人工智能专用名词

LetterAAccumulatederrorbackpropagation累积误差逆传播ActivationFunction激活函数AdaptiveResonanceTheory/ART自适应谐振理论Addictivemodel加性学习AdversarialNetworks对抗网络AffineLayer仿射层Affinitymatrix亲和矩阵Agent代理/智能体Algorithm算法Alpha-betapruninga-p剪枝Anomalydetection异常检测Approximation近似AreaUnderROCCurve／AUCRoc曲线下面积ArtificialGeneralIntelligence/AGI通用人工智能ArtificialIntelligence/AI人工智能Associationanalysis关联分析Attentionmechanism注意力机制Attributeconditionalindependenceassumption属性条件独立性假设Attributespace属性空间Attributevalue属性值Autoencoder自编码器Automaticspeechrecognition自动语音识别Automaticsummarization自动摘要Averagegradient平均梯度Average-Pooling平均池化LetterBBackpropagationThroughTimeBackpropagation/BPBaselearnerBaselearningalgorithmBatchNormalization/BNBayesdecisionruleBayesModelAveraging／BMABayesoptimalclassifierBayesiandecisiontheoryBayesiannetworkBetween-classscattermatrixBiasBias-variancedecompositionBias-VarianceDilemmaBi-directionalLong-ShortTermMemory/Bi-LSTMBinaryclassificationBinomialtestBi-partitionBoltzmannmachineBootstrapsamplingBootstrappingBreak-EventPoint／BEPLetterCCalibrationCascade-CorrelationCategoricalattribute通过时间的反向传播反向传播基学习器基学习算法批量归一化贝叶斯判定准则贝叶斯模型平均贝叶斯最优分类器贝叶斯决策论贝叶斯网络类间散度矩阵偏置/偏差偏差-方差分解偏差-方差困境双向长短期记忆二分类二项检验二分法玻尔兹曼机自助采样法／可重复采样／有放回采样自助法平衡点校准级联相关离散属性Class-conditionalprobability类条件概率Classificationandregression分类与回归树tree/CARTClassifier分类器Class-imbalance类别不平衡Closed-form闭式Cluster簇/类/集群Clusteranalysis聚类分析Clustering聚类Clusteringensemble聚类集成Co-adapting共适应Codingmatrix编码矩阵COLT国际学习理论会议Committee-basedlearning基于委员会的学习Competitivelearning竞争型学习Componentlearner组件学习器Comprehensibility可解释性ComputationCost计算成本ComputationalLinguistics计算语言学Computervision计算机视觉Conceptdrift概念漂移ConceptLearningSystem/CLS概念学习系统Conditionalentropy条件熵Conditionalmutualinformation条件互信息ConditionalProbabilityTable／条件概率表CPTConditionalrandomfield/CRF条件随机场Conditionalrisk条件风险

Confidence置信度Confusionmatrix混淆矩阵Connectionweight连接权Connectionism连结主义Consistency一致性／相合性Contingencytable列联表Continuousattribute连续属性Convergence收敛Conversationalagent会话智能体Convexquadraticprogramming凸二次规划Convexity凸性Convolutionalneural卷积神经网络network/CNNCo-occurrence同现Correlationcoefficient相关系数Cosinesimilarity余弦相似度Costcurve成本曲线CostFunction成本函数Costmatrix成本矩阵Cost-sensitive成本敏感Crossentropy交叉熵Crossvalidation交叉验证Crowdsourcing众包Curseofdimensionality维数灾难Cutpoint截断点Cuttingplanealgorithm割平面法LetterDDatamining数据挖掘DatasetDecisionBoundaryDecisionstumpDecisiontreeDeductionDeepBeliefNetworkDeepConvolutionalGenerativeAdversarialNetwork/DCGANDeeplearningDeepneuralnetwork/DNNDeepQ-LearningDeepQ-NetworkDensityestimationDensity-basedclusteringDifferentiableneuralcomputerDimensionalityreductionalgorithmDirectededgeDisagreementmeasureDiscriminativemodelDiscriminatorDistancemeasureDistancemetriclearningDistributionDivergenceDiversitymeasureDomainadaptionDownsampling数据集决策边界决策树桩决策树／判定树演绎深度信念网络深度卷积生成对抗网络深度学习深度神经网络深度Q学习深度Q网络密度估计密度聚类可微分神经计算机降维算法有向边不合度量判别模型判别器距离度量距离度量学习分布散度多样性度量／差异性度量领域自适应下采样D-separation(Directedseparation)DualproblemDummynodeDynamicFusionDynamicprogrammingLetterEEigenvaluedecompositionEmbeddingEmotionalanalysisEmpiricalconditionalentropyEmpiricalentropyEmpiricalerrorEmpiricalriskEnd-to-EndEnergy-basedmodelEnsemblelearningEnsemblepruningErrorCorrectingOutputCodes／ECOCErrorrateError-ambiguitydecompositionEuclideandistanceEvolutionarycomputationExpectation-MaximizationExpectedlossExplodingGradientProblemExponentiallossfunction有向分离对偶问题哑结点动态融合动态规划特征值分解嵌入情绪分析经验条件熵经验熵经验误差经验风险端到端基于能量的模型集成学习集成修剪纠错输出码错误率误差-分歧分解欧氏距离演化计算期望最大化期望损失梯度爆炸问题指数损失函数ExtremeLearningMachine/ELM超限学习机LetterFFactorization因子分解Falsenegative假负类Falsepositive假正类FalsePositiveRate/FPR假正例率Featureengineering特征工程Featureselection特征选择Featurevector特征向量FeaturedLearning特征学习FeedforwardNeural前馈神经网络Networks/FNNFine-tuning微调Flippingoutput翻转法Fluctuation震荡Forwardstagewisealgorithm前向分步算法Frequentist频率主义学派Full-rankmatrix满秩矩阵Functionalneuron功能神经元LetterGGainratio增益率Gametheory博弈论Gaussiankernelfunction高斯核函数GaussianMixtureModel高斯混合模型GeneralProblemSolving通用问题求解Generalization泛化Generalizationerror泛化误差Generalizationerrorbound泛化误差上界

GeneralizedLagrangefunction广义拉格朗日函数Generalizedlinearmodel广义线性模型GeneralizedRayleighquotient广义瑞利商GenerativeAdversarial生成对抗网络Networks/GANGenerativeModel生成模型Generator生成器GeneticAlgorithm/GA遗传算法Gibbssampling吉布斯采样Giniindex基尼指数Globalminimum全局最小GlobalOptimization全局优化Gradientboosting梯度提升GradientDescent梯度下降Graphtheory图论Ground-truth真相／真实LetterHHardmargin硬间隔Hardvoting硬投票Harmonicmean调和平均Hessematrix海塞矩阵Hiddendynamicmodel隐动态模型Hiddenlayer隐藏层HiddenMarkovModel/HMM隐马尔可夫模型Hierarchicalclustering层次聚类Hilbertspace希尔伯特空间Hingelossfunction合页损失函数Hold-out留出法

Homogeneous同质Hybridcomputing混合计算Hyperparameter超参数Hypothesis假设Hypothesistest假设验证LetterIICML国际机器学习会议Improvediterativescaling/IIS改进的迭代尺度法Incrementallearning增量学习Independentandidentically独立同分布distributed/i.i.d.IndependentComponent独立成分分析Analysis/ICAIndicatorfunction指示函数Individuallearner个体学习器Induction归纳Inductivebias归纳偏好Inductivelearning归纳学习InductiveLogicProgramming／ILP归纳逻辑程序设计Informationentropy信息熵Informationgain信息增益Inputlayer输入层Insensitiveloss不敏感损失Inter-clustersimilarity簇间相似度InternationalConferenceforMachine国际机器学习大会Learning/ICMLIntra-clustersimilarity簇内相似度Intrinsicvalue固有值IsometricMapping/IsomapIsotonicregressionIterativeDichotomiserLetterKKernelmethodKerneltrickKernelizedLinearDiscriminantAnalysis／KLDAK-foldcrossvalidationK-MeansClusteringK-NearestNeighboursAlgorithm/KNNKnowledgebaseKnowledgeRepresentationLetterLLabelspaceLagrangedualityLagrangemultiplierLaplacesmoothingLaplaciancorrectionLatentDirichletAllocationLatentsemanticanalysisLatentvariableLazylearningLearnerLearningbyanalogyLearningrateLearningVectorQuantization/LVQ等度量映射等分回归迭代二分器核方法核技巧核线性判别分析k折交叉验证／k倍交叉验证K-均值聚类K近邻算法知识库知识表征标记空间拉格朗日对偶性拉格朗日乘子拉普拉斯平滑拉普拉斯修正隐狄利克雷分布潜在语义分析隐变量懒惰学习学习器类比学习学习率学习向量量化线性判别分析线性判别分析线性模型线性回归联系函数局部马尔可夫性局部最小对数似然对数几率Logistic回归对数似然对数线性回归长短期记忆损失函数机器翻译宏查准率宏查全率绝对多数投票法流形假设流形学习间隔理论边际分布边际独立性边际化马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗方法Leastsquaresregressiontree最小二乘回归树Leave-One-Out/LOO留一法linearchainconditionalrandomfield线性链条件随机场LinearDiscriminantAnalysis／LDALinearmodelLinearRegressionLinkfunctionLocalMarkovpropertyLocalminimumLoglikelihoodLogodds／logitLogisticRegressionLog-likelihoodLog-linearregressionLong-ShortTermMemory/LSTMLossfunctionLetterMMachinetranslation/MTMacron-PMacron-RMajorityvotingManifoldassumptionManifoldlearningMargintheoryMarginaldistributionMarginalindependenceMarginalizationMarkovChainMonteCarlo/MCMC

MarkovRandomFieldMaximalcliqueMarkovRandomFieldMaximumLikelihoodEstimation/MLEMaximummarginMaximumweightedspanningtreeMax-PoolingMeansquarederrorMeta-learnerMetriclearningMicro-PMicro-RMinimalDescriptionLength/MDLMinimaxgameMisclassificationcostMixtureofexpertsMomentumMoralgraphMulti-classclassificationMulti-documentsummarizationMulti-layerfeedforwardneuralnetworksMultilayerPerceptron/MLPMultimodallearningMultipleDimensionalScalingMultiplelinearregression马尔可夫随机场最大团极大似然估计／极大似然法最大间隔最大带权生成树最大池化均方误差元学习器度量学习微查准率微查全率最小描述长度极小极大博弈误分类成本混合专家动量道德图／端正图多分类多文档摘要马尔可夫随机场最大团极大似然估计／极大似然法最大间隔最大带权生成树最大池化均方误差元学习器度量学习微查准率微查全率最小描述长度极小极大博弈误分类成本混合专家动量道德图／端正图多分类多文档摘要多层前馈神经网络多层感知器多模态学习多维缩放多元线性回归互信息互信息朴素贝叶斯朴素贝叶斯分类器命名实体识别纳什均衡自然语言生成自然语言处理负类负相关法负对数似然近邻成分分析神经机器翻译神经图灵机牛顿法国际神经信息处理系统会议没有免费的午餐定理噪音对比估计列名属性非凸优化非线性模型非度量距离非负矩阵分解无序属性非饱和博弈范数归一化MutualinformationLetterNNaivebayesNaiveBayesClassifierNamedentityrecognitionNashequilibriumNaturallanguagegeneration/NLGNaturallanguageprocessingNegativeclassNegativecorrelationNegativeLogLikelihoodNeighbourhoodComponentAnalysis/NCANeuralMachineTranslationNeuralTuringMachineNewtonmethodNIPSNoFreeLunchTheorem／NFLNoise-contrastiveestimationNominalattributeNon-convexoptimizationNonlinearmodelNon-metricdistanceNon-negativematrixfactorizationNon-ordinalattributeNon-SaturatingGameNormNormalization

Nuclearnorm核范数Numericalattribute数值属性LetterOObjectivefunction目标函数Obliquedecisiontree斜决策树Occam'srazor奥卡姆剃刀Odds几率Off-Policy离策略Oneshotlearning一次性学习One-DependentEstimator／ODE独依赖估计On-Policy在策略Ordinalattribute有序属性Out-of-bagestimate包外估计Outputlayer输出层Outputsmearing输出调制法Overfitting过拟合／过配OversamplingLetterP过采样Pairedt-test成对t检验Pairwise成对型PairwiseMarkovproperty成对马尔可夫性Parameter参数Parameterestimation参数估计Parametertuning调参Parsetree解析树ParticleSwarmOptimization/PSO粒子群优化算法Part-of-speechtagging词性标注Perceptron感知机

Performancemeasure性能度量PlugandPlayGenerativeNetwork即插即用生成网络Pluralityvoting相对多数投票法Polaritydetection极性检测Polynomialkernelfunction多项式核函数Pooling池化Positiveclass正类Positivedefinitematrix正定矩阵Post-hoctest后续检验Post-pruning后剪枝potentialfunction势函数Precision查准率／准确率Prepruning预剪枝Principalcomponentanalysis/PCA主成分分析Principleofmultipleexplanations多释原则Prior先验ProbabilityGraphicalModel概率图模型ProximalGradientDescent/PGD近端梯度下降Pruning剪枝Pseudo-label伪标记LetterQQuantizedNeuralNetwork量子化神经网络Quantumcomputer量子计算机QuantumComputing量子计算QuasiNewtonmethodLetterR拟牛顿法RadialBasisFunction／RBF径向基函数RandomForestAlgorithm随机森林算法

RandomwalkRecallReceiverOperatingCharacteristic/ROCRectifiedLinearUnit/ReLURecurrentNeuralNetworkRecursiveneuralnetworkReferencemodelRegressionRegularizationReinforcementlearning/RLRepresentationlearningRepresentertheoremreproducingkernelHilbertspace/RKHSRe-samplingRescalingResidualMappingResidualNetworkRestrictedBoltzmannMachine/RBMRestrictedIsometryProperty/RIPRe-weightingRestrictedIsometryProperty/RIPRobustnessRootnodeRuleEngineRulelearning随机漫步查全率／召回率受试者工作特征随机漫步查全率／召回率受试者工作特征线性修正单元循环神经网络递归神经网络参考模型回归正则化强化学习表征学习表示定理再生核希尔伯特空间重采样法再缩放残差映射残差网络受限玻尔兹曼机限定等距性重赋权法稳健性/鲁棒性根结点规则引擎规则学习Saddlepoint鞍点Samplespace样本空间Sampling采样Scorefunction评分函数Self-Driving自动驾驶Self-OrganizingMap／SOM自组织映射Semi-naiveBayesclassifiers半朴素贝叶斯分类器Semi-SupervisedLearning半监督学习semi-SupervisedSupportVector半监督支持向量机MachineSentimentanalysis情感分析Separatinghyperplane分离超平面SigmoidfunctionSigmoid函数Similaritymeasure相似度度量Simulatedannealing模拟退火Simultaneouslocalizationand同步定位与地图构建mappingSingularValueDecomposition奇异值分解Slackvariables松弛变量Smoothing平滑Softmargin软间隔Softmarginmaximization软间隔最大化Softvoting软投票Sparserepresentation稀疏表征Sparsity稀疏性Specialization特化SpectralClustering谱聚类SpeechRecognition语音识别

Splittingvariable切分变量Squashingfunction挤压函数Stability-plasticitydilemma可塑性-稳定性困境Statisticallearning统计学习Statusfeaturefunction状态特征函Stochasticgradientdescent随机梯度下降Stratifiedsampling分层采样Structuralrisk结构风险Structuralriskminimization/SRM结构风险最小化Subspace子空间Supervisedlearning监督学习／有导师学习supportvectorexpansion支持向量展式SupportVectorMachine/SVM支持向量机Surrogatloss替代损失Surrogatefunction替代函数Symboliclearning符号学习Symbolism符号主义SynsetLetterT同义词集T-DistributionStochasticNeighbourT-分布随机近邻嵌入Embedding/t-SNETensor张量TensorProcessingUnits/TPU张量处理单元Theleastsquaremethod最小二乘法Threshold阈值Thresholdlogicunit阈值逻辑单元Threshold-moving阈值移动TimeStep时间步骤标记化标记化训练误差训练示例／训练例直推学习迁移学习树库试错法真负类真正类真正例率图灵机二次学习欠拟合／欠配欠采样可理解性非均等代价单位阶跃函数单变量决策树无监督学习／无导师学习无监督逐层训练上采样梯度消失问题变分推断VC维理论版本空间维特比算法TokenizationFT1••TrainingerrorTraininginstanceTransductivelearningTransferlearningTreebankTria-by-errorTruenegativeTruepositiveTruePositiveRate/TPRTuringMachineTwice-learningLetterUUnderfittingUndersamplingUnderstandabilityUnequalcostUnit-stepfunctionUnivariatedecisiontreeUnsupervisedlearningUnsupervisedlayer-wisetrainingUpsamplingLetterVVanishingGradientProblemVariationalinferenceVCTheoryVersionspaceViterbialgorithmVonNeumannarchitectureVonNeumannarchitecture冯•诺伊曼架构LetterWWassersteinGAN/WGANWeaklearnerWeightWeightsharingWeightedvotingWithin-classscattermatrixWordembeddingWordsensedisambiguationLetterZWasserstein生成对抗网络弱学习器权重权共享加权投票法类内散度矩阵词嵌入词义消歧Zero-datalearning零数据学习Zero-shotlearning零次学习模式识别计算机硬件的迅速发展，计算机应用领域的不断开拓，急切地要求计算机能更有效地感知诸如声音、文字图象、温度、震动等等信息资料模式识别便得到迅速发展。模式"(Pattern)一词的本意是指〃模式"(Pattern)一词的本意是指完美无缺的供模仿的一些标本。模式识别就是指识别出给定物体所模仿的标本。人工智能所研究的模式识别是指用计算机代替人类或帮助人类感知模式，是对人类感知外界功能的模拟，研究的是计算机模式识别系统，也就是使一个计算机系统具有模拟人类通过感官接受外界信息、识别和理解周围环境的感知能力。模式识别是一个不断发展的新学科，它的理论基础和研究范围也在不断发展。随着生物医学对人类大脑的初步认识，模拟人脑构造的计算机实验即人工神经网络方法早在50年代末、60年代初就已经开始。至今，在模式识别领域，神经网络方法已经成功地用于手写字符的识别、汽车牌照的识别、指纹识别、语音识别等方面。目前模式识别学科正处于大发展的阶段，随着应用范围的不断扩大，随着计算机科学的不断进步，基于人工神经网络的模式识别技术，在90年代将有更大的发展。机器视觉机器视觉或计算机视觉已从模式识别的一个研究领