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HowplasticwasteisaffectingwildlifeandfisheriesThemainwasteintheoceanisthePlasticdebris.About80percentofmarinedebrisisplastic.Everyyear,ahugenumberofseabirds,turtles,andfisheriesdiedofeatingplasticdebrisbymistake.1Humanactionsthatpollutedthepacificocean
Merchantshipsexpelcargo,
sewage,usedmedicalequipment,andothertypesofwastethatcontainplasticintotheocean.Navalandresearchvesselsejectwasteandmilitaryequipmentthataredeemedunnecessary.Pleasurecraftsreleasefishinggearandothertypesofwaste,eitheraccidentallyorthroughnegligenthandling.Thelargestocean-basedsourceofplasticpollutionisdiscardedfishinggear(includingtrapsandnets),estimatedtobeupto90%ofplasticdebrisinsomeareas.（Hammer,J;Kraak,MH;Parsons&JR,2012）2TheorganismthatisbeingaffectedSeabirdsWhalesFisheriesSealsSealionsSeaturtleDolphins3Aquaticwildlifecanbethreatenedbysuffocation.Obviously,thisseaturtlewasscarred.Afterthispicturewastaken,maybeitwoulddiesoon.Aswecanimagine,therearestillthousandsofseaturtlesunderthethreatenofplasticdebris.Ifnoonehelpsthem,theyarejustdyinglonely,scared,anddesperated.Example:
this
sea
turtleistakingaplasticbagin4Example:thesealisstuckbyfishingnetsAseaturtlethatistrappedbyarubberbandThispicturetellsusasadstoryaboutthisturtle:itwastrappedaccidentallywhenitwasyoung.Asitgrewbiggerandbigger,therubberbandlimitedit.Asaresult,itsbodywasdeformed.5Convincingdata(onPacificOcean)Ina2008PacificGyrevoyage,AlgalitaMarineResearchFoundationresearchersbeganfindingthatfishareeatingplasticfragmentsandwaste.Ofthe672fishcaughtduringthatvoyage,35%hadateplasticpieces.Clicktoseemoredetails
The
NorthPacificGyre,forexample,hascollectedtheso-called“GreatPacificGarbagePatch”,whichisnowestimatedtobeonetotwentytimesthesizeofTexas(approximatelyfrom700,000to15,000,000squarekilometers).Insamplestakenin1999,themassofplasticexceededthatofzooplankton(thedominantanimallifeinthearea)byafactorofsix.(Weisman&Alan，2007).
Clicktoseemoredetails6Fishareeatingplasticfragmentsandwaste7Effectsonwildlife&fisheries
(howhavetheplasticdebrisaffectedthem)1.EntanglementEntanglementisresponsibleformanydifferentkindsofwildlife.Suchasseals,fish,turtles,andbirds.Theseanimalsgetcaughtinthedebrisandendup
suffocating
or
drowning.
Theydon’thavehandslikeustountanglethemselves,asaresult,theydiefromtheirinabilitytoescapetheirpredators.（
Hammer,J;Kraak,MH;Parsons&JR2012).8大家应该也有点累了，稍作休息大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流9Effectsonwildlife&fisheries
(howhavetheplasticdebrisaffectedthem)2.IngestionSeaanimalsTurtlessometimesmistakeplasticbagsforjellyfish.“Thisplasticdebriscankilltheseaturtlebyobstructingthe
esophagus.”(Gregory&M.R.14June2009)Sotooare
whales;largeamountsofplasticshavebeenfoundinthestomachsof
beachedwhales.Truth:InJune2018,morethan80plasticbagswerefoundinsideadying
pilotwhale
thatwashedupontheshoresofThailand.(Whalediesfromeatingmorethan80plasticbags".
TheGuardian.June2,2018.Retrieved
June17,
2018.)10Aheart-brokenphoto11Anexhibitatthe
MoteMarineLaboratory
thatdisplaysplasticbagsintheoceanthatlooksimilarto
jellyfish.12Effectsonwildlife&fisheries
(howhavetheplasticdebrisaffectedthem)2.IngestionBirdsSeabirdsoftenmistaketrashfloatingontheocean'ssurfaceasprey.Evenworse,marineplasticpollutioncanreachbirdsthathaveneverbeenatthesea.Parentsmayaccidentallyfeedtheirnestlingsplastic,mistakingitforfood.(Rodríguez,A;etal.)
Seabirdchicksarethemostvulnerabletoplasticingestionsincetheycan‘tvomituptheirfoodliketheadultseabirds.(Derraik,J.G.B.，2002)13TheareaofTexascomparetothewholeAmericaBelieveornot，theareaof"GreatPacificGarbagePatch",is1-20
timesthesizeofTexas!Whatahugegarbagepatchitis!!Fromthispicture,onecanimaginethathowdestructiveistheplasticwaste,andhowmuchplasticwasteisaffectingwildlifeandfisheriesinthePacificOcean.14The
biodiversityofthe“Great
Pacific
GarbagePatch”isdecreasing15Reasons:Fauna&FloraInternational(FFI)hasalreadyconfirmedthatplasticdebriswillposeagrowingthreattoMarinebiodiversityandmarinefoodchainin2010.Therewillbemore
plastic
thanfishintheocean
by2050,warnedthe
EllenMacArthurFoundation
ina
report
publishedTuesday.(ThereWillBeMorePlasticThanFishintheOceanby2050,January19,2016)Scientistssaidthatwhalessuchaswhalesharksareendangered.Currently,thewhalesharkhasbeenlistedontheworldunionforconservationofnature(IUCN)redlistofendangeredspeciesver3.1vulnerable(VU)in2005,andisalsolistedinCITESlevelprotectionofanimalsundertheWashingtonconvention.16EffortsthathumanmadetohelpthoseorganismsEveryyear,June5isobservedasWorldEnvironmentDaytoraiseawarenessandincreasegovernmentactiononthepressingissue.In2018,Indiaisthehosttothisyear’sWorldEnvironmentDayandthethemeis‘BeatPlasticPollution'withfocusonsingle-useordisposableplastic.
On11April2013inordertocreateawareness,artist
MariaCristinaFinucci
founde
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