英语中的表语

英语中的表语最新文档(可以直接使用，可编辑最新文档，欢迎下载）

表语英语中的表语最新文档(可以直接使用，可编辑最新文档，欢迎下载）（1）表语是用来说明主语的特征、状态等，补充说明主语的意义，因此，它也叫作主语补语。表语一般用在连系动词后面，连系动词除了be之外，还有become（成为）、look（看起来）、turn（变成）、go（变成）、seem（似乎）、appear（似乎、显得）、feel（摸起来）、sound（听起来）、smell（闻起来）等等。可做表语的有:形容词、代词、名词、分词、动名词、数词、介词短语或副词和从句：例如：Wearestudents.Heisveryclever.（2）英语表语中一般与连系动词构成系表结构，常用的连系动词有：be(am/is/are;was/were),look,feel,smell,sound,taste,seem，go,appear,keep,remain,become,get,grow,turn等。表语在句中的位置大致有两种：正常位置（位于连系动词之后）和倒装位置（位于句首）。1.正常位置：在系表结构中表语放在连系动词之后。eg:Hebecameveryinterestedinscience.Hisfaceturnedred.Therubbishdumpsmellsterrible.2.倒装位置：有时出于句法或修辞的要求而将表语提到句首。主要有以下四种表语前置的情况：（1）在由what,how引导的感叹句中。eg:Whatfunitistojumpinapoolorgoswimminginariverinsummer!（2）在由as引导的让步状语从句中。eg:Proudasthesenoblesare,heisafraidtoseeme.（3）为了强调表语。eg:Infrontofthehousewasatalltree.（4）为了使句子结构平衡，将较长的主语放在句末，而将较短的表语提到句首。eg:Suchwouldbeourhomeinthefuture.表语的细说表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be,become,appear,seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词）之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。一、什么是表语（predicative）在形式上，位于系动词后的就是表语。从含义上讲，表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分。即是指“是”字句“是”字后面的成分。表语就是起表述作用的句子成分。它修饰的是主语。表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于连系动词（be,become,appear,seem等）之后。AlbertEinsteinwasafamousprofessorofphysics.阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦是一位有名的物理学家。二、不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。1.Ourplanistokeeptheaffairsecret.我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。（主语和表语是相等的）2.Thisbeautifulvillageremainsunknowntotherestoftheworld.这个美丽的村庄仍未外界所知。（主语和表语是不相等的）三、不定式和动名词作表语的区别不定式和动名词作表语虽都是用于回答主语“是什么”的，但二者仍有一些区别。不定式作表语强调的是一次性、具体的、将要发生的动作；动名词作表语强调的是一语法知识书籍般性、抽象的、经常发生的动作。Hisjobistopaintthewalls.他的工作是粉刷这些墙四、现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。1.Thisdogisfrightening.这条狗让人害怕。（说明狗的特征）2.Thisdogisfrightened.这条狗有些害怕。（说明狗的状态）五、不定式作表语和不定式表示将来时的区别不定式作表语用于说明主语“是什么”，和主语之间是可以划等号的，不定式用来表示将来时态时，表示主语即将要执行的动作，和主语之间是不能划等号的。Whathewantedtosuggestistocutdownthepriceandincreasethesales.他想建议的是降价促销。六、-ing动词作表语和-ing动词用于进行时的区别动名词作表语说明主语“是什么”，现在分词作表语说明主语是特征。-ing动词用于正在进行时时，说明主语正在执行的动作。Sheistakingcareofthechildren.她在照料小孩。（说明她正在执行的动作）七、过去分词作表语和过去分词用于被动语态的区别过去分词作表语说明主语所处的状态，过去分词用于被动语态说明主语所承受的动作。1.Thecupisbroken.杯子碎了。（说明杯子是状态）2.ThecupwasbrokenbyPeter.杯子是被彼得打坏的。（说明杯子承受的动作—被打坏了）例子：一.名词作表语Africaisabigcontinent.非洲是个大洲。Thatremainsapuzzletome.这对我还是个难题。二.代词作表语What’syourfaxnumber?你的号是多少？Who'syourbestfriend?你最好的朋友是谁？三.形容词作表语Ifeelmuchbettertoday.我今天感觉好多了。四.数词作表语Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.她是第一个知道的人。五.不定式或ing形式作表语Herjobissellingcomputers.她的工作是销售电脑。Ournextstepwastogetrawmaterialsready.我们下一步是把原料准备好。六.介词短语作表语Thepatientisoutofdanger.病人脱险了。Idon’tfeelatease.我感到不自在。七.副词作表语Thesunisup.太阳升起来了。Imustbeoffnow.现在我得走了。八.从句作表语Thisiswhathesaid.这就是他所说的话。九、不定式作表语作表语的不定式短语通常是说明主语的内容，这时主语通常是如下名词：hope,idea,job,plan,wish,aim,purpose,thing,businessThepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,nottomakeitmoredifficult.新技术的目的是使生活更便利，而不是更繁琐。Herwishistobecomeasinger.她的愿望是当一名歌手。Ourplanistofinishtheworkintwoweeks.我们的计划就是在两星期内完成这项工作。十。形容词作表语Heisoldbutheishealthy。赤峰市华夏职业学校表格教案(一)that,what,who,when,whether,等引导的表语从句及注意的问题learning、discussing、summarizing、practicingMultimedia教学步骤及时间分配在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句，位于主句系动词的后面。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。也是名词性从句的一种。1、由从属连词that引导的表语从句Thefactisthathedoesn’treallytry.（努力）ThetroubleisthatIhavelosthisaddress.引导表语从句的that通常不省略，但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略：Thetroubleis(that)heisill.糟糕的是他病了。2、由连词whether引导Thequestioniswhetherthefilmisworthseeing.问题是这部电影是否值得看。【注意】whether可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。GreetingsAskquestionsEnlightentheStudentstoanswerquestionsGreetingsListencarefullyLookatthescreenThinkoverandanswerquestions启发引导原则赤峰市华夏职业学校表格教案(二)教学步骤及时间分配3.由连接代词引导YouarenotwhoIthoughtyouwere.你已不是我过去所想像的人。Thequestioniswho(m)weshouldtrust.问题是我们应当相信谁。WhatIwanttoknowiswhichroadweshouldtake.我想知道的是我们应走哪条路。4.由连接副词引导Theproblemishowwecanfindhim.问题是我们如何找到他。ThatwaswhenIwasfifteen.这是我15岁时发生的事。That’swhereIfirstmether.那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。That’swhyhedidn’tcome.这就是他没有来的缘故。5.由关系代词型what引导That’swhatIwanttostress.这是我想强调的。Heisnolongerwhathewas.他已经不是以前的他了。6.由asif/asthough引导Itisn’tasifyouweregoingawayforever.又不是你离开不回来了。NowitwasasthoughshehadknownMillieforyears.现在好像她认识米莉已有好多年了似的。因材施教原则循序渐进原则边讲边练原则赤峰市华夏职业学校表格教案(三)教学步骤及时间分配Step(4)practiceStep(5)SummingupStep(6)Homework7.由because引导ItisbecauseIloveyoutoomuch.那是因为我太爱你了。That’sbecauseyoucan’tappreciatemusic.这是因为你不能欣赏音乐。IfI’mabitsleepy,it’sbecauseIwasupallnight.如果我有点困，是因为一夜没睡。It'sbecauseIpassedaslipofpaperforJohntoHeleninclass.这是因为我在上课中替约翰传纸条给海伦。【注意】because可引导表语从句，但与之同义的since,as,for等也不用于引导表语从句。（三）注意的问题练习题Givethemseveralminutestodotheexercises.checkanswers…ThinkoverAnswerquestionsDopractice.因材施教复习巩固Step(3)ExplainlanguagepointsStep(4)Practice表语从句练习1.Thequestionis________wewillhaveoursportsmeetnextweek.A.thatB.ifC.whenD.whether2．Thereasonwhyhefailedis________hewastoocareless.A.becauseB.thatC.forD.becauseof3.Goandgetyourcoat.It’s________youleftitA.whereB.thereC.therewhereD.wherethere4．Theproblemis_________totaketheplaceofTedA.whocanwegetB.whatwecangetC.whowecangetD.thatwecanget5.WhatIwanttoknowis______helikesthegiftgivenbyus.A.thatB.ifC.whetherD.不填6.Thereasonis_________Imissedthebus.A.thatB.whenC.whyD.what7.Thatis_____wewerelatelasttime.A.thatB.whenC.whyD.what8.Shelooked_________sheweretenyearsyounger.A.thatB.likeC.asD.asthough9.—Ifellsick!--Ithinkitis_______youaredoingtoomuch.A.whyB.whenC.whatD.because10.Thereasonwhyhehasn’tcomeis___________.A.becausehismotherisillB.becauseofhismother’sbeingillC.thathismotherisillD.forhismotherisill11.—Hewasbornhere.--Thatis_______helikestheplacesomuch.A.thatB.whatC.whyD.how12.Thatis______LuXunoncelived.A.whatB.whereC.thatD.whythat/what的区别1．_______yourfatherwantstoknowis________gettingonwithyourstudies.A.What;howareyouB.That；howyouareC.How；thatyouareD.What；howyouare2.Thetroubleis__________weareshortoftools.A.whatB.thatC.howD.whythat3.Americawas__________wasfirstcalled“India”byColumbus.A.whatB.whereC.theplaceD.therewhere4.Chinaisbecomingstrongerandstronger.Itisnolonger_________.A.whatitusedtobeB.whatitwasusedtobeingC.whatitusedtobeingD.whatitwasusedtobe5.________hereallymeansis________hedisagreeswithus.A.What…thatB.That…whatC.What…whatD.That…what6.Theenergyis________makesthecellsabletodotheirwork.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.such高考练习1—IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.—Isthat_____youhadafewdaysoff？（NMET1999）A.whyB.whatC.whenD.where2.Ihadneitheraraincoatnoranumbrella____Igotwetthrough.（1998上海）A.It’sthereasonB.That’swhyC.There’swhyD.It’show3.Seetheflagsontopofthebuilding?Thatwas______wedidthismorning.（06全国）A.whenB.whichC.whereD.what4.---Areyoustillthinkingaboutyesterday’sgame?(2003北京春)---Oh,that’s_____.A.whatmakesmefeelexcitedB.whateverIfeelexcitedaboutC.howIfeelaboutitD.whenIfeelexcited5.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbut______hesaidit.（2004湖北）A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhich答案DBACCACDDCCBthat/what的区别DBAAAC高考练习ABDAA定语从句专项练习题1.Theplace_______interestedmemostwastheChildren'sPalace.A.WhichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich2.Doyouknowtheman_______?A.whomIspokeB.towhospokeC.IspoketoD.thatIspoke3.Thisisthehotel_______lastmonth.A.whichtheystayedB.atthattheystayedC.wheretheystayedatD.wheretheystayed4.Doyouknowtheyear______theChineseCommunistPartywasfounded?A.whichB.thatC.whenD.onwhich5.Thatistheday______I'llneverforget.A.whichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.when6.Thefactory______we'llvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.A.whereB.towhichC.whichD.inwhich7.Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincetheninthefactory_______weareworking.A.whereB.thatC.whichD.there8.Thisisoneofthebestfilms_______.A.thathavebeenshownthisyearB.thathaveshownC.thathasbeenshownthisyearD.thatyoutalked9.Canyoulendmethebook______theotherday?A.aboutwhichyoutalkedB.whichyoutalkedC.aboutthatyoutalkedD.thatyoutalked10.Thepen______heiswritingismine.A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.bywhich11.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontof______satasmallboy.A.whomB.whoC.whichD.that12.Theengineer______myfatherworksisabout50yearsold.A.towhomB.onwhomC.withwhichD.withwhom13.Itthereanyoneinyourclass______familyisinthecountry?A.whoB.who'sC.whichD.whose14.I'minterestedin______youhavesaid.A.allthatB.allwhatC.thatD.which15.Iwanttousethesamedictionary______wasusedyesterday.A.whichB.whoC.whatD.as16.Heisn'tsuchaman______heusedtobe.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.as17.HeisgoodatEnglish,______weallknow.A.thatB.asC.whomD.what18.LiMing,______totheconcertenjoyeditverymuch.A.IwentwithB.withwhomIwentC.withwhoIwentD.Iwentwithhim19.Idon'tlike______asyouread.A.thenovelsB.thesuchnovelsC.suchnovelsD.samenovels20.Hetalkedalotaboutthingsandpersons________theyrememberedintheschool.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.what21.Theletterisfrommysister,______isworkinginBeijing.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.who22.Inourfactorythereare2,000workers,twothirdsof____arewomen.A.themB.whichC.whomD.who23.You'retheonlyperson______I'veevermet______coulddoit.A.who;/B./;whomC.whom;/D./;who24.Ilostabook,______Ican'tremembernow.A.whosetitleB.itstitleC.thetitleofitD.thetitleofthat25.LastsummerwevisitedtheWestLake,______Hangzhouisfamousintheworld.A.forwhichB.forthatC.inwhichD.what26.Ihaveboughtsuchawatch_______wasadvertisedonTV.A.thatB.whichC.asD.it27.Icanneverforgettheday_______weworkedtogetherandtheday______wespenttogether.A.when;whichB.which;whenC.what;thatD.onwhich;when28.Theway______helooksatproblemsiswrong.A.whichB.whoseC.whatD./29.Thisisthereason______hedidn'tcometothemeeting.A.inwhichB.withwhichC.thatD.forwhich30.Thismachine,______formanyyears,isstillworkingperfectly.A.afterwhichIhavelookedB.whichIhavelookedafterC.thatIhavelookedafterD.Ihavelookedafter31.Thereason______hedidn'tcomewas______hewasill.A.why;thatB.that;whyC.forthat;thatD.forwhich;what32.Heisworkinghard,______willmakehimpassthefinalexam.A.thatB.whichC.forwhichD.who33.Thatisnottheway______Idoit.A./B.whichC.forwhichD.withwhich34.Ihavetwogrammars,______areofgreatuse.A.allofwhichB.eitherofwhichC.bothofthatD.bothofwhich35.Iwanttousethesametools_______usedinyourfactoryafewdaysago.A.aswasB.whichwasC.aswereD.which36.Myneighboursusedtogivemeahandintimeoftrouble,_______wasverykindofthem.A.whoB.whichC.thatD.it37.Thisisthemagazine_______Icopiedtheparagraph.A.thatB.whichC.fromthatD.fromwhich38.Heisnotsuchaman_______wouldleavehisworkhalfdone.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.as39.Youcandependonwhateverpromise_______hemakes.A./B.whyC.whenD.whose40.Smoking,_______isabadhabit,is,however,popular.A.thatB.whichC.itD.though41.---Didyouasktheguard_______happened?---Yes,hetoldmeall_______heknew.A.what;thatB.what;whatC.which;whichD.that;that42.Ishallneverforgetthoseyears_______Ilivedonthefarmwiththefarmers,_______hasagreateffectonmylife.A.when;whoB.that;whichC.which;thatD.when;which43.Thenumberofthepeoplewho_______cars_______increasing.A.owns;areB.owns;isC.own;isD.own;are44.Duringthedays________,heworkedasaservantattheBrowns.A.followedB.followingC.tofollowD.thatfollowed45.Isoxygentheonlygas_______helpsfireburn?A.thatB./C.whichD.it46.Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,_______hecouldsee_____wasgoingoninsidehouse.A.which;whatB.throughwhich;whatC.throughthat;whatD.what;that47.Is_______someGermanfriendsvisitedlastweek?A.thisschoolB.thistheschoolC.thisschooloneD.thisschoolwhere48.Johngotbeateninthegame,_______hadbeenexpected.A.asB.thatC.whatD.who49.Ihaveboughttwoballpens,_______writeswell.A.noneofthemB.neitherofthemC.neitherofwhichD.noneofwhich50.Allthatcanbeeaten_______eatenup.A.arebeingB.hasbeenC.hadbeenD.havebeen答案DBACCACDDCCBthat/what的区别DBAAAC高考练习ABDAA参考答案及解析1.A.which用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。2．C."和谁讲话”要说speaktosb.本题全句应为DoyouknowthemanwhomIspoketo.。whom是关系代词，作介词to的宾语，可以省略。3.D.where是关系副词，表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。4.C.when是关系副词，表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。5．A.which是关系代词，在从句中作forget的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。6．C.解析同第5题。7.A.解析见第3题。8.A.本句话的先行词应该是films,因此，关系代词that是负数概念，其谓语动词应用复述的被动语态havebeenshown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠词the，则theone应该视为先行词。9.A.“谈到某事物”应说talkaboutsth.。about是介词，其后要用which作宾语，不能用that。10.A.withwhich是"介词+关系代词"结构,常用来引导定语从句.with有"用"的意思,介词之后只能用which,不能用that.withwhich在定语从句中作状语,即heiswritingwithapen.11.C.infrontofwhich即infrontofafarmhouse.Infrontofwhich在从句中作状语.12.D.withwhom引导定语从句.withwhom放在从句中即为:myfatherworkswiththeengineer.13.D.whose引导定语从句,在从句中作主语family的定语.14.A.that引导定语从句,因为先行词是all,所以只能选用that引导.15.D.thesame……..as是固定用法,as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本句话中,as作从句的主语.16.D.such………as是固定用法,as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本题中,as作表语.17.B.as作关系代词可以单独用来引导非限制性定语从句。这时as所指代的不是主句中某个名词，而往往指代整个主句的含义。as在从句中可以作主语、宾语。从句可放在主句后，也可置于主句前。在本句中,as作宾语.18.B.LiMingenjoyeditverymuch是主句,withwhomIwenttotheconcert是定语从句.withwhom放在从句中为:IwenttotheconcertwithLiMing.19.C.as引导定语从句时通常构成such…as或thesame…as固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。Such修饰单数名词时,要用sucha……..,本题中suchbooks,such直接修饰复数名词.20.B.things和persons是先行词.当定语从句要修饰的先行词是既表示人,又表示物的名词时,其关系代词要用that.21.D.who引导非限制性定语从句,who作从句的主语.22.C.twothirdsofwhom即:twothirdsofthe2,000workers.23.D.先行词person后有两个定语从句,第一个从句省略了关系代词whom.因为,whom作从句中met的宾语,可以省略.第二个从句whocoulddoit.who在从句中作主语,不可省略.24.A.whosetitle引导非限制性定语从句,whosetitle也可以说成thetitleofwhich25.A.forwhich引导定语从句,使用介词for,是来自于从句中的固定短语befamousfor"以……..而闻名".26.C.当先行词被such修饰时,引导定语从句的关系代词要用as.As在本从句中作主语.27.A.两个先行词theday都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when.第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句.28.D.在way、distance、direction等词后的定语从句中，常用that来代替“in(或其他介词)+which”、when或where，而that常可省略。29.D.forwhich在定语从句中作原因状语,可用why来替代.30.B.whichIhavelookedafter构成一个非限制性定语从句.31.A.Thereasonwhy…wasthat….已成为一种固定句型，这一句中的why和that不能随意换位，也不能将that改成because，尽管that这个词在译文中可能有“因为”的含义。32.B.非限制性定语从句常用which引导,which表示前句话的整个含义.33.A.解释见28题.34.D.主句中的two表明不能选A.从句中的are表明不能选B.bothofwhich用来引导非限制性定语从句.35.C.as引导定语从句时通常构成such…as或thesame…as固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。本题中as作从句的主语.36.B.非限制性定语从句常用which引导,which表示前句话的整个含义.37.D.38.D.解析见35题.39.A.hemakes是定语从句,从句前省略了关系代词that.40.B.whichisabadhabit非限制性定语从句.41.A.whathappened是宾语从句.all之后thatheknew是定语从句.先行词是all,所以关系代词只能用that.42.D.years是表示时间的名词,用when引导定语从句,是因为when在从句中作时间状语.第二个空选用which,引导一个非限制性定语从句.43.C.本句话的定语从句是whoowncars.其先行词是people,因此,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数的own。本句话主句的主语是Thenumberof指“…..的数目”，是单数概念。因此，主句的谓语动词要用is。44.D.thatfollowed是定语从句，关系代词that在从句中作主语。45.A.先行词gas被only修饰，关系代词要用that，而不用which。46.B.throughwhich引导定语从句，throughwhich即throughthehole,在定语从句中作状语。What引导的是see的宾语从句，并作从句的主语。47.B.为便于理解，改写本句话：ThisistheschoolthatsomeGermanfriendsvisitedlastweek.不难看出，作表语的theschool是先行词。that引导了定语从句，因为that同时又作visited的宾语，所以被省略了。其它选项结构不对。48.A.解释见35题。49.C.因为是twoballpens,并且定语从句的谓语writes是单数概念。因此，C是正确选项。50.B.本句话中，主句的主语是all,为抽象概念。因此，其谓语应用单数的hasbeen。关系代词that引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。表语与表语从句I什么是系动词：系动词亦称连系动词（LinkVerb），作为系动词，它本身有词义,有人称和数的变化，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明：有些系动词只在特定词义下才为系动词，因为它们可能是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。例如：Hefellillyesterday.（fell是系动词，后跟表语，说明主语情况。）Hefellofftheladder.（fell是实义动词，单独作谓语）。II系动词的种类1．状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。例如：Heisateacher.他是一名教师。（is与表语一起说明主语的身份。）2．持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand。例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeetings.Thismatterremainsamystery.Sheremainedsingleforherlife.Itstayswarmtoday.Helaysickinbed.Wewillstandfirm.3.感官系动词感官系动词主要有look,feel,smell,sound,taste。例如：

Youlookstired.You’dbetterhavearest.Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.Idecidetobuysome.Theflowersinthegardensmellverysweet,whichmakesmefeelverycomfortable.

Medicinetastesbitter,butit’sgoodtoourhealth.4.变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run,make.例如Hebecamemadafterthat.Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.Heturnedteacherlater.Hefellilllastweek.Hewillmakeagoodmanager.这类系动词只有表示变化时是系动词，它们可以做实意动词，表示其他意义。5．表像系动词用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem,appear,。例如：Heseemsverysad.Heappearedunhappy.6．终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达“证明是”，“结果是"之意。例如：Therumorprovedfalse.Thesearchforthelostboyproveddifficult.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.III什么是表语？放在系动词后面，构成系表结构用来说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况的成分被称为表语。IV什么可以做表语：名词，代词,数词,形容词，方位副词，介词短语，非谓语(todo,doing,v-ed)，和表语从句Thegardenisverybeautiful.Modernpaintingsarenottomytaste.Readingandwritingaredifferentskills.Theairinthegardenwaswarmandfragrant.Mybookisoverthere.WhenIcalledhim,heisnotin.Thefactisthathedidn’tbreakthewindow.Thisfilmisveryinteresting.Mydreamistotravelaroundtheworld.TheyweredisappointedwhenItoldthemtheresult.V表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词有三类：第一类：连接词：that（无任何词意），whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性），它们在从句中均不充当任何成分。第二类：连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whomever,whose,which，whichever，它们常在从句中做主语、表语、宾语或定语。第三类：连接副词：when,where,how,why它们常在从句中做状语。另外asif/though和because也可引导表语从句。表语从句位于连系动词之后。其基本结构为：主语+系动词+从句。例如：Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。That’sjustwhatIwant.这正是我想要的。Thisiswhereourproblemlies.这就是我们的问题所在。Thatiswhyhedidn’tcometothemeeting.那就是他为什么不到会的原因。Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.看上去天要下雨了。Hedidn’tcometoschoolyesterday.That’sbecausehewasill.**需要注意的是：1.当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning.【注意】whether可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。例如：Theproblemiswhetherwecangetenoughmoneytofinishtheproject.2.若句子的主语是suggestion,advice,desire,order,request,demand,等表示要求、命令、建议等意义的词，则表语从句常用“（should）+动词原形”。例如：Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)setoffatonce.Ourdemandisthatweshouldgetwhatwedeserve.Practice1.Itmakesherworried___sheisputtingonweight.while B.that C.if D.for2.___isafactthatgreatchangesaretakingplaceinourschool. A.There B.This C.That D.It3.___we’llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather. A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where4.Doyouremember___hecame?Yes,Ido.Hecamebycar. A.how B.when C.that D.if5.Thegrandhotelhasbeencompleted,butwedon’tknow___comeintouse.A.howlongitwill B.howlongwillit C.howsoonwillit D.howsoonitwill6.Didyouseemyumbrella?Yes.It’s___youleftit. A.there B.where C.therewhere D.wherethere7.Iremember___wehadourlessonsinashed. A.when B.which C.where D.what8.After___seemedaverylongtime,Iopenedmyeyesandfoundmyselfinbed!A.what B.when C.that D.which9.I’msohungrythatI’lleat___yougiveme. A.however B.whatever C.whichever D.whenever10.Sarahhopestobecomeafriendof___sharesherinterests. A.anyone B.whomever C.whoeverD.nomatterwho11.Youcan’timagine___whentheyreceivedtheseniceChristmaspresents. A.howtheywereexcited B.howexcitedtheywere C.howexcitedwerethey D.theywerehowexcited12.Noonecanbesure__inamillionyears. A.whatmanwilllooklike B.whatwillmanlooklike C.manwilllooklikewhat D.whatlookwillmanlike13.Shanghaihastakenonanewlook.Itisn’tlike___itusedtobe. A.what B.how C.which D.that14.Ican’tmakesure___thekeytothelab. A.whereAlicehadput B.wherehadAliceput C.wherehasAliceput D.whereAlicehasput15.Hehimselfdidn’trealize____. A.whatgreatprogresswashemaking B.hewasmakingwhatgreatprogress C.whathewasmakinggreatprogress D.whatgreatprogresshewasmaking16.___leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights. A.anyone B.Theperson C.Who D.Whoever17.__Iwasfreethatevening. A.Ithappenedto B.Ithappenedthat C.Thathappened D.Itishappenedthat18.Thetroubleis__weareshortofhands. Awhat B.that C.how Dwhy19.—Whataboutseeingafilm?—Thequestionis___we’llhaveenoughtime. A.that B.if C.when D.whether20.Energyis___makesthingswork. Aanything B.something C.what D.that21.Thethought___hemightfailintheexamworriedhim.A.which B.that C.when D.sothat22.Wewerewarned___thejourneywouldbedangerous.A.if B.whether C.how D.that23.Theyhavenoideaatall___. A.whatdoesthiswordmean B.whatthiswordmeans C.thatisthemeaningofthisword D.whatkindofameaningisthisword24.Theydidn’trealizeatthattime___. A.theyhadgotwhatausefulinvention B.thatwhatausefulinventiontheyhadgot C.whatausefulinventiontheyhadgot D.thattheyhadgotwhatainvention25.___youhaveseenbothfighters,___willwin? A.Since,doyouthinkwho B.When,whoever C.As,whoyouthink D.Since,whodoyouthink项目管理中常用英语（转载学习）工程项目管理常用英语工艺包processpackage工艺设计processdesign工艺发表processrelease工艺预发表initialprocessrelease工作范围；项目任务范围scopeofwork；projectscope工作包workpackage工作项workitem任务单项lineitem分解结构breakdownstructure工作分解结构workbreakdownstructure组织分解机构organizationalbreakdownstructure项目大项工作分解结构projectsummaryworkbreakdownstructure承包商标准工作分解结构；工程公司标准工作分解结构contractor'sstandardworkbreakdownstructure责任分工矩阵responsibilityassignmentmatrix风险risk风险分析riskanalysis风险备忘录riskmemorandum公司本部homeoffice公司本部服务homeofficeservice公用工程utility计划plan项目计划projectplan（项目）设计计划(project)engineeringplan（项目)采购计划(project)procurementplan（项目）施工计划(project）constructionplan（项目)开车计划（project)start—upplan专利patent专利权patentright产权技术proprietarytechnology专利技术licensedtechnology专有技术;技术诀窍know—how许可证license专利商;许可方licensor受许可放；受让方licensee(技术）转让费;提成费royalty许可证费licensefee专有技术费know-howfee专业discipline工艺processdesign;processengineering系统systemsengineering设备equipmentengineering布置plantlayoutengineering管道设计pipingdesign管道机械pipingmechanicalengineering仪表instrumentsengineering电气electricalengineering建筑architecturalengineering土建civilengineering开车start-up试车commissioning投料试车start—up;testrun；initialoperations性能考核，生产考核performancetestrun；performanceguaranteetests用户验收clientacceptance支付条件；付款条件termsofpayment；conditionsofpayment;termsandconditionsofpayment预付款advancepayment；downpayment按实物进度付款progresspayment按日工程进度付款schedulepayment保留金；扣留款retentionmoney最终付款finalpayment代码；编码code;number组码groupcode标准分类记帐码；记帐码standardclassificationofaccountnumbers［SCAN］;accountcodes;codeofaccounts可编码variablecode；optionalvariablecode通用型活动码genericactivitytype(numbers）[GAT]不可预见费contingency发表issue；release汇票billofexchange;draft议付汇票billfornegotiation业主owner用户；客户client设计；工程设计design；engineering设计阶段engineeringphase工艺设计阶段processdesignphase基础工程设计阶段basicengineeringphase分析设计阶段analyticalengineeringphase平面设计阶段planningengineeringphase详细工程设计阶段detailedengineeringphase；finalengineeringphase;productionengineeringphase会议meeting开工会议kick—offmeeting报价开工会议proposalkick—offmeeting用户开工会议clientkick-offmeeting项目开工会议projectkick-offmeeting设计开工会议projectkick—offmeeting施工动员会议constructionmobilizationmeeting审核会reviewmeeting合同;承包contract合同生效日期effectivedateofthecontract合同终止terminationofcontract合同失效frustrationofcontract总价合同lump-sumcontract［L-S］(固定)单价合同（fixed）unitpricecontract偿付合同;成本加抽筋合同(cost)reimbursablecontract；cost-plus（fee）contract[C—P]成本加固定酬金合同costplusfixedfeecontract［CPFF]成本加浮动酬金合同costplusfluctuatingfeecontract；costplusslidingscalefeecontract目标成本加奖罚合同（target）costplusfeecontract,withbonusorpenaltyconditions限定最高价偿付合同;限定最高成本加抽筋合同reimbursableguaranteedmaximumpricecontract［RGMP］；guaranteemaximumcostplusfeecontract承包商contractor分包商subcontractor合营企业jointventure[JV］交货delivery交货日期deliverydate；dateofdelivery交货周期leadtime交货到现场deliverytojob-site交货单deliverynote提货单deliveryorder提单billoflading交货条件deliveryterms离岸价freeonboard［FOB］铁路交货(价）;敞车上交货(价）freeonrail［FOR];freeontruck［FOT]成本加运费（价)costandfreight[CFR］or［C&F]到岸价costinsuranceandfreight；costinsurancefreight［CIF］船边交货(价)freealongsideship［FAS］货交承运人(价)freecarrier［FCA]工厂交货（价)exworks[EXW］估算；费用估算estimate’costestimate估算方法类别typesofestimate详细估算(发）detailedestimate；definedestimate设备详细估算(发）;确切估算(发)definedequipmentestimate；definitiveestimate设备估算equipmentestimate分析估算analysisestimate报价估算proposalestimate控制估算controlestimate初期控制估算interimcontrolestimate;initialcontrolestimate［ICE]批准的控制估算initialapprovedcost［IAC］核定估算checkestimate首次核定估算firstcheckestimate［FCE］二次核定估算productioncheckestimate[PCE]人工时估算man-h