysuggestthatourcreativethinkingdoesnotdifferthatmuchinresponsetototalsilenceand85decibelsofbackgroundnoise.（2021全国乙卷阅读D篇)【简析】：Since引导原因状语从句，suggest后接that引导的宾语从句。【译文】：由于影响很小，这可能表明，我们的创造性思维在完全安静和85分贝的背景噪音下的反应没有太大区别。2022年新高考卷I1.Classactivitieswillvaryfromdaytoday,butstudentsmustbereadytocompleteshortin-classwritingsortestsdrawndirectlyfromassignedreadingsornotes（fromthepreviousclass'lecture/discussion,）介词短语作定语soitisimportanttotakecarefulnotesduringclass.结果状语从句，it作形式主语，totake…是真正的主语。2.Additionally,fromtimetotimeIwillassigngroupwork（tobecompletedinclass）orshortassignments（tobecompletedathome）,此处为不定式作后置定语表示将来的被动。（bothofwhichwillbegraded.）。此处为定语从句3.Anessay（notsubmittedinclass）（过去分词作后置定语）ontheduedatewilllosealettergradeforeachclassperioditislate.原文AGradingPoliciesforIntroductiontoLiteratureGradingScale90-100,A;80-89,B;70-79,C;60-69,D;Below60,E.Essays(60%)Yourfourmajoressayswillcombinetoformthemainpartofthegradeforthiscourse:Essay1=10%;Essay2=15%;Essay3=15%;Essay4=20%.GroupAssignments(30%)Studentswillworkingroupstocompletefourassignments(作业)duringthecourse.AlltheassignmentswillbesubmittedbytheassigneddatethroughBlackboard,ouronlinelearningandcoursemanagementsystem.DailyWork/In-ClassWritingsandTests/GroupWork/Homework(10%)Classactivitieswillvaryfromdaytoday,butstudentsmustbereadytocompleteshortin-classwritingsortestsdrawndirectlyfromassignedreadingsornotesfromthepreviousclass'lecture/discussion,soitisimportanttotakecarefulnotesduringclass.Additionally,fromtimetotimeIwillassigngroupworktobecompletedinclassorshortassignmentstobecompletedathome,bothofwhichwillbegraded.LateWorkAnessaynotsubmittedinclassontheduedatewilllosealettergradeforeachclassperioditislate.Ifitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate,itwillearnazero.Dailyassignmentsnotcompletedduringclasswillgetazero.Shortwritingsmissedasaresultofanexcusedabsencewillbeaccepted.B1.Producingfood（thatnooneeats）此处为定语从句wastesthewater,fuel,andotherresources（usedtogrowit.）此处为过去分词作后置定语。2.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingor（whether…or…并列两个方式状语）byaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedish（youwon’teat）此处为定语从句,”Curtinsays.原文Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.C1.Theelderlyresidents(居民)（incarehomesinLondon）介词短语作定语arebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.此处是目的状语。2.Amongthose（takingpartintheproject）现在分词作后置定语is80-year-oldRuthXavier.原文Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善组织)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing.Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyoungerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthereagainatnighttoseethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”D1.Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshows（thatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsounds）此处为宾语从句（thatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.）此处为定语从句修饰sounds.2.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnoted(thatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocieties(thatatesofterfoods.)第一处that引导宾语从句，第二处引导定语从句。3.Theydiscovered（thattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),）此处为宾语从句makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,（现在分词作结果状语）whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.（此处为定语从句）原文Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.2022年新高考卷IIB1.Wejournalistsliveinanewageofstorytelling,withmanynewmultimediatools.（介词短语作定语）2.Hisfatherfrequentlyamusedtheboywithatabletcomputer（介词短语作状语）whichwasloadedwithcolorfulpictures(定语从句)thatcomealive(定语从句)whenyoupokethem.（时间状语）BWejournalistsliveinanewageofstorytelling,withmanynewmultimediatools.Manyyoungpeopledon’tevenrealizeit’snew.Forthem,it’sjustnormal.ThishithomeformeasIwassittingwithmy2-year-oldgrandsononasofaovertheSpringFestivalholiday.Ihadbroughtachildren’sbooktoread.Ithadsimplewordsandcolorfulpictures—aperfectmatchforhisage.Picturethis:mygrandsonsittingonmylapasIholdthebookinfrontsohecanseethepictures.AsIread,hereachesoutandpokes(戳)thepagewithhisfinger.What’supwiththat?Hejustlikesthepictures,Ithought.ThenIturnedthepageandcontinued.Hepokedthepageevenharder.Inearlydroppedthebook.Iwasconfused:Istheresomethingwrongwiththiskid?ThenIrealizedwhatwashappening.Hewasactuallyastrangertobooks.Hisfatherfrequentlyamusedtheboywithatabletcomputerwhichwasloadedwithcolorfulpicturesthatcomealivewhenyoupokethem.Hethoughtmystorybookwaslikethat.Sorry,kid.Thisbookisnotpartofyourhigh-techworld.It’sanoutdated,lifelessthing.Anantique,likeyourgrandfather.Well,Imaybeold,butI’mnothopelesslychallenged,digitallyspeaking.Ieditvideoandproduceaudio.Iusemobilepayment.I’veevenbuiltwebsites.There’sonenotablegapinmynew-mediaexperience,however:I’vespentlittletimeinfrontofacamera,sinceIhaveafacemadeforradio.Butthatdidn’tstopChinaDailyfromaskingmelastweektoshareapersonalstoryforavideoprojectabouttheintegrationofBeijing,TianjinandHebeiprovince.Anyway,grandpaisnowaninternetstar—twominutesoffame!Ipromisenottoletitgotomyhead.ButIwillmakesuremy2-year-oldgrandsonseesitonhistablet.C1.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelse（宾语从句）thatisnotallowed（定语从句）underNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws.2."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,（定语从句修饰books）”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.（定语从句）原文Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted（分心）drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately.""Bigchangerequiresbigideas."hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."D1.Asweage（状语从句）,evenifwe’rehealthy,（状语从句）theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.（as…as…像…一样）2.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64（形容词短语作定语）whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.（定语从句）3.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.（不定式作目的状语）原文Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstartevensooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic(无氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.“Andthereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.”Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothinghappenedtothematall.”Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.2021年新高考卷IB1.Hesaidhebecamejustasnervousasthoseplayinginstrumentsonstage.（分词短语作定语修饰those）2.Silentonstagecommunicationiskey,andeachpianisthastheirownstyleof“nodding”toindicateapageturnwhichtheyneedtopractisewiththeirpageturner.（定语从句）原文Byday,RobertTittertonisalawyer.InhisspareonstagebesidepianistMariaRaspopova—notasamusicianbutasherpageturner.“I’mnotatrainedmusician,butI’velearnttoreadmusicsoIcanhelpMariainherperformance.”MrTittertonischairmanoftheOmegaEnsemblebuthasbeenthegroup’sofficialpageturnerforthepastfouryears.Hisjobistositbesidethepianistandturnthepagesofthescoresothemusiciandoesn’thavetobreaktheflowofsoundbydoingitthemselves.Hesaidhebecamejustasnervousasthoseplayinginstrumentsonstage.“Alotofskillsareneededforthejob.Youhavetomakesureyoudon’tturntwopagesatonceandmakesureyoufindtherepeatsinthemusicwhenyouhavetogobacktotherightspot.”MrTittertonexplained.Beingapageturnerrequiresplentyofpractice.Somepiecesofmusiccangofor40minutesandrequireupto50pageturns,includingbackturnsforrepeatpassages.Silentonstagecommunicationiskey,andeachpianisthastheirownstyleof“nodding”toindicateapageturnwhichtheyneedtopractisewiththeirpageturner.Butlikeallperformances,therearemomentswhenthingsgowrong.“Iwasturningthepagetogetreadyforthenextpage,butthedraftwindfromtheturncausedthesparepagestofalloffthestand,”MrTittertonsaid,“LuckilyIwasabletocatchthemandputthemback.”Mostpageturnersarepianostudentsorup-and-comingconcertpianists,althoughMsRaspopovahasonceaskedherhusbandtohelpheroutonstage.“Myhusbandistheworstpageturner,”shelaughed.“He’sinterestedinthemusic,feelingeverynote,andIhavetosay:‘Turn,turn!’“RobertisthebestpageturnerI’vehadinmyentirelife.”C1.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecades（定语从句）todecimatealargepartoftheseresources.（ittakes…todosth做某事花费某人…）2.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.(分词短语作结果状语)3.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem（不定式作目的状语）—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.（作fact的同位语从句）原文WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(迁徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,lowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.D1.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,（定语从句）suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”2.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceas(describe…as…把…描述为)aspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.（定语从句修饰skills）3.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligence（介词短语作定语）runfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,（what引导宾语从句）theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.4.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重视)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.（形容词短语作定语）