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IMMUNIZATIONAGENDA2030
WHY
GENDER
MATTERS
Whygendermatters:immunizationagenda2030
ISBN978-92-4-003394-8(electronicversion)
ISBN978-92-4-003393-1(printversion)
©WorldHealthOrganization2021
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CONTENTS
iv
Acknowledgements v
Acronyms vi
Definitions vii
Purposeandaudience ix
Chapter1:Whydoesgendermatterforimmunization?
Whatisgendermainstreaminginimmunizationprogrammes? 6
Whatisgenderanalysis? 7
Whyconductagenderanalysis? 7
Chapter2:IA2030andgender
IA2030:Coreprinciples 13
Chapter3:Understandinggender-relatedbarrierstoimmunization
Barrier1:Poorqualityservicesandnegativehealthproviderattitudes 16
Barrier2:Loweducationlevelandhealthliteracy 17
Barrier3:Limitedautonomyindecision-makingandhouseholddynamics 17
Barrier4:Lackofaccessandcontroloverresourcesandmobility 17
Barrier5:Highprevalanceofgender-basedviolence(GBV)andharmfulpractices 18
Chapter4:Gender-responsiveapproachestoincreasingimmunizationcoverage
Acontinuumofgender-responsiveness 21
Approach1:Investingenderdataandanalysis 22
Approach2:Makecommunityengagementandsocialmobilizationgender-responsiveandtransformative 25
Approach3:Engagewithmentotransformgendernorms 28
Approach4:Empowerandcollaboratewithcivilsocietyandchangeagents 30
Approach5:Implementgender-responsiveactionsforthehealthworkforce 32
Approach6:Improvethequality,accessibilityandavailabilityofservices 33
Approach7:Integrateservicesandcollaborateacrosssectors 35
Approach8:Implementgender-responsiveimmunizationservicesinemergencysettings 37
Approach9:Applyagenderlenstoresearchandinnovation 40
Chapter5:Wayforward-commitmentandaccountability
Conclusion:Acceleratingprogressfor2030 44
References 45
Annexes
Annex1:GenderAnalysisMatrix 50
Annex2:Resourcesandtoolsforgender-responsiveprogramming 51
Annex3:Metricstoidentifygender-relatedbarrierstoimmunization 52
v
Acknowledgements
ThisdocumentwasdevelopedcollaborativelybytheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),UnitedNationsChildren’sFund(UNICEF)andGavi,withinputfromtheGlobalPolioEradicationInitiative(GPEI),theUSCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,theWorldBank,theBill&MelindaGatesFoundation,theUnitedNationsEntityforGenderEqualityandtheEmpowermentofWomen(UNWomen),theInternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties,theCoreGroupandCivilSocietyHumanandInstitutionalDevelopmentProgramme–Pakistan,withSiniRamoastheleadauthorofearlydrafts.
vi
Acronyms
BCG
bacillusCalmette–Guérin
BeSD
behavioralandsocialdriversofvaccination
CTC
controlledtemperaturechain
DTP3
threedosesofdiphtheria,tetanusandpertussisvaccines
GBV
gender-basedviolence
GPEI
GlobalPolioEradicationInitiative
HepB
hepatitisB
HIV
humanimmunodeficiencyvirus
HPV
humanpapillomavirus
IA2030
ImmunizationAgenda2030
IASC
Inter-AgencyStandingCommittee
LGBTQI
lesbian,gay,bisexual,transgender,queerandintersex
NIS
nationalimmunizationstrategy
NITAG
nationalimmunizationtechnicaladvisorygroup
RITAG
regionalimmunizationtechnicaladvisorygroup
SARS
Severeacuterespiratorysyndrome
SDG
SustainableDevelopmentGoal
SRHR
sexualandreproductivehealthandrights
TT
tetanustoxoid
UHC
universalhealthcoverage
UNDP
UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
UNFPA
UnitedNationsPopulationFund
UNICEF
UnitedNationsChildren’sFund
UNICEFROSA
UNICEFRegionalOfficeforSouthAsia
UNWomen
UnitedNationsEntityforGenderEqualityandtheEmpowermentofWomen
WASH
water,sanitationandhygiene
WHO
WorldHealthOrganization
vii
Sexistypicallyassignedatbirthandreferstothebiologicalcharacteristicsthatdefinepeopleasfemale,maleorintersex.
Sex
Genderreferstothesociallyconstructedroles,norms,behaviorsthatagivensocietyconsidersappropriateforindividualsbasedonthesextheywereassignedatbirth.Genderalsoshapestherelationshipsbetweenandwithingroupsofwomenandmen.
Gender
Genderidentityreferstoeachperson’sdeeplyfeltinternalandindividualexperienceofgender,whichmayormaynotcorrespondwiththesexassignedatbirthorthegenderattributedtothembysociety.
Genderidentity
Genderequityistheprocessofbeingfairtowomenandmen.Itrecognizesthatmenandwomenhavedifferentneeds,powerandaccesstoresources,whichshouldbeidentifiedandaddressedinamannerthatrectifiestheimbalance.Addressinggenderequityleadstoequality.
Gender
equity
Genderequalityistheabsenceofdiscriminationbasedonaperson’ssexorgender.Itmeansprovidingthesameopportunitytoeachperson,includingaccesstoandcontrolofsocial,economicandpoliticalresources,withprotectionunderthelaw(suchashealthservices,educationandvotingrights).
Gender
equality
Gendernormsrefertobeliefsaboutwomen,men,boysandgirlsthroughsocialization.Gendernormschangeovertimeandindifferentcontext.Gendernormsleadtoinequalityiftheyreinforcemistreatmentofonegrouporsexovertheotherorleadtodifferencesinpowerandopportunities.
Genderrelations
Genderrelationsrefertosocialrelationsbetweenandamongwomen,men,boysandgirlsthatarebasedongendernormsandroles.Genderrelationsoftencreatehierarchiesandunequalpowerrelationsbetweenandamonggroupsofmenandwomen,disadvantagingonegroupoveranother.
Genderroles
Genderrolesrefertowhatmen,women,boysandgirlsareexpectedtodo(inthehousehold,communityandworkplace)inagivensociety.
Genderanalysis
Genderanalysisidentifies,assessesandinformsappropriateresponsestodifferentneedsandbarriers,andaskscriticalquestionstouncoverrootcausesofgender-basedinequities.
Gender
mainstreaming
Gendermainstreamingistheprocessofassessingimplicationsforwomen,men,girlsandboysofanyplannedactionincludinglegislation,policiesorprogrammesatalllevels.Itreferstoastrategyformakingwomen’sandgirls’,aswellasmen’sandboys’concernsandexperiencesanintegraldimensionofthedesign,implementation,monitoringandevaluationofpoliciesandprogrammessothatwomenandmenandgirlsandboysbenefitequallyandinequalityisnotperpetuated(1).
Intersectionalityreferstoanapproachtounderstandthecomplexinteractionofdifferentsocialmarkerstodisadvantageandoppressdifferentpeopledependingontheircharacteristicsandcontexts.Genderintersectswithage,race,ethnicity,class,socioeconomicstatus,disability,sexualorientationandgenderidentity,geographicallocationtoshapesocialinequalities.
Intersectionality
Definitions
Term
Definition
Gendernorms
viii
Intersectionalgenderanalysisisanapproachtoidentifyingandaddressingtheinteractionofdifferentsocialcategoriesandpowerhierarchiesthatresultinhealthinequity.
Intersectional
genderanalysis
LGBTQILGBTQILesbian,gay,bisexual,transgender,queer,intersexpersonsandothers.
Term
Definition
Gender-sensitive
Gender-sensitiveprogrammesshowanawarenessofgenderroles,normsandrelationswhilenotnecessarilyaddressinginequalitiesgeneratedbythem.Noremedialactionsaredeveloped.
Gender-responsive
Gender-responsiveprogrammesorpoliciesareoneswheregendernorms,rolesandinequalitieshavebeenconsideredandmeasureshavebeentakentoactivelyaddressthem.Theygobeyondgendersensitivity,andincludegender-specificandgender-transformativeactions.
Gender-specific
Gender-specificprogrammesintentionallytargetaspecificgroupofwomenormenforaspecificpurpose,butdon’tchallengegenderrolesandnorms.
Gender-
transformative
Gender-transformativeapproachesarethosethatattempttoredefineandchangeexistinggenderroles,norms,attitudesandpractices.Theseinterventionstackletherootcausesofgenderinequalityandreshapeunequalpowerrelations.
Gender-based
violence(GBV)
Gender-basedviolence(GBV)isviolencedirectedagainstapersonbecauseoftheirgenderandisrootedingenderinequality.MostGBVisdirectedatwomenandgirlsatthehandsofmen;however,mencanexperiencegender-basedviolencetoo.TransgenderpopulationsalsoexperienceuniquegenderedGBV.GBVincludes,forexample,physical,sexual,emotionalandeconomicviolence.
Caregiver
Caregiverisapersonwhoregularlyorintermittentlycaresforaninfantorchild,forexamplemothers,fathers,grandparentsandsiblings.
Empowerment
Empowermentistheexpansionofpeople’scapacitytomakeandactondecisionsaffectingallaspectsoflife-includingdecisionsrelatedtohealth-byproactivelyaddressingsocioeconomicandotherpowerinequalitiesinacontextinwhichthiscapacityorchoicewaspreviouslydenied.Programmaticinterventionsoftenfocusspecificallyonempoweringwomenbecauseofgenderinequality.
ix
Purposeandaudience
Genderequalityisafundamentalhumanrightandapowerfuldriverforbetterhealthoutcomesglobally.
Immunizationinterventionswillonlysucceedinexpandingcoverageandwideningreachwhengenderroles,normsandrelationsareunderstood,analysedandsystematicallyaccountedforaspartofimmunizationserviceplanninganddelivery.
ThisdocumentexplainstheneedformainstreamingofgenderacrossthecoreprinciplesandstrategicprioritiesofImmunizationAgenda2030(IA2030).Itspurposeistwofold:
(i)toimproveawarenessandunderstandingofhowgender-relatedbarrierscanaffectimmunizationprogrammeperformance;and
(ii)toprovidepractical“howto”concepts,toolsandmethods,andactionsthatcanbeusedtoeffectivelyintegrateagenderperspectiveintoimmunizationprogrammes.
Thetargetaudienceiseveryoneengagedinsupporting,managingorimplementingimmunizationprogrammes–managersandserviceproviders,aswellasthestaffofministriesofhealthandothersectors(e.g.ministriesofeducation,ministriesofgender,ministriesoffinance),civilsociety,internationalorganizationsanddonorpartnersinvolvedinrealizingtheIA2030visionofaworldwhereeveryone,ateveryagefullybenefitsfromvaccinesforgoodhealthandwell-being.
Genderisarelationaltermusedtodescribesociallydetermineddifferencesbetweenwomenandmen,girls’andboys’roles,attitudes,behaviourandvaluesasperceivedinagivensocietalcontext.Sexisabiologicaldifference.
GenderisNOTsynonymous
withjustwomenandgirlsand
NOTjustforactionorthe
benefitofwomenandgirlsonly.
Women,men,girlsandboys
allmustbeinvolvedto
advancegenderequalityand
societaltransformation.
Notallwomenandgirlsarethesame,asinequalities,
needsandbarriersdifferacrosscaste,ethnicities,age,
location,wealthquintile,literacylevels,maritalstatus,
specialneeds(suchasdisability)andconflictconditions.
Gendermainstreamingisaboutaddressinggenderissuesacrossallsections,sectorsandlevelsinanyplannedactionincludinglegislation,policiesandprogrammes.
Gendermainstreamingshouldconsidertheneedsofallwomenandmen,girlsandboysequally.
Source:Gendertoolkit:integratinggenderinprogrammingforeverychildinSouthAsia.UNICEFROSA(2018).
SUMMARY
CHAPTER1
2
Chapter1:
Whydoesgendermatterfor
immunization?
Globalstudieshavenotfoundmajorsex-baseddiscrepanciesinimmunizationcoverage:girlsandboyshavethesamelikelihoodofbeingvaccinatedinmostlow-andmiddle-incomecountries.Afewexceptionsexistatthesubnationallevelwithinsocioeconomicallyandgeographicallymarginalizedgroups–boyshavebeenfoundtobemoreimmunizedinsomeinstances,andgirlsinothers(2).However,attentiontogender-relatedissuesinimmunizationprogrammesgoesbeyondfocusingoncoveragediscrepanciesbetweengirlsandboys.Therearemultiplewaysinwhichgenderroles,normsandrelationsinfluencewhogetssick,whohasaccessandcontroloverresources,who’svoiceisheard,andwho’shealthneedsaremet,includingforimmunization.
Genderimpactsimmunizationbothonthedemandside,throughpeople’shealthseekingbehaviours,andthesupplysideprovisionofhealthservices.Toincreaseimmunizationcoverage,andinparticulartosustainablyreach“zero-dose”childrenandmissedcommunities,itisnecessarytounderstandandaddressthemanywaysinwhichgenderinteractswithadditionalsocioeconomic,geographicandculturalfactorstoinfluenceaccess,uptakeanddeliveryofvaccines.Thesefactorsincludeage,race/ethnicity,religion,maritalstatus,education,wealth,sexualorientationandgenderidentity,HIVstatus,disabilityandmigrationstatus.Fig.1providessomeexamplesofthemostcommongender-relatedbarrierstoimmunization.ThesebarriersarediscussedinmoredepthinChapter3.
Immunizationhasbeenshowntobeaoneofthebestinvestmentsagovernmentcanmake.Thereturnoninvestmentforimmunizationishigherthanforeducationandinfrastructureprojectscombined(3).Eachdollarinvestedisestimatedtogeneratea26-foldreturnbasedonsavingsfromhealth-carecostsandlostwagesandproductivityduetoillness(4).Investmentsinwomen’shealthhavealsobeenshowntoyieldbroadereconomicgrowth(5).Combininggender-focusedinitiativeswithimmunizationsetsusonapathtomaximizeourreturnoninvestmentinvaccines.
IMPORTANTNOTE
Thisdocumentisprimarilyaboutthegenderinequalitiesthatexistbetweenmenandwomen.Addressingthebarrierstoimmunizationfacedbyotherswhoaregenderdiverse/non-conformingisalsoimportant.Whilenotspecificallyaddressedinthisdocument,manyoftheprinciplesandtoolscanalsobeadaptedforthesegroups.
3
Figure1.Commongender-relatedbarrierstoimmunization
DEMANDSIDE(HEALTHSEEKINGBEHAVIOURS)
Insomesettings,health
needsofboysare
prioritizedovergirls’due
tosonpreference.
Womenareconsideredtheprimarycaregiversforchildrenbuttheymaynotbeabletocontrolhouseholdresourcesneededtoutilizehealthservicesfortheirchildrenorthemselves.
Womeninsomeareasmaynotbeallowedtotravelaloneduetosociocultural/gendernormsandsecurityreasons.
Disempoweringgenderrolesandexcesshouseworkburdenofwomenmayresultinatrade-offbetweenchildhealthcareandtheneedtoperformthetasksforthehousehold.
StigmatizationofreceivingtheHPVvaccineandlimitedinformationonSRHRcanhindergirls’accesstoservices.
Women’slowereducationandliteracylevelsaswellaslackofaccesstohealthinformationcanleadtolowermotivationtovaccinatetheirchild.
SUPPLYSIDE(PROVISIONOFSERVICES)
Governmentpoliciesandstrategiesdonotconsidergenderinequalitiesinimmunizationplanningandimplementation.
Insomesettings,onlyfemalevaccinatorscanaccesshouseholdstointeractwithmothersanddelivervaccinestochildren.
Communitiesmayimposetraditionalgendernormswhichhinderwomen’sandgirls’fullparticipationinhealthservices.
Femaleprovidersandvaccinatorscanfacegenderdiscriminationandthreatsintheirwork,leadingtohighturnoverandlimitedprovisionofhealthservices.
Healthfacilitiesemphasizeattendancebywomen(mothers)andarenotfavourabletofathersorothermalefamilymembers.
Lowqualityofservicemaydiscouragewomenfromattending.
[Source:AdaptedfromImmunizationandgender:apracticalguidetointegrateagenderlens.UNICEFROSA(2019)]
Gender-relatedbarriersandgenderinequalitycanpreventpeople,bothmaleandfemale,fromgettingvaccinated.Theseoperateatmultiplelevelsfromtheindividualandhouseholdtocommunityandhealthsystems.Thesegender-relatedissuesareunderpinnedbypowerrelations,leadingtodifferentopportunities,limitations,challenges,needsandvulnerabilities,especiallyforwomenandgirls.Thegoalofgenderequalityisnotforwomenandmenandgirlsandboystobecomethesame,buttoensurethateveryonehasthesamechancesandopportunitiestoaccessandbenefitfromimmunizationservices.
Byapplyingknowledgeaboutgenderandtakingactiontodesigngender-responsiveinterventionsitispossibletoimplementmoreeffectiveimmunizationprogrammesandincreasecoverageforall.
4
•Sensitizecommunityonthevalueofimmunization
•Increasecommunity-basedoutreachservices
•Strengthenmother’s/fathers’caregroups
•Increasewomen’sdecision-makinginpublic
•Promotegenderequalitythroughsocialandbehaviouralchangecommunication
•Incomegeneratingactivitiesforwomenbasedoncontext
•Lifeskills,literacyprogrammes
•Parentingcoursetopromotepositivefatherhood
•Integrategenderandaddressspecificbarriersofwomenandgirlsintohealthnationalactionplansandtraining
•Developgender-responsiveservicedeliveryguidelines&tools
Inputs
•Womenlack
decision-makingpowerandresourcestoaccessandutilizehealthservices•Women’slowliteracylevel
•Genderrolesandnorms:mothersbeingmaincaretakers–time,poverty,lowvalueofgirls
•Lackofmen’s
involvementincare
StructuralCauses
•Women’slackofvoice
•Genderandsocialnorms:womenshouldstayathomeandundertakecarework
•Women’slimitedmobility
•Lackofsupportivemeasuresinthecommunitytoaccesshealthservices
•Lackoflaws,policies,dataandtrainingongenderissuesinhealthsector
•Lackofaccountability
•Lackofguidanceonengagingmeninchildrearingandhealthcare
Anotherwaytoviewthepathwaytoachievethisvision(whichissharedbyIA2030)isthroughtheframeworkdescribedinFigure2.Thisframeworkexploresgenderbarriersandapproachesacrossdifferentsocio-ecologicallevelsofhousehold,community,healthfacility,andlawsandpolicies.
Figure2.Frameworkofgender-barriersandapproachestoachieveIA2030goals
Fullyimmunizedgirlsandboys
Goal
HealthFacility
Household
•Womenandgirlsfreelyaccesshealth&immunizationservices•Womengainresourcesandincrease
decision-makingpower•Womenhavestrongercapacitytonegotiatehealthcare
•Men’sincreased
participation
Community
•Communityprioritizeneedsofmothersandchildren
•Womenandgirlscaneasilyaccesshealthservices
•Women’sparticipationandvoicesincreaseindecision-makingbodies
Laws&Policies
Outcomes
•Gender-sensitivehealthpoliciesandlawsprotectwomen’sandgirls’rights
•Increasemen’sparticipationinfatherhoodandcaregiving
Healthservicesare:
•accessibleforall
•highqualityandresponsive
•efficientandskilled
•needs-basedandtrusted
•non-discriminatory
•promotegenderequity
•Gendertrainingandguidelinesforhealthproviders
•Incentives,skillsandprotection(referral)forfemaleproviders
•Promotegenderequityinclinicalgovernanceandallocationofresourcesbasedonneedsofwomenandmen
•Gender-blindattitudesofhealthworkersandserviceprovisionwithoutneedsmet
•Lackoffemaleproviders
•Healthfacilitiesaimtoreachonlywomenandnotmen
•Femalehealthworkersfacethreatsinthecommunities
[Source:AdaptedfromImmunizationandgender:apracticalguidetointegrateagenderlens.UNICEFROSA(2019)]
5
Box1Beyondimmunization:Didyouknow?
Achievinggenderequalityandwomen’sandgirls’empowermentisoneoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)–Goal5.Itisalsoadrivingforceforadvancingallothergoals,includingSDG3onhealthandwell-being.ApplyingagenderlenstoincreaseimmunizationcoveragecontributestoSDG5andSDG3inparticular.
MoreontheSDGsandgender:
■UnitedNations:Achievegenderequalityandempowerallwomenandgirls
/topics/genderequalityandwomensempowerment
■UNWomen,ProgressontheSustainableDevelopmentGoals:Thegendersnapshot2021
/en/digital-library/publications/2021/09/progress-on-the-sustainable-
development-goals-the-gender-snapshot-2021
■EqualMeasures2030,GenderAdvocatesDataHub
/data-hub/
SDG5:Achievegenderequalityandempowerall
Target5.1
Endallformsof
discriminationagainstall
womenandgirlseverywhere.
Target5.2
Eliminateallformsofviolence
againstallwomenandgirlsinthe
publicandprivatespheres,
includingtraffickingandsexual
andothertypesofexploitation.
Target5.3
Eliminateallharmfulpractices,
suchaschild,earlyandforced
marriageandfemalegenital
mutilation.
Target5.4
Recognizeandvalueunpaidcare
anddomesticworkthroughthe
provisionofpublicservices,
infrastructureandsocialprotection
policiesandthepromotionofshared
responsibilitywihtinthehousehold
andthefamilyasnationally
appropriate.
Target5.5
Ensurewomen’sfullandeffective
participationandequal
opportunitiesforleadershipatall
levelsofdecisionmakingin
political,economicandpubliclife.
Target5.6
Ensureuniversalaccesstosexual
andreproductivehealthand
reproductiverightsasagreedin
accordancewiththeProgramme
ofActionoftheInternational
ConferenceonPopulationand
DevelopmentandtheBeijing
PlatformforActionandthe
outcomedocumentsoftheir
reviewconferences.
Target5.7
Undertakereformstogivewomen
equalrightstoeconomic
resources,aswellasaccessto
ownershipandcontroloverlandand
otherformsofproperty,financial
services,inheritanceandnatural
resources,inaccordancewith
nationallaws.
Target5.8
Enhancetheuseofenabling
technology,inparticular
informationandcommunications
technology,topromotethe
empowermentofwomen.
Target5.9
Adoptandstrengthensound
policiesandenforceable
legislationforthepromotionof
genderequalityandthe
empowermentofallwomenand
girlsatalllevels.
6
Gendermainstreamingisaprocessandastrategyforreachinggenderequality.Thismeansassessingtheimplicationsforwomenandmenofanyplannedaction,includinglegislation,policiesandprogrammes,inallareasandatalllevels.Asastrategyitinvolvesintegratingtheconcernsandexperiencesofwomen,aswellasmen,intothedesign,implementation,monitoringandevaluationofimmunizationpolicies,budgetsandprogrammeswithaviewtopromotingequalityandnotperpetuatinginequality.
Gendermainstreamingisundertakenatthreelevels–(i)policy,(ii)institution/organizationand(iii)programme/project–andisbasedonsevenprinciplesofgendermainstreaming(seebox).
Whatisgendermainstreaminginimmunizationprogrammes?
GendermainstreamingisNOTthegoalitself,but
ratheraPROCESSoraSTRATEGYforachievingthe
goalofgenderequality.
Mainstreaminggenderequalityisaboutmorethanjustunderstandingdifferentneedsofdiversewomen,men,girlsandboys.Itisalsoaboutunderstandingthewaysinwhichthedifferen
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