英语语法纲要

英语语法纲要英语语法纲要本资料主要是把重要的语法形态列出（简单的除外），供大家复习英语时参照。一、动词时态一般现在时表示特征或经常性动作，普遍真理Mybossisinabadmoodtoday.Wisdominmindisbetterthanmoneyinthehand.一般过去时Ihatedgoingtoschool.我以前不喜欢上学（不代表现在）。u在阅读中出现过去式不能代表现时的状态一般将来时Chinawillincreasedialogueandco-operationwiththeUnitedStatesandtheinternationalcommunitytocrackdownonallformsofterroristactivities.u新闻中常用一般将来时。背诵此句。IamleavingShanghaitomorrow.Myparentsarecomingherenextweek.IamtakingmyCET4nextmonth.u以上三句用现在进行时表示将来时。记住此三句形式。过去将来时表示从过去某时看将来Iwasgoingtocallyouwhenyoucamein.Shesaidshewouldcome.现在进行时注意以下两句的的含义：Youarealwayscomplaining.That’sbecauseyouarealwaysleavingyourdirtysocksonthefloor!过去进行时Iwasworkingallweekend.Iwasnottryingtoannoyyou.将来进行时说明未来某个时刻会发生的事情，中文里没有，英语中常用1、A:IsMikefreethisafternoon?B:No,heisn’t.Hewillbeattendingameeting.[表示将来的下午在开会！]2、A:Ifyouhaveanyquestions,Iwillbeworkinginthenext得A。Imayknowbythisafternoon.今天下午可能就知道了。shouldYoushouldtakecareofyourself.Youshouldgoandseeadoctor.Shouldhave表示本应该做的没有做，主要用于责备他人或自责Youshouldhavewornwarmerclothes.你应该穿暖和一点的衣服。YoushouldhavetoldmeitwascoldbeforeIlefthome.那你在我离家前就告诉我。haveto英国人常用must美国人常用haveto,表示必须Ihavetogonow.Youdonothavetocome.你没必要来。【句型】Youdonothavetotellher.你不必告诉她。would表示愿意IwouldtryChinesemedicinetocureyourcold.must表示必须或揣测Youmustfinishthejobbeforefive.[必须]Youmustbekidding.[揣测]musthave表示对过去的揣测Imusthaveleftmykeysinthecar.非谓语动词不定式做主语TobecomePresidentoftheUnitedStatesusedtobygoal.过去我的梦想是成为美国总统。Tobealeaderinyourowncityisalotmorerealistic.不定式当表语Mywishistobeateacher!不定式当宾语Iwanttobecomeamillionire.我想成为百万富翁。Icannotaffordtobuyacar.Wefinditimpossibletogeteverythingfinishedintime.Shefeltitstupidforhimtotalklikethat.不定式做宾语补足语Jimwantsyoutocallhimback.Myteacherencouragedmetotryagain.Forceyourselftodomore.逼自己多做点。不定式当状语表示原因结果或目的IwilldoeverythingIcantohelpyou.[目的]WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoupset?[结果]动名词当宾语常用于以下动词之后：enjoy,suggest,stop,delay,fancy,consider,admit,miss,involve,finish,postpone,imagineaviod,deny,risk,practise,giveup,putoff,goon,keepon,appreciate.动名词与动词不定式区别Remember,forget,reget接不定式表示未发生，接动名词表示已经发生Irememberseeinghersomewhere,butIdonotknowhername.Iregetnothavingacceptedyouradvice.IregettotellyouIcannotgiveyouanyhelp.独立主格当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一样时，在分词前加上逻辑主语Weatherpermitting,wewillleaveforBeijingtomorrow.Alltheworkfinished,youcangohome.句型被动语句Romewasnotbuiltinaday.[被动语过去时]Idonnotlikebeingtoldwhattodo.[动名词被动语]Itissaidthat…Itisbelivedthat…Iamsupposedtobemeetingthepresidentat10.Youshouldgetyourhaircut.Jimhadallhismoneystolenwhilehewasonvacation.比较句Youstilllookasyoungasyouusedto.你还是像以前那样年轻。IguessIamnotasdumbasIusedtobe!Icanworkalotmoreefficeintly.Whatwasyourmostembarrassingmoment?你最窘迫的时候是什么情况？疑问句Youprefergoingbyplane,donnotyou?[肯定反意疑问]Youwonnottellanyoneelse,willyou?[否定反意疑问]Donnotbelateagain,willyou?[祈使句疑问]间接引语引用时注意时态转换ThePresidentsaidthathewouldlaunchanattactonterrorism.HeaskedmeifIwouldgotodinnerwithhim.Thedoctortoldmetostayinbedforanewdays.主谓一致临近原则Neitherhenortheyaremistaken.从句That引导主语从句Itisgreatthatyougotascholarship.Whether引导主语从句Whetherhewillcomeornotisunknow.疑问词引导主语从句WhatItoldyouisbetweenyouandme.That引导表语从句TheproblemisthatnoonetherespeaksChinese.Whether引导表语从句Thequstioniswhetherwecanaffordahouse.疑问词引导表语从句Thequestioniswhocantakehisplace.That引导宾语从句（that可省略）Ithinkthatkimisagoodteacher.[注意与引导表语句的区别]Wether/if引导宾语从句DoyouknowifJimwenttherelastnight?疑问句引导宾语从句IwonderthatKimhasplannedfortonight.Shecantellyouwhatistonight’shomeworkassignment.That引导同位语从句Therumorthattherewillbeacompanymergerspreadquickly.公司将要合并的谣言很快就传开了。Wether引导同位语从句Wehavenotdecidedthequestionwhetherheiscapableornot.下面是状语从句部分，务必弄清其概念，状有状态的含义时间状语从句一般由when,while,as,since,after,befor,untill.引导Donotcountyourchickensbeforetheyarehatched.在小鸡孵出来之前不要数鸡。IwillcomewhenIhavetime.Shealwayssingsasheworks.IwilldoitafterIfinishhiswork.IhavelivedheresinceIcametothiscity.地点状语从句一般由where、wherever引导Wherethereisawill,thereisashadow.有志者事竟成。Shefollowshimwhereverhegoes.条件状语从句一般由if，unless引导Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfindaway.Youwillnotpasstheexaminationunlessyoustudyhard.让步状语从句一般由though,although,evenif,whether引导Thoughhewasverytired,hedidnotgiveup.Iwillkeepmybusinessgoingevenifhavetosellmyhouse.Iamgoingwhetheryoulikeitornot.原因状语从句一般由because,since,as,for,now,that引导Ididnotgobecauseitrained.Asyouareevidentlyverybusy,Iwillnotwasteyourtime.既然你显然很忙，我还是不浪费你的时间了。Nowthatyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmaygo,目的状语从句一般由that,sothat,so..that,inorderthat引导Iamgivingmyboyagoodeducationsothathecanmoreeasilycopewithlife’sdifficulties.我准备让我儿子接受良好教育，这样他能更容易去处理人生的困难。结果状语从句一般由that,sothat,such..that,so等引导IamsosleepythatIcannotkeepmyeyesopen.ItissuchbeautifulweatherthatIdonotliketostayintheoffice.方式状语从句有as引导WheninRome,doastheRomedo.入乡随俗。Ididasyoutoldme.定语从句是用来修饰的，注意与状语从句的区别关系代词做主语的定语从句一般由who,that,which引导，关系代词做主语Everyonethatknowshimlikeshim。认识他的人个个都喜欢他。Thebookisaboutagirlwhofallsinlovewithathief.关系代词做宾语的定语从句一般由whom,that,which引导，关系代词做宾语ThefaxthatIreceviedfromhimyesterdayisveryimportant.Whereisthebook(which)Iboughtthismoring？[关系代词课省略]Whose引导的定语从句Themovieisaboutaspywhosewifebetrayshim.这个电影讲的是一个间谍的妻子背叛他的故事。Iwouldlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.Whowhich.引导的非限制性定语从句从句不直接限定主句，只对先行词或主句做附加说明IprefertoaskJohn,whoisaverycleverguy,whatIshoulddo.Hesaidhehadnomoney,whichwasnottrue.As引导定语从句Asweallknow,thereisnoshortcuttolearningEnglish.ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.When,where,why引导的定语从句ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.IwillneverforgetthedaywhenImetyou.ThereasonwhyIamcallingyouistoinviteyoutoaparty.介词+which,whom,引导的定语从句Therearetwoclassesfromwhichtochoose.Thisistheauthorofwhomwehaveoftentalked.倒装与虚拟语气强调句倒装ItisIwhotoldyourbossthetruth.全句倒装Never,seldom,little,nor,hardly,scarcely,nosooner,notonly等否定词在句首时倒装NorcanI.As引导的让步状语从句倒装Studentasheis,hehasstartedteachinghisownEnglishclass.他虽然是个学生，已经开始教自己的英语班了。虚拟条件句省略If时倒装WereIinyourshoes,Iwouldacceptedthejob.如果我是你，我就会接受这份工作。虚拟语气是语法难点，须加强学习与现在事实相反的虚拟语气从句中使用一般过去式，主句中用would/should+原型IfIlovedyou,youwouldnotsaythat.IfIcouldhelpyou,Iwouldhelpyou.IfIwereyou,Iwouldbuyanewcar.与过去事实相反的虚拟语气从句中使用过去完成时，主句中用would/should+have+过去分词Youwouldnothavemetherifithadnotbeenforme.如果不是我的话，你根本就不会认识她。IcouldhavedonebetterifIhadbeenmorecareful.我要是细心电话，是可以做的更好。IcouldhaveshownyouaroundthecityifIhadknowyouwereinbeijing.Ifhehadknowitwasgoingtorain,hewouldhavetakenhisumberllatowork.与将来事实相反或实现可能性不大的虚拟语气从句使用一般过