英语语音-上海师范大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年

英语语音_上海师范大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年Thevowel__________canbedescribedaslow,front,andunrounded,butthefeature“unrounded”isusuallyomittedbecauseallfrontvowelsinEnglishareunrounded.

参考答案:

/æ/

Syllabically,althoughadiphthongisacombinationoftwovowelsounds,andthetongueglidesintheproductionofit,itisperceivedasonephoneme,nottwo.Thus,diphthongsaretreatedashavingone__________only.

参考答案:

syllable

/p/and/b/canappearininitialposition(asinpinandbin)andalsoinfinalposition(asinropeandrobe)．Theyareinphonemiccontrastandsaidtoforma_______________becausetheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning.

参考答案:

minimalpair

Thesoftpalateisalsocalled__________

参考答案:

velum

UsingthediacriticsprovidedbytheIPA,_____________transcriptioncapturesasmanyaspectsofaspecificpronunciationaspossibleandmakesverysubtledistinctionsbetweensounds.

参考答案:

narrow

InEnglish,[l]and[ɫ]areallophonesofthephoneme/l/becausetheyoccurin___________________,i.e.,theyneverappearinthesamesoundcontexts.[l]alwaysoccursbeforevowels(asinthewordleaf,look),while[ɫ]comesaftervowelsandbeforeconsonants(asinthewordfeel,cold).

参考答案:

complementarydistribution

Thepositionalvariantsofthesamephonemeareknownas__________.

参考答案:

allophones

Theorgansthattakepartinproductionofspeechsoundsarecalled__________

参考答案:

speechorgans

Thestudyofspeechorgansisimportanttoknowthenatureof__________.

参考答案:

speechproduction

Thesoundsproducedwiththehelpoftheupperteetharecalled__________sounds.

参考答案:

dental

/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/areproducedwiththehelpof__________.

参考答案:

theupperandlowerlip

Thebackofthetonguehelpstoproduce__________sounds.

参考答案:

velar

Likealllanguagesintheworld,Englishphonemesarealsodividedintovowelsandconsonants.Thedistinctionbetweenthetwoliesintheobstructionof__________.

参考答案:

airstream

Wordssuchasfire/faɪə/,flour/flaʊə/,orloyal/lɔɪəl/areconsideredbythenativeEnglishspeakerstohaveonlyonesyllable,whereashigher/haɪə/andplayer/pleɪə/aremorelikelytobeheardwithdisyllabicrealizationsbecausethethirdvowelisa__________.

参考答案:

suffix

Intheproductionofaconsonantsound,theairstreamfromthelungsmeetsnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenose,orthemouth,whileinthepronunciationofavowel,theairstreamfromthelungsisobstructedinonewayoranother.

参考答案:

错误

DanielJonesworkedoutasetofCardinalVowelsthatstudentslearningphoneticscouldbetaughttoproduce,theaimofwhichistogiveanapproximatepictureofthedegreeanddirectionofthetonguemovementinvolved.

参考答案:

正确

/i:/and/ɪ/arebothhighfrontvowels,but/i:/isabitlowerandmoreforwardthan/ɪ/.Inaddition,/i:/istenseinthattherootofthetongueismoreadvancedthanwith/ɪ/,whichislax.

参考答案:

错误

Englishdiphthongsaredividedintobothfallingdiphthongs(thefirstvowelsoundispronouncedlonger,louderandstrongerthanthesecondone),andrisingdiphthongs(thesecondsoundisproducedlongerandstrongerthanthefirst

参考答案:

错误

Iftwoadjacentvowelsoundsoccurindifferentsyllables—forexample,intheEnglishwordre-elect(/ˌri:ˈɪlekt/)—theresultisdescribedashiatusnotasadiphthong.

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正确

The__________Pronunciation,orRPforshort,istheinstantlyrecognisableaccentoftendescribedas‘typicallyBritish’.ItisdefinedintheConciseOxfordEnglishDictionaryas“thestandardaccentofEnglishasspokeninthesouthofEngland”.

参考答案:

Received

__________,onthewhole,donothavemucheffectontheplacementofthebaseorrootelement.

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Prefixes

Affricatesoccurwhenacompleteclosureismadesomewhereinthemouth,andthesoftpalateisraised.Airpressureincreasesbehindtheclosure,andisthenreleasedmoreslowlythaninplosives.

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正确

Thesound/ŋ/remainsunchangedatthewordboundarieswhereitisfollowedbyawordbeginningwithavowelsoundasinbringit(/brɪŋɪt/)andsingusasong(/sɪŋəsəsɒŋ/).However,inthecaseofadjectives,theaddingofthesuffixes–eror-esttothecomparativeandsuperlativedegreeofthewordslongerandlongesthaschangedthepronunciationof/ŋ/into/ŋɡ/.

参考答案:

正确

Stressisbeingusedinamoregeneralway.Itreferstothesyllablethatreceiveslexicalstress.__________,ontheotherhand,isbeingusedinamorespecificway.Itisaplacewhereatonalmarkerwillfallonthelexicallystressedsyllable.

参考答案:

Accent

Inmorethanthree-syllablewords,iftheprimarystressfallsonthethirdsyllableorlater,thesecondarystressareusuallymarkedononeoftheprecedingsyllables,forexample,introduction//ɪntrədʌkʃn/andeducation/eʤukeɪʃn/.

参考答案:

正确

Inaudible(incomplete)releaseofplosivesreferstotheprocessofarticulationofaplosiveisnotcomplete.Ithasonlytwostages,namely,theclosureandthecompression,withouttherelease.

参考答案:

正确

Generallyspeaking,theplaceandthemannerofarticulationarethetwocommonfeaturesofanylanguagesexceptthevoicing,whichislanguagespecific.Forexample,voicingisadistinctivefeatureofMandarinChinese,whereasaspirationisthedistinctivefeatureofEnglish.

参考答案:

错误

Statementsofwhatsequencesmayormaynotoccurarecalled__________.Thefulldescriptionofsuchconstraintsiscalledphonotactics.

参考答案:

constraints

Accenthaspotentialityforstress.Itinvolveshowaprominenceissupposedtobemade,whilestressreferstowhyaprominenceisplacedinacertainpositionofanintonationphrase.

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错误

WordstressinEnglishisnotaspredictableasitisinotherlanguages,andtherefore,thestressplacementinEnglishwordsisnotrule-governe

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错误

Phonologicaltreatmentsofsyllablestructureusuallycallthefirstpartofasyllabletheonset,themiddlepartthenucleusandtheendpartthecodThecombinationofnucleusandcodaiscalledtherhyme.

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正确

Apublicspeakertendstopauselessfrequentlytomaketheirmessageclearerormoreemphatic.Bycontrast,ifthespeakeriscommunicatingurgency,hemaycontainmorebreaks.

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错误

Generallyspeaking,plosivesoundsundergothreestages:theclosingstage,thecompressionstageandthe__________stage.

参考答案:

release

Asimpleheadisonethatcontainsonlyonestressedsyllable,whileacomplexheadscontainstwoormorestressedsyllables.

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正确

Anon-rhoticspeakerwillpronouncewordslikefaras/fɑːr/,whereasarhoticspeakerdoesnotpronounce[r]atallunlessfollowedbyavowel.

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错误

Somewordshavelittlemeaningoftheirown.Theirmeaningcanbeinferredfromcertaincontext.Suchwordsareusuallynotaccentedeventhoughtheyarethelastcontentwords.

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正确

__________stressistherelativedegreeofforcegiventoacertainsyllableinawordofmorethanonesyllablewhenitispronouncedinisolation,asifquotedfromadictionary.

参考答案:

Word

Thenotionofrhythmcomesfromtheunstressedsyllables.WordandsentencestresscombinetocreatetherhythmofanEnglishutterance.

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错误

Justasinmusic,spokenEnglishmovesinregular,rhythmicbeatsfromstresstostress–irrespectiveofhowmanyunstressedsyllablesfallinbetween.

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正确

Arhythmgroupcontainsmorethanonestressedsyllable,togetherwithunstressedsyllablesclusteringaboutitornone.

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错误

Inacomplexlowlevelhead,thereisnoupwardmovementinthehead.Theonsetandalltheremainingsyllablesoftheheadareutteredonalowpitch.

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正确

Thepitchmovementforafall,eitherhighorlow,isallinonedirection,namelydownwards.Oftentherearesyllablesafterthenucleus,atail.Afterafallingnucleus,thetailisalwayshigh.

参考答案:

错误

Iftherearesyllablefollowingthenucleus(i.e.thetail),therisingpitchmovementdoesnothappenwhollyonthenuclearsyllable,asinthecaseofafall.Rather,thesyllableorsyllablesofthetailwillcontinuetomoveupwardsfromthepitchofthenuclearsyllable.

参考答案:

正确

Insentencenon-finalpositionthedifferenceintonemeaningbetweenlowrise,highrise,fall-riseormidleveltonevarietiesisnotgreat.Sometimesspeakersjustseemtoringthechangesbetweenthemtoavoidrepetition.

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正确

Afallmayindicatedefiniteness,arisemaysuggestsomeimplications,andafall-risemayimplyincompleteness.

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错误

ChineselearnersofEnglisharelikelytoassignequalweighttoeachsyllable,regardlessofwhetherthesyllableisstressedorunstressed.

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正确

Pragmaticreasonsfordeaccentingthe‘lastcontentword’involveoldorrepeatedinformation,namely,wordsexpressknownorgiveninformation.

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正确

Wheneverypartofanintonationphraseisbroughtintofocus,wehavenarrowfocus.Ifwefocusonlyononeparticularpart,wehavebroadfocus.

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错误

Theepenthesis(orinsertion)ofglides[j,w]occursbecausetheyaretheleastmarkedepentheticconsonantsinhiatusposition.

参考答案:

正确

ThegeneraldistributionofRPconsonantsisthatallconsonantscanoccurattheinitialpositionassingletonsexcept/n/,andthatallconsonantscanappearatthefinalpositionassingletonsexcept/h,w,j,r/.

参考答案:

错误

Absenceofstressonasyllable,oronawordinsomecases,isfrequentlyassociatedinEnglishwithvowel__________,thechangesthatresultfromunstressedsyllables.

参考答案:

reduction

Therearetwotypesof-ing+nouncombinations.Foronetype,the-ingformservesasamodifierofthenounandexpressesthepurposeofthenoun;forinstance,dining-roommeanstheroomfordining.Insuchcircumstances,thewordstressalwaysfallsonthe___________element.

参考答案:

first

SomewordsinEnglishareshownindictionariesashavingthreelevelsofstress:primary,secondary,unstressedorweak.

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正确

Ineverylexicalword,andinsomegrammaticalwords,onesyllableisidentifiedashavingprimarystress,thoughinmonosyllablesthestressisnotgenerallymarked.

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正确

Wordstressistheframeworkuponwhichsentencestressandintonationcontourisbuilt.

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正确

Generallyspeaking,theassimilationinvolvesbothvowelsandconsonants,particularlyacrosswordboundaries,butwithinwordstoo.

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错误

Vowelswhichtrigger[r]-insertionnevertrigger[j]-insertionor[w]-insertion.Eachglidehasitsowndomain,althoughthedomainsexemptshortstressedvowels/e,æ,ɒ,ʊ,ʌ/,whichneveroccurword-finallyinEnglish.

参考答案:

正确

Thepitchmovementisassociatedwithsecondarystress,butnotwithprimarystress.

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错误

Both‘clear’[l]and‘dark’[ɫ]areformedwiththetipofthetonguetouchingtheteethridge.Theonlydifferenceisthatinthearticulationofthe‘clear’[l],thebackpartofthetongueisraisedtowardsthehardpalate.Inthearticulationofthe‘dark’[ɫ],thefrontpartofthetongueisraisedtowardsthesoftpalateandslightlyvelarised,withaconcaveuppersurface.

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错误

Anyunstressedsyllablesthatmaycomebeforethefirstrhythmgroupdonotbelongtoanystress-group.Theyarethestrongbeatandarereadasquicklyaspossible.

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错误

AcompleteIP,accordingtoJohnWells(2006),consistsoffourconstituentelements,namely,theprehead,thehead,thenucleusandthetail.

参考答案:

正确

AlthougheveryIPcontainsanucleus,notallIPscontainaprehead,headoratail.

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正确

Therelativeheightofthepitchrangewilldependonthefrequencyofvibrationofthevocalcords:thehigherthefrequencyofvibration,thelowerthepitch.

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错误

Whentheletterncomebeforegork,itispronouncedas/ŋ/asinstrong,bang,thank,drink.However,whengisfollowedbyeori,theletternisreadas/n/asinstrange,stranger,arrange,longitudebecausethelettergispronouncedas__________.

参考答案:

/ʤ/

Thepreheaddoesnotnecessarilyconsistofacompleteword.Theyareusuallyspokenwithafairlyhighlevelpitch.

参考答案:

错误

Bydefinition,thepreheadcontainsnostressedsyllables,butoccasionally,preheadmayincludeasyllablethatislexicallystressedbut