语用学第一章课件

语用学Pragmatics:AnIntroductionPurposesofacourseinpragmatics:

Justaswedon'tlearnhowtotranslateinordertodotranslation,sowedon'thavetolearnpragmaticsinordertouselanguage.Yet,pragmaticknowledgedoesserveto--enhancepragmaticawareness;--promotepragmaticcompetence;--enablepragmaticanalysis.Chapter1Backgroundanddefinitions1.thebackgroundofpragmatics2.thedefinitionsofpragmatics3.Componentvs.perspective分相论与综观论4.Usesofpragmatics5.theaimsofpragmatics6.thebranchesofpragmatics7.therelationbetweenpragmaticsandsemanticsWhatdoestheboystillneedtolearnaboutusinglanguage?Alittleboycomesinthefrontdoor.Mother:Wipeyourfeet,please.Heremoveshismuddyshoesandsocksandcarefullywipeshiscleanfeetonthedoormat.Warmup1.BackgroundofpragmaticsIntheresearchfieldsofphilosophy,C.MorrisandR.CarnapwasthefirsttousethetermPragmatics.Morris/Davis:thestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticformsandtheusersofthoseforms[Morris,1938,FoundationsoftheTheoryofSigns,Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.]Theyusethetermintheirstudyofsemiotics.Theydividetheresearchofsemioticsintothreebranches:syntactics,semantics,andpragmatics.Syntacticsstudiestheformalrelationshipbetweenthesigns.Semanticsstudiestherelationshipbetweensignsandthethingstheyrepresent.Pragmatics,whichstudiestherelationshipbetweenthesignsandtheinterpretersofthesigns.Philosophersalsocontributedtotheoccurrenceofpragmatics.Inthelate50s,theBritishphilosopherJ.Austincreatedspeechacttheory.Thistheoryisofsignificanceinthestudyofpragmatics.Ithasbecomethecoretheoryofthestudyofpragmatics.Italsogreatlyinfluencedsuchlinguisticfieldsaspsycholinguistics,sociolinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.AnotherAmericanphilosopherH.P.Grice,advancedthetheoryofco-operativeprinciple.Itcontributesalottotheexplanationofcommunicativeactivitiesbymeansoflanguage.作为一个独立的学科门类有三个标志p2：A、1977年在荷兰创刊的《语用学杂志》”JournalofPragmatics”,Pragmatics(1991),ConciseEncyclopediaofPragmatics(1998)B、1985年在意大利召开的第一次国际语用学大会C、1986年正式建立的国际语用学会(TheInternationalPragmaticsAssociation[IPrA])。DefinitionsofPragmaticsLevinson(1983:6---27)listedabouttendefinitionsaboutpragmatics:Definition1:Pragmaticsisthestudyofthoserelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthataregrammaticalized,orencodedinthestructureofalanguage.语用学是对在一种语言的结构中被语法化或被编码的那些语言和语境之间的关系的研究Definition2:Pragmaticsisthestudyofallthoseaspectsofmeaningnotcapturedinasemantictheory.语用学是对所有那些未能纳入语意理论的意义侧面的研究。Definition3:Pragmaticsisthestudyoftherelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthatarebasictoanaccountoflanguageunderstanding.语用学是对语言和语用之间对于说明语言理解来说是十分根本的那些关系的研究。Definition4:Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheabilityoflanguageuserstopairsentenceswiththecontextsinwhichtheywouldbeappropriate.语用学是对语言使用者把句子和使这些句子得以合适的语境相匹配的能力的研究。Definition5:Pragmaticsisthestudyofdeixis(atleastinpart),implicature,presupposition,speechacts,andaspectsofdiscoursestructure.语用学是对指示（至少是其中的一部分）、含义、前提、言语行为以及话语结构各个侧面的研究。Definition6:Pragmaticsisthestudyoflinguisticactsandthecontextsinwhichtheyareperformed.(Stalnakeer,1972:383)语用学是对语言行为以及实施这些行为的语境所作的研究。definition7:Pragmaticsisatheorywhichseekstocharacterisehowspeakersusethesentencesofalanguagetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.(Kempson,1975:84)语用学是一种旨在描述说话人如何使用一种语言的句子来达到成功的交际的理论Definition8:Pragmaticsisthestudyoflanguageuseandlinguisticcommunication.(Akmajian,1979:267)语用学是对语言的使用和语言交际进行的研究。Definition9:Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowutteranceshavemeaningsinsituations.(Leech,1983:x)对语用学可以这样定义：它是对话语怎样在情景中获得意义的研究。PragmaticsPragmaticsisthestudyofhowthespeakerproducesandhowthehearerunderstandsthepeculiarusesoflanguage.whichfocusesonlanguage

users(intention,status,age,sex,etc.).Componentvs.perspective分相论与综观论ComponentviewofpragmaticsDavispointsoutinhisbookPragmatics:AReader(1991)thatpragmatics,likephonetics,phonology,morphology,syntaxandsemantics,isacomponentoflinguistics.PerspectiveviewofpragmaticsVerschueren(1999)proposesthatpragmaticsisnotacomponentoflinguistics,butanewwayoflookingatlanguage.Pragmaticsisspecifiedas“ageneralcognitive,social,andculturalperspectiveonlinguisticphenomenainrelationtotheirusageinformsofbehavior”(Verschueren,1999)语用学是语言各个方面的功能总览,即研究人类生活中语言的认知、社会和文化的功能。Mainbranches(scope)oflinguisticsInternalbranches:intra-disciplinarydivisionsphonetics 语音学phonology音系学（音位学）morphology词法学syntax句法学semantics语义学pragmatics语用学PragmaticsSemanticsSyntaxMorphologyPhonologyPhoneticsExternalbranches:inter-disciplinarydivisions

PsycholinguisticsSociolinguisticsAppliedlinguisticsComputationallinguisticsNeurolinguisticsMeaningandContext---thetwobasicconceptsinthestudyofPragmaticsMeaninginterpretationbythehearerofthismeaningislikelytodependoncontext;sentencesandutterancesInlinguisticliterature,thedistinctionsbetweensentence-meaningandutterance-meaningisverycommon.Todistinguishbetweensentence-meaningandutterance-meaning,itisnecessarytoseparatesentencesfromutterances.MikeandAnnieareinthelivingroom.MikeasksAnniewhethershewouldliketoeatdinnerinthelivingroomorthekitchen.Anniereplies:itiscoldinhere.B.TheQueenandJamesareinthedrawingroom.Thewindowisopen.TheQueensays:itiscoldinhere.Herearesampleanalyses.ItiscoldinhereSP:Thetemperatureinthisplaceisfrigid.PP:Let’seatinthekitchen.B.ItiscoldinhereSP:Thetemperatureinthisplaceisfrigid.PP:James,shutthewindow.Sentence&utteranceAsentenceisagrammaticalconcept.Itisgrammaticalunitoflanguage.Itsconstitutionshouldbeinagreementwiththegrammaticalrules.Forexample,asentenceiscomposedofasubjectandanobject.Anutteranceisaunitofcommunication.ItisthesmallestunitwhichhascertaincommunicativefunctionsThissmallestunitofcommunicationcanbe,inlength,exactlythesameasagrammaticallywellformedsentenceandinfactduringcommunication,mostutterancesareintheformsofgrammaticallywell-formedsentences,forexample“Thereisadogatthegate.We’dbetterkeepaway”.Thesetwogrammaticallycompletesentencescanhavethecommunicativevalueofa“warning”or“suggestion”incertaincontext.However,therearealsomanyutterancesthataregrammaticallyincomplete.Forexample,“(There’s)Adog(atthegate)!”“(Iorderyouto)Fire!”.Therearestillsomeutterancesthatarenotinanysensesentences,butstillhavecommunicativefunctionssuchas“Hello!”,“Hi!”,and“Ouch!”“Wow!”,“Goodmorning!”.Asfarasmeaningisconcerned,sentencemeaningisabstract,isolatedfromthecontextwhileutterancemeaningisspecificandrelatedtothecontextunderwhichacommunicationiscarriedout.Inmanysituations,theutterancemeaningisbasedonthesentencemeaning,howeveritcontainsmorethanthesentencemeaning,becausetheutterancemeaningistheresultofthecombinationofthesentencemeaningandthecontext.Examples“Mybagisheavy”1.Sentencemeaning:BAG(BEHEAVY)2.Possibleutterancemeanings:(1)Astraightforwardstatement,tellingthehearerthathisbagisheavy.(2)anindirect,politerequest,askingthehearertohelphimcarrythebag.(3)Adecliningofsomeone’srequestforhelp.Forexample,“Johnisstillsingle”,asanisolatedsentence,atmost,tellsustheJohn’smaritalstatus.Ifwelookatitasanutterance,thenincertaincontexts,besidesthesentencemeaningitconveys,itcanalsoimpliesothermeanings,forexample,toencouragethelistenertodateJohn..Context

Contextplaysanimportantroleinthestudyofmeaningsinpragmatics.Thenwhatiscontext?Differentlinguistshavedifferentinterpretationsastowhatisincludedinthescopeofcontext.

语言

对所使用的语言的掌握

知识

对语言交际上文的了解

百科全书式的知识（常识）语境背景特定文化的社会规范知识特定文化的会话规则

交际的时间、地点

情景交际的主题

知识交际的正式程度交际参与者的相互关系

Usesofpragmatics(1)Wife:Whatisinthenewspaper?Husband(puttingdownthenewspaperandswitchingontheTV)Nothing.(2)Light,please!Pragmaticsvs.semantics1.Semantics:Themeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomethingintrinsic,andinherent,i.e.,apropertyattachedtolanguageitself.Therefore,meaningsofwords,sentenceswereallstudiedinisolationfromlanguageuse.2.Pragmatics:Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageuseisleftunconsidered.Therefore,contextistakenintoconsideration.DeixisDeixismeans“pointingvialanguage”.Anylinguisticformusedtodothis“pointing”iscalledadeicticexpression.Wordslikehere,there,this,that,nowandthen,aswellasmostpronouns,suchasI,we,you,he,herandthemaredeicticexpressions.ClassificationofdeixispersondeixisSpatialdeixisDeixis:TemporaldeixisDiscoursedeixisSocialdeixis｝(1)Persondeixis:Anyexpressionusedtopointtoaperson:me,you,himandthem.(2)Timedeixis:wordsusedtopointtoatime:now,then,tonight,lastweekandthisyear…(3)Space/spatial/placedeixis:wordsusedtopointtoalocation:here,there(4)Discoursedeixis:anyexpressionusedtorefertoearlierorforthcomingsegmentsofthediscourse:intheprevious/nextparagraph,orHaveyouheardthisjoke?(5)Socialdeixis:honorifics(formstoshowrespectsuchasProfessorLi)presuppositionApresuppositionissomethingthespeakerassumestobethecasepriortomakinganutterance,symbolizedby>>.Speakers,notsentences,havepresuppositions.Pragmaticsisarapidlygrowingfieldincontemporarylinguistics.Inrecentyears,ithasnotonlybecomeacenterofintenseinterestinlinguisticsandthephilosophyoflanguage,ithasalsoattractedaconsiderableamountofattentionfromanthropologists,artificialintelligenceworkers,cognitivescientists,psychologists,andsemioticians.---YanHuang,Pragmatics,p.1Whatquestionspragmaticistsmayask?APrivateConversationLastweekIwenttothetheatre.Ihadaverygoodseat.Theplaywasveryinteresting.Ididnotenjoyit.Ayoungmanandayoungwomanweresittingbehindme.Theyweretalkingloudly.Igotveryangry.Icouldnotheartheactors.Iturnedround.Ilookedatthemanandthewomanangrily.Theydidnotpayanyattention.Intheend,Icouldnotbearit.Iturnedroundagain.'Ican'thearaword!'Isaidangrily.'It'snoneofyourbusiness,'theyoungmansaidrudely.'Thisisaprivateconversation!'.[NewConceptEnglish(BookIILesson1)]5.Theaimsofpragmatics:--investigateanddescribethepatterns,regularities,principlesandrulesoflanguageuse/usage;--makesenseoflanguageuseindifferenttypesofcontext;explainlanguageusefromadynamicperspective;--explorethesocial,psychologicalandcognitiveconstraintsandmechanismsunderlyinglanguageuse(productionandcomprehension);--analyzeandexplaintheeffectoftheinteractionbetweenlanguageuseandlanguagesystem,betweenlanguageuseanddiscoursestructure,languageuseandsocialstructure,etc.6.Branchesofpragmatics:Micropragmatics:1.deixis2.presupposition3.conversationalimplicature4.relevancetheory5.speechacttheory6.conversationanalysismacropragmatics:micro-pragmatics--macro-pragmaticsgeneralpragmatics--Englishpragmaticslinguisticpragmatics/lexicalpragmatics/syntax-pragmaticssocialpragmatics/societalpragmaticsliterarypragmaticscross-culturalpragmatics/contrastivepragmaticscognitivepragmaticsphilosophicalpragmatics/theoreticalpragmatics/formalpragmaticsdevelopmentalpragmatics/interlanguagepragmaticsetc.Applications:pragmaticapproachtoforeignlanguageteaching/SLA/FLA/languagetesting/(cross-cultural/intercultural/interpersonal)communication/translation/advertising/literaryanalysis/socialadministration/businessnegotiation/propaganda/neighboringbrancheslikegrammarandsyntax,lexicology,semantics,morphology,etc.Salientfigures:Morris,Austin,Searle,Grice,Levinson,HuangYan,Horn,Thomas,Leech,SperberandWilson,Green,Grundy,Blakemore,BrownandLevinson,Davis,Yule,Verschueren,Morgan,Leech,Stalnaker,Kasper,Blum-Kulka,Wierzbicka,Schiffrin,Rouchota沈家煊，胡壮麟，何自然，何兆熊，钱冠连，徐盛桓，顾曰国，熊学亮，等等TextbookandReferencesPragmatics,HuangYan,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2007.NotesonPragmatics,HeZiran,NanjingNormalUniversityPress,2002.MeaninginInteraction:AnIntroductiontoPragmatics,J.Thomas,London:Longman,1995.Somereferencebooksonpragmatics：1.UnderstandingPragmatics,J.Verschueren,London:Arnold,1999.2.Pragmatics,J.Peccei,Routledge,1999.3.Pragmatics,G.Yule,Oxford:OUP,1996.