英文文献方法论课件

DescribingAcademicWritingCourseMethodologyDescribingAcademicWritingCoContentsDefinitionofMethodology1QuestionnaireDesigning2ElementsinMethodologySection3WritingExercises4ContentsDefinitionofMethodolWhatisMethodology?1.thesystematic,theoreticalanalysisofthemethodsappliedtoafieldofstudy,orthetheoreticalanalysisofthebodyofmethodsandprinciplesassociatedwithabranchofknowledge;2.theanalysis

oftheprinciplesofmethods,rules,andpostulatesemployedbyadiscipline;3.thesystematicstudyofmethodsthatare,canbe,orhavebeenappliedwithinadiscipline;4.thestudyordescriptionofmethods--WikipediaWhatisMethodology?1.thesysDataCollectionMethods?QualitativeMethodsobservationin-depthinterviewquestionnairewithopen-endedquestionsdocumentreviewQuantitativeMethodsexperimentstructuredinterview(face-to-face;telephone;computer-assisted)questionnairewithclosedquestions(paper-pencil;mailed;web-based)DataCollectionMethods?QualitWhatisaquestionnaire?aresearchinstrumentconsistingofaseriesofquestionsandotherpromptsforthepurposeofgatheringinformationfromrespondentsadata-gatheringdevicethatelicitsfromarespondenttheanswersorreactionstopre-arrangedquestionspresentedinaspecificorderaseriesofquestionsaskedtoindividualstoobtainstatisticallyusefulinformationaboutagiventopicagroupofprintedquestionsusedtocollectinformationfromthepeoplewhoanswerthem(usuallycalledrespondents)ThequestionnairewasinventedbySirFrancisGalton.Whatisaquestionnaire?areseQuestionTypes?Closed-endedquestionsopen-endedquestionsQuestionTypes?Closed-endedquOpenquestionsClosedquestionsElicit“rich”qualitativedataElicitquantitativedataEncouragethoughtandfreedomofexpressionCanencourage‘mindless’repliesMaydiscourageresponsesfromlessliteraterespondentsAreeasyforallliteracylevelstorespondtoTakelongertoanswerandmayputsomepeopleoffArequicktoanswerandmayimproveyourresponserateAremoredifficulttoanalyze–responsescanbemisinterpreted.Areeasyto‘code’andanalyzeAdvantagesandDisadvantages?P51OpenquestionsClosedquestionsStepstodesignaquestionnaire?1.Decidetheinformationrequired.2.Definethetargetrespondents.3.Choosethemethod(s)ofreachingyourtargetrespondents.4.Designthequestions.5.Putquestionsintoameaningfulorderandformat.6.Checkthelengthofthequestionnaire.7.Pre-testthequestionnaire.8.Developthefinalsurveyform.P51DevelopthequestionwordingDecideonquestioncontent.StepstodesignaquestionnairPracticemakingaquestionnaireWorkinsmallgroupsinanattempttodesignaquestionnairetoobtaininformationaboutstudents’attendanceandreasonsfortheirabsencefromclass.PracticemakingaquestionnairWhatismethodologysectionabout?providestheinformationbywhichastudy’svalidityisjudged.answerstwomainquestions:1)Howwasthedatacollectedorgenerated?2)Howwasitanalyzed?Thewritingshouldbedirectandpreciseandwritteninthepasttense.WhatismethodologysectionabWhatincluded?Para.ContentsElements12345InvestigateperceptionsofEnglishneedsinamedicalcontextamongcollegestudentsinTaiwan341medicalstudentsintheDepartmentofMedicine,including97freshmen,74sophomores,90juniors,and80seniors,and20facultymembersinthemedicalprogramChungShanMedicalCollegeinTaichung,Taiwan,ChinaTwoquestionnairesThequestionnairewasgiventothemedicalstudents.Thefacultyquestionnairewasgivento20teachers.Thedatawerecomputer-analyzedusinganSPSSprogram.P40-41ResearchobjectiveResearchsubjectsorParticipantsResearchlocationMaterialsProceduresStatisticalanalysisWhatincluded?Para.ContentsEleThequestionnairetothestudentsincludes5sectionswith23questions:demographicinformationimportanceofEnglishincollegeandprofessionalcareersperceivedlanguageskillneedsandproblemstheactivitiesneededinafreshmanlanguagecoursesuggestionsfordevelopmentofcoursecontentandmaterialsaswellasdemographicinformation.Questionnairestothestudentsandthefaculty?Thequestionnairetothefacultywith16questionsin4sectionsP42ThequestionnairetothestudeWhatmaybeincludedinmethodologysection?Discussion&SummaryP451)Overviewoftheexperiment:onesentencebrieflytellswhatwasdone(likeatopicsentence);2)Population:statethepeople/subjectsstudied,orthethingstested;3)Location:wherethestudytookplace;4)Restriction/Limitingconditions:precautionstakentomakesurethatthedataarevalid;5)SamplingTechniques:describehowthesubjectareselectedforthestudy;6)Materials:describethematerialsusedtoconductthestudyorexperiment;7)Procedures:Statethestepsoftheexperimentinachronologicalorder;8)StatisticalTreatment:describehowthestatisticsareexamined.Whatmaybeincludedinmethod3WritingPracticeKeysforreference3.1Readthefollowingsentences.Theyarealltakenfrommethodsectionsfromdifferentresearcharticles.Ineachcase,determinewhichinformationelementisrepresented.1.Atotalof369participants(52.7%female)ofEuropeanoriginswithameanageof27.2wererecruitedbyresearchassistantsinpublicplacesintheMontrealregion.2.Thedatausedforthecurrentanalysisconsistof60textstakenfrom20engineeringjournals.3.ExperimentersapproachedpotentialparticipantsbyintroducingthemselvesasstudentsfromtheUniversityofQuebecinMontrealandthenaskediftheywouldaccepttoparticipateinashortstudyonfacialexpressions.4.ThestudyaimstoexaminetheuseofSEFasatoolforprovidingevidenceofteachingeffectivenessintertiaryeducation.subjectsmaterialsprocedureoverviewP453WritingPracticeKeysforre5.TheresultsofthetwoquestionnairesweresubjectedtostatisticaltestsofreliabilityandsignificanceusingSPSS.6.Envelopescontainingthesurveymaterialsweresenttothelocalbusinessmanagerofeachunion.Intheenvelope,therewereacoverletterexplainingtheproject,aquestionnaire,andapre-paidreturnenvelope.Theunionbusinessmanagerswerecontactedandaskedtoselectworkersfromtheirunionstofinishthequestionnaire.7.Theparticipantswere90first-yearstudentsfromtheSchoolofForeignLanguagesatamajoruniversityinNanjing.Theiraverageagewas18.Theyconstitutedaconveniencesample.8.TheinvestigationwasperformedinanationallaboratoryaffiliatedtoaresearchcenterforindustrialautomationinNanjing,JiangsuProvince.dataanalysisprocedureandmaterialssamplingresearchlocation5.TheresultsofthetwoquesVoiceusedinmethodologysection?2.1.1Gooverthereadingpassagein1.2andmarktheverbsinthepassivevoiceandcompletethefollowingtable:InformationelementsVerbsinthepassivevoiceResearchobjectiveMaterialsProcedureDataanalysiswasinitiatedweretranslated,pilotedandmodified;weregivento;wasgatheredweredeveloped;weresentto;weregiventowerecomputer-analyzed;weredetermined;wereconductedVoiceusedinmethodologysect2.1.2Rewritethefollowingparagraphwiththepassivevoice.P432.Languagefocus—thepassivevoiceSomepeopleconsiderpoisonivyinfectiontobehumorous.Butitisnotfunnyatall.Contactwiththeplantcausesarashthathastheintensityofafreshmosquitobiteandlastsforseveraldays.Scientistshavestudiedpoisonivyinfectionforcenturies,buttheyhavefoundnopreventivepillsorinoculation.Thepoisonoussubstanceintheplantiscalledurushiol.Afterurushiolhastouchedtheskin,blistersandweepingsoreswillsooncovertheexposedarea.Poisonivyinfectionisconsideredbysomepeopletobehumorous.Butitisnotfunnyatall.Arashthathastheintensityofafreshmosquitobiteandlastsforseveraldaysiscausedbycontactwiththeplant.Poisonivyinfectionhasbeenstudiedbyscientistsforcenturies,butnopreventivepillsorinoculationhasbeenfound.Thepoisonoussubstanceintheplantiscalledurushiol.Aftertheskinistouchedbyurushiol,theexposedareawillsoonbecoveredbyblistersandweeping.2.1.2Rewritethefollowingp2.Languagefocus2.2Sequentialmarkersacertaingroupofitems,mainlyadverbsandprepositionphrases,thatlinksentencestogetherintoalargerunitofdiscourse.1.Theycanindicatechronologicalorder,ororderofimportance:first…secondly…thirdly…tobeginwith…next…toconclude2.Theycanaddtoorreinforcewhathasalreadybeensaid:furthermore–inaddition–whatismore–also3.Theycanindicatethattwopropositionshaveequalstatus:likewise–similarly4.Theycanindicatecause-effectrelationships:consequently–so–asaresult–therefore5.Theycanindicatethatagivenpropositioncontradictsanearlierone:conversely–onthecontrary–bycontrast6.Theycanindicateconcession:nevertheless–inanycase7.Sometimesadistinctionismadebetweenexternalandinternalsequencers:firstofall…then…finallycanindicatechronologicalsequence(external)ororderofimportance(internal)2.Languagefocus2.2SequentiThefollowingsentencesdescribetheprocessofmakingpaper.Usesequentialmarkerstorewritethemintoacohesiveparagraph.1.Thelogsareplacedintheshredder.2.Theyarecutintosmallchipsandmixedwithwaterandacid.3.Themixtureisheatedandcrushedtoaheavypulpwhichiscleaned.4.Itischemicallybleached.5.Itispassedthroughrollerstobeflattened.6.Sheetsofwetpaperareproduced.7.Thewaterisremovedfromthesheetswhicharepressed,driedandrefinedandthefinishedpaperisproduced.P442.LanguagefocusThefollowingsentencesdescriKeysforreferenceFirstly,thelogsareplacedintheshredder.Then,theyarecutintosmallchipsandmixedwithwaterandacid.Afterthat,themixtureisheatedandcrushedtoaheavypulpwhichiscleaned.Itisalsochemicallybleached.Later,itispassedthroughrollerstobeflattened.Thensheetsofwetpaperareproduced.Finally,thewaterisremovedfromthesheetswhicharepressed,driedandrefinedandthefinishedpaperisproduced.KeysforreferenceFirstly,theAgroupofMBAstudentsfromamajormetropolitanstateuniversitywererecruitedasparticipantsfortheinvestigation.1)________________________________(问卷调查实施)afterthetopicoftheBSChadbeendiscussedinthecourse.The136studentswhoenrolledinamanagerialaccountingcourse2)____________________________(完成了这份问卷).3)______________________________________________________________(表2给出了这些参与者的背景信息).Aswasshown,themajorityofparticipantsweremale.4)____________________________________________________(参与者的平均年龄约29岁),5)______________________________________________(平均工作年限约6年).3.2CompletethefollowingparagraphbytranslatingChineseintoEnglish.ThequestionnairewasadministeredcompletedthequestionnaireBackgroundinformationabouttheseparticipantswaspresentedThemeanageoftheparticipantswasapproximately29yearsoldtheyearofworkingexperiencewassixontheaverageinTable23WritingPracticeP46AgroupofMBAstudentsfromaaThedatawererank-orderedfromthelowestXvalueof1.2tothehighestof3.8.bTheSDscoresshowedtowhatextenttheleadersagreedamongthemselveswhenjudgingthegravityofeachother.cThesurveywasconductedbymeansofaquestionnaire,inwhichtheerrorsappearedinarandomorder.dTheassessorswereinstructedtovieweacherrorinitscontextanddeterminetowhatextentitdeviatedfromnormalEnglish.eThequestionnaireincludedthecontextinwhicheacherrorhadoccurredandamarkingscalerangingfrom0for“noerror”to5for“themostsevereerror”.fAfterscoring,theassessorsweregiventheoptiontowritedowntheprinciplesthatguidedthemintheirscoring.gThescoreswerecomputedintomeanaverages(X)andstandarddeviations(SD).hUnlessotherwiseindicated,thenumericaldatainthetextreferredtothemeanaveragescores.iThehighertheSDscorewas,themorediversetheassessors’opinionswereregardingthegravityoftheitem.1234567893.3ReorderingsentencesP47aThedatawererank-orderedfr3.4Rewritingsentences1.Table5showsthenumberofstudentsperlevelandtheirLllanguagebackgroundswhicharerepresented.Table5showsthenumberofstudentsperlevelandtheirLllanguagebackgroundsrepresented.2.TwoquestionnaireswhichwereadministeredrespectivelytothepersonnelofficersandbusinessemployeesshowasimilarresultintermsoftheirperceptionoftheuseofEnglishintheirfirm.TwoquestionnairesadministeredrespectivelytothepersonnelofficersandbusinessemployeesshowasimilarresultintermsoftheirperceptionoftheuseofEnglishintheirfirm.3.Thescoresofthetworaterswereaveragedandallthedatawereenteredforstatisticalanalysis.Thescoresofthetworaterswereaveragedandenteredforstatisticalanalysis.3WritingPractice3.4Rewritingsentences1.Tabl4.Themodelwhichwasusedintheexperimentwasamodifiedversionofthe2006Testpackage,whichwasoriginallydevelopedbytheMorrisonResearchInstitute.Themodelusedintheexperimentwasamodifiedversionofthe2006Testpackage,originallydevelopedbytheMorrisonResearchInstitute.5.Gray(1998)studiedtheeffectivenessofthenewschedule.HeusedscoresontheStanfordAchievementTestasthemeasure.Gray(1998)studiedtheeffectivenessofthenewschedule,usingscoresontheStanfordAchievementTestasthemeasure.6.Havingexplainedthedirections,thestudentsbegantowrite.Thedirectionshavingbeenexplained,thestudentsbegantowrite.7.Theschedulewasineffectforonly1year,withstudentsachievingbetterresults.Studentsachievedbetterresults,althoughtheschedulewasineffectforonly1year.(putthemainideainthemainclause)4.Themodelwhichwasusedin8.Theteacherputtheassignmentontheboard,andthenshecheckedtherollandfoundthatthreestudentswereabsent.Afterputtingtheassignmentontheboard,theteacherfoundbycheckingtherollthatthreestudentswereabsent.9.Schooladministratorswhoareinterestedinmakingchanges,thatarenottooexpensiveortoocomplexforthemostparthavebeenoverlyreceptivetosimplisticsolutions.Manyschooladministratorsseeminterestedinmakingonlysimpleandinexpensivechangesbecausetheyhavebeenoverlyreceptivetosimplisticsolutions.(avoidinsertinglongmodifiersbetweenthesubjectandtheverb)10.Oneoftheobstaclesthatdetertheinstallationofsolarenergysystemsthataredesignedtoachievethesavingsthatareimportanttoallpeopleisthereluctanceofthoseindividualstomakelargecapitalinvestment.Manypeoplearereluctanttoinstallsolarenergysystemsbecauseofthelargecap