法律英语第一课市公开课一等奖百校联赛优质课金奖名师赛课获奖课件

2023/9/16法律英语1Lesson

one

Legal

system

1/522023/9/16法律英语2Everylawhasnoatomofstrength,asfarasnopublicopinionsupportsit.

Wendellphillips,Americanleaderagainstslavery若是没有公众舆论支持，法律是丝毫没有力量。

美国废奴运动领袖菲力普斯W

2/522023/9/16法律英语3BackgroundTwoperiodsoflegalhistory:ThePeriodoftheEnglishColoniesThePeriodoftheUnitedStatesOnMay14,1607,theVirginiaCompanyexplorerslandedonJamestownIslandtoestablishtheVirginiaEnglishcolonyTheRevolutionaryWarinAmerica(1775-1783)3/522023/9/16法律英语44/522023/9/16法律英语5CharacteristicsCommonlawlegalsystem普通法系DecentralizationCaselawStaredecisis

遵从前例5/522023/9/16法律英语6Text——Part

OneThe

United

States

is

atoncea

very

new

nationa

very

old

nation既年轻又古老国家6/522023/9/16法律英语7it

is

constantly

being

renewed

by

the

addition

of

new

elements

of

population

and

of

new

States不停有新人口成份和新州加入It

is

a

new

nationComparedwithmanyothercountries

与其它国家相比7/522023/9/16法律英语8

It

isthe

oldest

of

the

"new"

nations

—the

first

one

to

be

made

out

ofan

Old

World

colony.

第一个从旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出国家the

oldest

written

constitution

the

oldest

continuous

federal

systemthe

oldest

practice

of

self-governmentIt

is

old8/522023/9/16法律英语9The

whole

of

its

history

belongs

in

the

period

since

the

invention

of

the

printing

press.美国历史是印刷创造以后历史。公元1440～1448年，德国人谷登堡创造活版印刷术，在铅合金活字，脂肪性油墨，以及印刷机制造方面，都取得了巨大成功，从而奠定了当代印刷术基础。被各国学者公认是当代印刷术创始人9/522023/9/16法律英语10for

events

such

as

those

that

are

lost

in

the

legendary

past

of

Italy

or

France

or

England

are

part

of

the

printed

record

of

the

United

States

那些在意大利、法国或英国过去传说中湮没那些事件，是美国有文字记载历史一部分。The

whole

of

its

history

is

recorded10/522023/9/16法律英语11And

the

American

record

Comprehensive

复杂Immense

繁多11/522023/9/16法律英语12Record

of

the

colonial

era

殖民时代记载Recordof

the

Nation

since

1776国家从1776年开始记载Recordof

the

present

fifty

States

当前50个州记载The

intricate

network

ofrelationships

between

States

andNation

各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系记载12/522023/9/16法律英语13The

reports

of

the

United

States

Supreme

Court

fill

350

volumesThe

reports

of

some

States

are

almost

equally

voluminous.

联邦最高法院判例汇编州法院判例汇编13/522023/9/16法律英语14The

reader

who

wants

to

trace

the

history

of

law

in

America

is

confronted

with

over

5,000

stout

volumes

of

legal

cases.想要探索美国法律历史人面正确是5000多巨册法律案例。14/522023/9/16法律英语15No

one

document,

no

handful

of

documents,

can

properly

be

said

to

reveal

the

character

of

a

people

or

of

their

government.

没有哪一个或者少数几个文件能够准确地揭示一国人民或政府特征。15/522023/9/16法律英语16When

hundreds

and

thousands

of

documents

strike

a

consistent

note，over

more

than

a

hundred

years,

we

have

a

right

to

say

that

is

the

keynote.当一百多年来成百上千文件敲击出一直如一音调时，我们能够说这就是基调。16/522023/9/16法律英语17The

American

legal

system,

like

the

English,

is

methodologically

mainly

a

caselaw

system.

判例法Part

Two

17/522023/9/16法律英语18Civillawlegalsystem大陆法系/罗马法系Commonlawlegalsystem普通法系Statutorylaw法国和德国为代表，还有瑞士、意大利、奥地利、比利时、卢森堡、荷兰、西班牙、葡萄牙、日本等Caselaw形成于英国，包含加拿大，澳大利亚，新西兰，爱尔兰，印度、巴基斯坦，马来西亚和新加坡，香港地域也采取英美法18/522023/9/16法律英语19

Most

fields

of

private

law

still

consist

primarily

of

case

law

and

the

extensive

and

steadily

growing

statutory

continues

to

be

subject

to

binding

interpretation

through

case

law.

私法大多数领域主要包含判例法，以及广泛不停增加成文法，这些成文法继续经过判例法受制于有约束力法律解释。19/522023/9/16法律英语20Knowledge

Technique

central

importancefor

an

understanding

of

American

lawand

legal

methodology20/522023/9/16法律英语21The

common

law

is

historically

the

common

general

law

——

with

supremacy

over

local

law

——which

was

decreed

by

the

itinerant

judges

of

the

English

royal

court.

普通法在历史上是普通综正当，由英国皇家法院巡回法官颁布普通综正当地位高于地方法。21/522023/9/16法律英语22enforcement强制执行；

claim请求；

action诉讼行为；

writ法院令状；

classicalRomanlaw古罗马法22/522023/9/16法律英语23Theenforcement

ofaclaimpresupposedtheexistenceofaspecialformofaction,awrit,withtheresultthattheoriginalcommonlawrepresentedasystemof‘action’similartothatofclassicalRomanlaw.某项诉讼请求强制执行是以法院令状这种特殊诉讼形式存在为前提，而这就使最初普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法“诉讼行为”所组成体系。23/522023/9/16法律英语24

If

a

writ

existed

(in

1227)

a

claim

could

be

enforced;

有法院令状，诉讼请求就要强制执行；there

was

no

recourse

for

a

claim

without

a

writ,

the

claim

did

notexist.

没有法院令状为前提诉讼请求，就没有追索权，因而该诉讼请求也就不存在。24/522023/9/16法律英语25

This

system

became

inflexible

when

the

"Provisions

of

Oxford"

(1258)

prohibited

the

creation

of

new

writs,

except

for

the

flexibility

which

the

"writ

upon

the

case"

allowed

and

which

later

led

to

the

development

of

contract

and

tort

law.

这一制度在（1258年）“牛津条例”禁止新令状产生以后变得固定下来；除非“本案令状”允许了灵活性例外，后者以后发展成协议与侵权法。25/522023/9/16法律英语26The

narrow

limits

of

the

forms

of

action

and

the

limited

recourse

they

provided

led

to

the

development

of

equity

law

and

equity

case

law.

诉讼形式限制及其提供有限追索权造成了衡平法和衡平判例法产生。26/522023/9/16法律英语27衡平法由英国衡平法法院大法官在处理专门申诉案件时，为防止过分重视令状和程序方面技术性问题，而集中考虑案情理据得失，最终发展出有别于普通法法律规范，就是衡平法。27/522023/9/16法律英语28“Equity”——doing

equity公平——行为公平deciding

ex

aequo

et

bono决定公平且善良（拉丁语）was

first

granted

by

the

King,

and

later

by

his

Chancellor

as

"keeper

of

the

King's

conscience",

toaffordreliefinhardshipcases.首先由国王，以后由作为“国王良知守护人”大法官作出，方便对难以处理案例提供救助。28/522023/9/16法律英语29In

the

fifteenth

century,

however,

equity

law

and

equity

case

law

developed

into

an

independent

legal

system

and

judiciary

(Court

of

chancery)which

competed

with

the

ordinary

common

law

courts.

15世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成独立法律制度和司法制度（大法官法庭），大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存在。29/522023/9/16法律英语30普通法衡平法普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官经过判决形式逐步形成适合用于全英格兰一个判例法。而衡平法是指英国在14世纪后对普通法修正和补充而出现一个判例法。30/522023/9/16法律英语31Its

rules

and

maxims

became

fixed

and,

to

a

degree,

inflexible

as

in

any

legal

system.

衡平法规则和标准逐步确定，与任何法律制度一样，含有一定程度固定性。equity

law31/522023/9/16法律英语321.relief

in

the

form

of

specific

performance

特定推行救助方式

特定推行是对需要推行协议义务协议当事人发出一个命令。只有存在需要推行协议，才能取得特定推行命令。

Special

characteristics

of

equity

law：32/522.the

injunction

禁令：暂时或最终采取或不采取某种行为命令禁制令是法院作出裁定。指示一人或数人不要做某项详细事或者做某项详细事：但后一个指示较少。

禁制令只能为强制执行或保护一个普通法上或衡平法上权利，才能做出。2023/9/16法律英语3333/523.the

development

of

so

calledmaxims

of

equity

law形成所谓衡平法座右铭

衡平法不允许有错误存在而没有救助（Equitywillnotsufferawrongtobewithoutremedy）；

求援于衡平法者本身必须公正行事（Hewhoseeksequitymustdoequity）；

求援于衡平法者本身必须清白（Hewhocomestoequitymustcomewithcleanhands）；

衡平法重视意图而不重形式（Equitylooksattheintentratherthantheform）…………2023/9/16法律英语3434/522023/9/16法律英语35However,

equitable

relief

regularly

will

lie

only

when

the

common

law

relief

isinadequate.

只有当普通法救助不充分时，才适用衡平救助。35/52甲向朋友乙借款100英镑，并留下借据。一年后甲如数偿还，但出于对朋友信任，甲未要求乙当面偿还借据，而是请乙将借据撕掉。实际上，乙一时大意，并未撕掉借据。

又过了一年，甲乙两人反目成仇，乙持甲那张借据向法院起诉，要求甲还钱。按照普通法，法院依法只能判决甲（再次）偿还乙100英镑，因为按照当初诉讼规则，法院惟一接收证据，就是那张应该撕掉却没有撕借据！

不过，假如按照衡平法审理，枢密大臣能够公布命令，要求乙将借据交给甲，命令乙不得就欠款一事向普通法院起诉；假如乙已经起诉，而且普通法院已经作出了乙胜诉判决，大法官能够命令乙不得执行判决。一样地，假如损害赔偿不是适当救助，大法官能够命令当事人将原物返还，或者禁止当事人采取一定行动。2023/9/16法律英语3636/522023/9/16法律英语37As

the

common

law,

equity

law

became

part

of

American

law

either

through

judicial

acceptance司法接收

or

through

express

statutory

provision明确成文法条款37/522023/9/16法律英语38

Today,

both

legal

systems

have

been

merged

in

many

American

jurisdictions

普通法

衡平法there

is

only

one

form

of

civil

suit

in

these

jurisdictions

as

well

asin

federal

practice.

在美国司法管辖区和联邦实践中只有一套民事诉讼形式38/522023/9/16法律英语39美国纽约州立法机构于1848年经过了由戴维·菲尔德起草《菲尔德民事程序法典》，稍后更成立了一个“法典化委员会”来“将纽约州全部法律简化为成文、系统化法典”。39/522023/9/16法律英语40Only

few

States

continue

to

maintain

a

separate

chancery

court.

独立大法官法庭40/522023/9/16法律英语41Referencetothehistoricaldevelopmentisimportant

参考历史发展非常主要Itexplainstheoriginandsignificanceofmanycontemporarylegalconceptsthe

division

of

title

in

the

law

of

property财产法上全部权分割41/522023/9/16法律英语42

it

is

still

relevant

for

the

decision

of

such

questionsReferencetothehistoricaldevelopmentisimportant

参考历史发展非常主要

a

right

to

a

trial

by

jury

陪审团审判权42/522023/9/16法律英语43“ordinary”

common

law

relief

of

damages

普通法要求赔偿金救助“extraordinary”

equity

remedy

of

specific

performance

衡平法要求特定推行救助43/522023/9/16法律英语44"Case

law"

describes

the

entire

body

of

judge

made

law

and

today

includes

common

law

and

equity

precedents.

“判例法”指全部法官定法，当前既包含普通法，也包含衡平法先例。44/522023/9/16法律英语45

In

imprecise

and

confusing

usage

the

terms

"common

law"

and

"case

law"

are

often

used

synonymously,

with

the

term

“common

law”

in

thisusage

connoting

judge-made