物联网专业英语1

计算机英语第一讲主讲人赵永义2022年8月人工智能学院河北东方学院HebeiOrientalUniversity2023/6/251课程介绍本课程是高等教育计算机类专业学生的一门必修专业课程，是在大学公共基础英语课程结束后，为保证学生英语学习不断线的重要环节。计算机专业英语与公共英语相比，专业英语中存在着大量的专业词汇和术语，具有许多约定俗成的表达方式，但是大多数专业术语又是来自于日常英语词汇，即取其原有含义，又被计算机领域赋予了类似功能的专有词义。例如：Memory,Instruction,Program,Code,Cache，etc.2023/6/252课程介绍课程教学目标：通过本课程的学习，要求学生能够掌握计算机专业的专业英语词汇及常用的新词汇；能够阅读、理解和翻译计算机专业中高难度的英文文章，并能够总结出所读文章的大意和抓住重要的细节及相关数据；能初步具备用英语进行专业沟通的能力。2023/6/253课程介绍《计算机英语》是培养计算机人才的专业英语能力而编写的教材，共12章，其主要内容包括：计算机概述、计算机系统结构、计算机软件、操作系统、编程和语言、数据库、计算机网络、因特网、计算机安全、云计算、物联网和电子商务。本教材内容系统、紧跟时代、结构合理、图文并茂，可供高等院校计算机相关专业学生使用。2023/6/2542023/6/255ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputersLead-inTheword“computer”isdefinitelynotunfamiliartoeveryone.Everydayweencounterdifferenttypesandsizesofcomputers.Thayarewidelyusedinbusiness,government,education,healthcare,andalmostallotherfields.Undoubtedly,computersarevaluabletools.Withoutitsdevelopment,themodernworldofhightechnologycouldnothavecomeabout.2023/6/256ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputers1.1WhatisaComputerkeywordsandphrases:electronicadj.电子的;电子器件的;电子设备的anelectroniccalculator,electronicmusic,anelectronicengineermillionsof,billion,trillionmanipulatevt. 操纵;(暗中)控制;影响;(熟练地)操作;使用;正骨;治疗脱臼;2023/6/257ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputerstocontrolorusesthinaskilfulwayComputersareveryefficientatmanipulatinginformation.计算机在处理信息方面效率极高。becharacterizedby

特点是;以…为特征;characteristicsaccuracy 英[ˈækjərəsi]n.精确(程度);准确(性);a.capabilityn. 能力;才能;(国家的)军事力量，军事武器;2023/6/258ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputersdiligence n.勤勉;勤奋;用功;

（网络）努力;勤劳;克尽职守versatility

n.多才多艺;多功能性；用途广泛versatileabecapableof

能够monotony

[məˈnɒtəni]n.

单调;千篇一律sameness2023/6/259ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputersAcomputrerisanelectronicmachine,operatingunderthecontrolofinstructionsstoredinitsownmemory,whichcanacceptdata(input),manipulatethedataaccordingtospecifiedrules(process),produceresults(output),andstoretheresultsforfutureuse.计算机是一种电子机器，通过储存在其内存中的指令控制运行。计算机能够接收数据（输入），根据指定的规则处理数据（处理），产生结果（输出），并存储结果以便将来使用。2023/6/2510ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputersAcomputerisadigitalelectronicdataprocessingsystem.计算机是数字电子数据处理系统。Dataisacollectionof（集...为一体，一批）unorganizedfacts（piecesofinformation）,whichcanincludewords,numbers,images,andsounds.Computersmanilulateandprocessdatatocreateinformation.Dataenteringintoacomputeriscalledinput.Theprocessedresultsarecalledoutput.Acomputercanalsoholddataandinformationfor2023/6/2511ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputersfutureuseinanareacalledstorage.Thiscycleofinput,process,output,andstorageiscalledtheinformationprocessingcycle.Apersonwhocommunicateswithacomputerorusestheinformationitgeneratesiscalledauser.Theelectric,electronic,andmechanicalequipmentthatmakesupacomputeriscalledhardware.Softwareistheseriesofinstructionthattellshardwarehowtoperformtasks.2023/6/2512ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputersTypically,acomputerischaracterizedbyitshighspeed,accuracy,storagecapability,diligence,versatilityandautomation.Itiscapableofperformingcalculationofverylargeamountofdata.Inafewseconds,itcanperformmillionsofcalculation.Inadditiontobeveryfast,computersareveryaccuratewith100%errorfreeofcalculation.Undoubtedly,acomputerhasmuchmorestoragecapacitythanhumanbeings.Itcanstoreanytypeofdatasuchasimages,videos,text,audioandmany2023/6/2513ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputersothers.Unlikehumanbeings,acomputerisfreefrommonotony,tirednessandlackofconcentration,whichmeansitcanworkcontinuouslyanddorepeatedworkwithsamespeedandaccuracy.Itisalsoquiteversatile,fromplayingacardgametosolvingacomplexscientificproblom.besides,itisautomatic,meaningitcanperformthegiventaskwithouthumaninteraction.

ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputers2023/6/25141.2Historyofcomputerkeywordsandphrases:VacuumTubes真空管Cercuitry[ˈsɜːkɪtri]n. 电路系统;电路;电路装置;Magnetic[mæɡˈnetɪk]a.有磁性的;磁性的;磁的;Transistors晶体管IntegratedCircuitsIC,集成电路silicon

硅

Microprocessors

微处理器

ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputersproliferationn.（数量）激增;涌现;大量生产TheFirstGenerationofComputers(1946--1959)（VacuumTubes真空管）TheSecondGenerationofComputers(1959--1964)（Transistors晶体管）TheThirdGenerationofComputers(1964--1971)（IntegratedCircuits,IC,集成电路）TheFourthGenerationofComputers(1971--present)（Microprocessors微处理器）2023/6/2515ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputersThehistoryofcomputerdevelopmentisoftenrefferedtothedifferentgenerationofcomputingdevices.Eachgenerationofcomputerischaracterizedbyamajortechnologicaldevelopmentthatfundamentallychangethewaycomputeroperates,resultinginincreasinglysmaller,cheaper,morepowerfulandmoreefficientandreliabledevices.2023/6/25162023/6/2517ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputers1.3CategoriesPersonalComputers--alsocalledamicrocomputer,isasmall,relativelyinexpensivecomputerwithamicroprocessorasitscentralprocessingunit(CPU).Itisdesignedtomeetthecomputingneedsofanindividual.WorkStations--alsocalledasingleusercomputersystemwhichissimilartoapersonalcomputerbuthasmorepowerfulmicroprocessor.也称为单用户计算机，类似于个人电脑，配置有功能强大的微处理器。2023/6/2518ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputersMinicomputers--designedtosupportmanytime-sharingterminalsatonce.Operatingfaster,itoftensatisfiesthegeneral-purposecomputingneedsofadepartmentorasmallbusiness.MainframeComputers--alargeandpowerfulcomputerdesignedforthemostintensivecomputationaltasks.Itcanhandlehundredsorthousandsofconnectedusersimultaneously.能够同步处理成百上千的链接用户。2023/6/2519ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputersSupercomputer--large,extremelyfast,andexpensivecomputersusedforcomplexorsophisticated（精密的）

calculations.1.4FutureDevelopmentskeywordsandphrases:microminiaturization['maɪkrəʊmɪnjətʃəraɪ'zeɪʃən]n.超小型化;网络释义:微小型化;微型...elementn.要素；元素；电热原件superconductivity[ˌsuːpəˌkɒndʌkˈtɪvəti]n.超导性2023/6/2520ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputersneural[ˈnjʊərəl]a.神经的;神经系统的;architecturen.体系结构;建筑学;网络架构;Onecontinuingtrendindevelopmentismicrominiaturization,theefforttocompressmorecircuitelementsintosmallerandsmallerchipspace.Researchersarealsotryingtospeedupcircuitryfunctionsthroughtheuseofsuperconductivity,thephenomenonofdecreasedelectricalresistanceobservedincertainmaterialsatverylowtemperatures.2023/6/2521ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputers计算机发展的一个持续不断的趋势是超小型化，也就是将越来越多的电路元件压缩在越来越小的芯片空间内的努力。研究人员也在设法利用超导性来提高电路的功能速度。超导性是在超低温条件下在某些材料中观察到的电阻减少现象。The“fifth-generation”computerefforttodevelopcomputersthatcansolvecomplexproblemsinwaysthatmighteventuallymeritthedescription“creative”isanothertrendincomputerdevelopment,theidealgoalbeingtrueartificialintelligence.Onepathactivelybeingexploredisparallel-processingcomputing,which2023/6/2522ChapterOneIntroductiontoComputersusesmanychipstoperformseveraldifferenttasksatthesametime.Oneimportantparallel-processinga