英语语法｜高中非谓语动词详细讲评

英语语法｜高中非谓语动词详细讲评一、动词不定式1.请仔细研究下列的句子，分析句中不定式的形式有何变化1)Theyinvitedustogotherethissummer.2)Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutthismatter.3)It’sniceofyoutobehelpingusthesedays.4)Hepretendedtobelisteningtotheteachercarefully.5)TheyaresaidtohavebeenworkinginTibetfor20years.6)It’sagoodthingforhimtohavebeenscoldedbytheteacher.7)Heaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountryside.8)Shewasthelastpersontohavebeenmentionedatthemeeting.我们来自己归纳一下上面句子中不定式的形式（以do为例）不定式的时态和语态2.我们再来看下面一组句子，研究不定式在句子中的使用（不定式的语法功能）1)Toseeonceisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.2)Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnotaneasything.3)Toseeistobelieve.以上例句为不定式做主语。4)Hiswishwastobecomeascientist.5)Tothedoctor,themostimportantthingistosavepeople’slives.6)Thissuitdoesn’tseemtofitme.7)Hisideaistofinishtheworkintwoweeks.以上例句为不定式做表语8)Hewishedtobeavillageschoolteacher.9)Shewantedtoborrowmyradio.10)Heofferedtohelpus.以上例句为不定式做宾语Ihavemanythingstodo.11)TheBrownshaveacomfortablehousetolivein.12)Thereisnothingtoworryabout.13)Hereissomepaperforyoutowriteon.14)Wefoundawaytosolvethisproblem.15)Hewasthebestmantodothejob.以上例句为不定式做定语16)Hesatdowntohavearest.17)Theywenttheretovisittheirteacher.18)Thebusstoppedsoastopickuppassengers.19)Hewokeuptofindeverybodygone.20)Heworkedhardonlytofail.以上例句为不定式做状语。21)Hehelpedhismothertocleanthehouse.22)Luckaskedhimtoturndowntheradio.23)Iwouldpreferthemnottoplaytooloudlyatthebeginning.24)Ineverexpectedtheshoestobewornoutsosoon.25)I’llgethimtotryitagain.以上例句为不定式做宾语补足语。3、不定式的复合结构不定式复合结构的构成不定式在使用时通常有自己的逻辑主语，一般可以是句子的主语或宾语，或者由物主代词暗示出来。如：Theyplantobuildahotel.Hisfathersenthimabroadtostudyliterature.Icouldseehereagernesstogoabroad.但有时需要明确表示出不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者），此时一般用for/of+名词（代词）短语+不定式来构成不定式的复合结构。如：It’sexpensiveforpeopletouseelectricityforcooking.It’scarelessofyoutomakesuchamistake.4、与疑问词连用的不定式：1）不定式和疑问词whether,what,which,whom,where,when,how,why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在tell,know,show,decide,learn,wonder,explain,advise,teach,discuss,findout等动词后面作宾语，有时也可以充当主语、表语等。如：Onhearingthenews,hedidn’tknowwhethertolaughortocry.Whentoholdthemeetinghasnotdecided.Themostimportantproblemishowtogetsomuchmoney.介词后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如：MarygavesomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.Ihavenoideaofhowtodoit.2)不定式复合结构的语法作用不定式的复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。A.不定式的复合结构作主语、宾语，通常用it作形式主语或形式宾语来代替不定式的复合结构。如：It’snecessaryforthegoodstobepackedinstrongcases.Theythoughtitimpossibleforustofindthelostchildinthedarkness.B.不定式的复合结构作表语、状语、定语。如：That’sforyoutodecide.Forthetesttobepassed,thestudentsshouldworkharderthanbefore.Ihavesomebooksforyoutoread.英语语法｜高中非谓语动词详细讲评二、动词的ing形式动词的ing形式的时态和语态（一）、请看下列画横线的词。Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Thegirlsingingforusistenyearsold.Themainroadbeingbuiltwillbecompletednextyear.Havingreceivedalatter,Ikneweverythingisallright.Havingbeenintroducedtoeachother,webegantowork.从以上例句可以看出:动词的ing形式的时态和语态为英语语法｜高中非谓语动词详细讲评（二）、我们再来看下面一组句子，看看现在分词在句子的使用：Thestoryisinteresting.Thematchisexciting.Thenewsissurprising.Thefilmismoving.Thespeechisinspiring.从以上句子可以看出现在分词可以在句子中作表语arunningboythegirlstandingtheretheexcitingnewsaboringspeechHerushedintotheburninghouse．Thechildstandingoverthereismybrother．从以上句子可以看出现在分词可以在句子中作定语Walkinginthestreet,Isawhim.Workinghard,youwillsucceed.Beingill,shestayedathome.Hisfrienddied,leavinghimalotofmoneyHeisstandingthere,singing.Havingknownthathewonthematch,hethrewthecapintothesky.Seeingtheteacheriscoming,thestudentsstoppedplaying.从以上句子可以看出现在分词可以在句子中作状语Isawhimwalkinginthestreet.Iheardthemsingingintheclassroom.Wefoundtheboysleeping.Don'thavethestudentsstudyingallday.从以上句子可以看出现在分词可以在句子中作宾语补足语英语语法｜高中非谓语动词详细讲评三、现在分词的否定形式。not+分词Notknowingwhattodonext,shestoppedtowait.Nothavingfinishedthehomework,thelittlegirldoesn'tdaretogotoschool.四、作独立成分generally/frankly/honestlyspeaking，……Judgingfrom/by，……五、现在分词的独立主格结构又叫独立结构。是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作,在句中作状语。eg.Wintercoming，itgetscolderandcolder．Theboylayontheground，hiseyesclosedandhishandstrembling．动词的ing形式还可以是动名词，和现在分词的形式一样，但语法功能不一样。那么动名词在句中做什么成分呢？观察思考：Listeningtomusicgivesmepleasure.Runningisgoodexercise.Walkingtoschoolisagoodidea.SpeakingEnglishisfun.Learningnewwordsisveryusefultome.从以上句子可以看出动名词可以在句子中作主语观察思考：Seeingisbelieving.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.Ourjobisplayingallkindsofmusic.Readingislearning,butspeakingthelanguageisalsoakindoflearning.从以上句子可以看出动名词可以在句子中作表语观察思考：Youshouldavoidquarrellingwithyoursister.Headmittedhavingstolenthecar.Thedoctoradvisedeatinglessandtakingmoreexercise.Wedon’tallowsmokinginthemeetingroom.从以上句子可以看出动名词可以在句子中作宾语1）作动词/动词短语的宾语这类动词还有：dislike厌恶admit接受repent后悔acknowledge承认enjoy享受escape避免deny否认postpone延迟resent怨恨mind介意miss错过risk冒风险finish完成avoid避免delay耽误consider认为fancy想象excuse原谅include包括imagine想象resist抵制suggest建议……还有短语类：keep(on)继续don'tmind不介意cannothelp不禁giveup放弃putoff延迟leaveoff停止burstout闯出……2）作介词的宾语1.I'msorryforgivingyousomuchtrouble.2.Thebookisworthreading.3.Ireachedhimbycallinghisoffice.4.Thepolicearrested(逮捕）himforspeeding.5.Sheisbusy(in)correctingherexercises.观察思考：1.sleepingcar卧车2.walkingstick手杖3.printingshop印务馆4.readingroom阅读室5.swimmingpool泳池6.washingmachine洗衣机7.diningroom饭厅可以看出动名词放在所修饰的名词前面作为定语，表示该名词的用途。从以上可以看出动名词可以在句子中作定语四、动名词的逻辑主语1.Hiscomingherehelpedusalot.2.Tom'sescapingfromtheprisonmadetroubleforthejailer.3.Doyoumindmysmokingintheroom?4.HeinsistedonMary'sstayingthere.6.Imissyoubringingmecupsofteainthemorning.可以看出动名词的逻辑主语是在动名词前加"物主代词（如：my,his...)"或"名词所有格(如：Mary's,Dog's...)"。作为逻辑主语的名词/代词为无生命时，则用普通格:在下列情况中，不能使用所有格：1.代词为all,both,each,few,several,some,this等作为逻辑主语时:1.Irememberallofthemsayingit。2.数词、名词化形容词（如thethree,theold...)作逻辑主语时：1.Inspiteofthethreetellingthesamestory,Icouldnotbelieveit.3.结构中的逻辑主语是名子或短语，或受从句或短语修饰时：1.Isthereanychanceofthepeopleinthebackoftheroomtalkingalittlelouder?五、在动词need,want,require,deserve之后的动名词（作为宾语），要用主动语态来表示被动的意思。1.Theflowersinthegardenwantwatering2.That'soneofthosequestionsthatreallydon'tneedanswering。另外：有一些动词除了可接动名词外，也可接不定词(infinitive)。例子如下：1.Ipreferlivinginanapartment.(动词prefer接动名词living)2.Iprefertoliveinanapartment.(动词prefer接不定词tolive)像上面两个句子的意思没什么不同。如prefer这一类的动词还有：allowdeserveneglectattemptfearomitbeginhatepermitendceaselikerecommendcontinuelovestartstopforgetregretproposetrycontinuerememberneed……动词的ed形式/过去分词（thePastParticiple）二、过去分词在句子的使用（过去分词的语法功能）：1）1、Weweresoboredthatwecouldn’thelpyawning.2、Shefeltconfused,andevenfrightened.3、Theywereverypleasedwiththegirl.4、I’msatisfiedwithyouranswer.5、Heisnotinterestedinresearch.从以上句子可以看出过去分词可以在句子中作表语,表示主语的状态或感受。2)1、Shehasapleasedlookonherface.2、Theteachergaveusasatisfiedsmile.3、cookedfood4、awrittenreport5、friedeggs6、boiledwater7、frozenfood8、armedforces9、requiredcourses10、finishedproducts11、What’sthelanguagespokeninthatcountry?12、They’reproblemleftoverbyhistory.13、Theplayputonbytheteacherswasabigsuccess.14、Isthereanybodyinjured?15、Doyouknowthenumberofbooksordered?从以上句子可以看出过去分词可以再句子中作定语，与所修饰的词之间是被动关系。另外，一些不及物动词的过去分词表示所修饰的词的状态。therisensunnewarrivedvisitorsfallenleaves3)1、Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksmagnificent.=Ifthecityisseenfromthehill,thecitylooksmagnificent.2、Givenmoretime,Iwouldfinishtheworkbetter.=IfIwasgivenmoretime,Iwouldfinishtheworkbetter.3、Theycamein,followedbysomechildren.=Theycamein,whiletheyarefollowedbysomechildren.4、Depressed,hewenttoseehiseldersister.=Becausehefeltdepressed,hewenttoseehiseldersister.5、Whentreatedwithkindness,hewasveryfriendly.=Whenhewastreatedwithkindness,hewasveryfriendly从以上句子可以看出过去分词可以在句子中作状语，相当于状语从句的省略。4)1、Iwillhavetheclotheswashedtomorrow.2、Whentheygetbackhome,theyfoundtheroomrobbed.3、Theotherstudentsintheclasskeeptheireyesclosed.4、Manytownsandvillageshadtheirwatersupplycutoffbecausetherewerenoelectricity.5、Wearegoingtohave/getthetablespainteddifferentcolours.6、Icanseeitfastenedtoanailnext