期末复习-美国文学简史汇总

ＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＬｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ1期末复习-美国文学简史汇总按照时期分类一、殖民时期（约1607—1765）二、启蒙时期和独立革命（1765—18世纪末）三、浪漫主义时期（1865—1918）四、现实主义时期（1865—1918）五、现代主义时期（1918—1945）六、当代文学（1945—）2期末复习-美国文学简史汇总殖民地时期独立革命至南北战争时期南北战争到第一次世界大战两次世界大战之间第二次世界大战后3期末复习-美国文学简史汇总BriefOutlineofAmericanliteratureColonialperiod(1607-1775)

AnneBradstreet

EdwardTaylorRevolutionaryperiod(1775-1783)

BenjaminFranklin

PhilipFreneauDemocraticPeriod(1783-1802)Romanticism(1820-1861)

WashingtonIrving

EdgarAllanPoe

NathanielHowthorne

WilliamWhitman

*Transcendentalism

*(NewEnglandRenaissance)

RalphWaldoEmerson

FillipThoreauRealism(1861-1914)

MarkTwain

HenryJames

Naturalism:

StephenCrane

TheodoreDreiser

The1920s

T.S.Eliot

WilliamFaulkner

ErnestHemingway

(LostGeneration)

Imagism:

EzraPound4期末复习-美国文学简史汇总BriefOutlineofAmericanliteratureThe1930s

Steinbeck

HarlemRenaissance

(BlackAmericanliterature)

Hughes

Wright

EllisonAmericanDrama

EugeneO’NeillArthurMillerTennesseeWilliamsThePost-warScene

SaulBellow

Salinger

Poetry:

ConfessionalPoetry

BlackMountainPoets

SanFranciscoRenaissance

TheBeatGeneration

TheNewYorkPoets5期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ColonialPeriod(1607-1775)ChapterOne6期末复习-美国文学简史汇总HistoricalbackgroundThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmericaatJamestown,Virginiain1607.In1630thepuritansestablishedtheMassachusettsBayColony.IndependentWar(1776-1783);thefoundationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic—theUnitedStatesofAmerica.7期末复习-美国文学简史汇总TheearlysettlersChristopherColumbusdiscoveredtheAmericancontinentin1492.CaptainJohnSmithreachedJamestown,Virginiain1607.PuritanscametotheNewEnglandarea,byMayflowerin1620.ThefirstsettlementwasestablishedinPlymouthin1620.MassachusettsBayColonywasestablishedin1630.8期末复习-美国文学简史汇总PuritanisminAmericaWhydidPuritanscometoAmerica?

-toescapereligiouspersecution-toreformtheChurchofEngland-tohaveanentirelynewchurch

*God’schosenpeople

*ToseekanewGardenofEden

*Tobuild“CityofGodonearth”9期末复习-美国文学简史汇总TheDefinitionofLiteraryTermsColonialAmericaAmericanPuritanismAmericanDream10期末复习-美国文学简史汇总FeaturesofPuritanism1)Predestination:Goddecidedeverythingbeforethingsoccurred.2)Originalsin:Humanbeingswereborntobeevil,andthisoriginalsincanbepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.3)Totaldepravity:Humanity’suttercorruptionsincetheFall.4)Limitedatonement:Onlythe“elect”canbesaved.11期末复习-美国文学简史汇总InfluenceofPuritanismInfluence

-AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.

-Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth,i.e.theBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.

-PuritanismcanbecomparedwithChineseConfucianism.12期末复习-美国文学简史汇总InfluenceofPuritanism1）Agroupofgoodqualities—hardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety(seriousandthoughtful)influencedAmericanliterature.2)Itledtotheeverlastingmyth.Allliteratureisbasedonamyth–gardenofEden.Americanliterature,inasense,wasaliteraryexpressionofthepiousidealismofthePuritanrequest.Namely,Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth,thatis,themythofGardenofEden.(optimism/AmericanDream)3)Symbolism:ThePuritans’metaphoricalmodeofperceptionbroughtAmericanliterarysymbolismintobeing,aliterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican.4)Withregardtotheirwriting,thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest,notwithoutatouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible.ThePuritanstyleofwritingwascharacterizedbysimplicity.(Theuseofmetaphorswasonlytoexplainthewriter’sopinionsratherthantodecorate.)13期末复习-美国文学简史汇总Puritanism:Puritanvalues/CreedshardworkthriftpietysobrietyPuritansaremorepractical,tougher,andtobeeverreadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailure.

Theyareoptimistic.14期末复习-美国文学简史汇总AmericanDreamTheAmericanDreamisthefaithheldbymanyintheUnitedStatesofAmericanthatthroughhardwork,courage,anddeterminationonecanachieveabetterlifeforoneself,usuallythroughfinancialprosperity.ThesewerevaluesheldbymanyearlyEuropeansettlers,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgenerations.NowadaystheAmericanDreamhasledtoanemphasisonmaterialwealthasameasureofsuccessand/orhappiness.15期末复习-美国文学简史汇总Typesofwriting:

histories,travelaccounts,diaries,biographies,letters,autobiographies,sermons,andpoems.Majorwriters:JohnSmith—thefirstAmericanwriterAnneBradstreet—thefirstimportantpoetintheAmericancolonies.HerworkTheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica(1650)isconsideredasthefirstbookoforiginalpoetrywrittenincolonialAmerica.

EdwardTaylor—finestpoetofthecolonialperiod.16期末复习-美国文学简史汇总AuthorsandTheirWorksPuritanism:WilliamBradford,AnneBradstreet,EdwardTaylor,JonathanEdwards.Anti—Puritanism:RogerWilliams,JohnWoolman,ThomasPaine,PhilipFreneau17期末复习-美国文学简史汇总MajorWriters

CaptainJohnSmith（约翰·史密斯）

thefirstAmericanwriterADescriptionofNewEngland《新英格兰叙事》(1616)GeneralHistoryofVirginia《弗吉尼亚通史》（1642）Pocahontas18期末复习-美国文学简史汇总WilliamBradford(1590-1657)OneofthegreatestofcolonialAmerican,whollyconsecratedtoamissioninwhichheregardedhimselfasaninstrumentofGod.Attheageof18,heaccompaniedthegrouptoHollandtoescapepersecution.13yearslaterhewasoneofthosewho,onDecember11,tookontheMayflowerandenteredPlymouthBay.From1622untilhisdeath,Bradfordwasreelectedthirtytimedasgovernor.Masterpiece:OfPlymouthPlantation《普利茅斯开发史》19期末复习-美国文学简史汇总OfPlymouthPlantationAstoryoftheseearlyAmericanandtheirlonggeographicalandspiritualpilgrimage.20期末复习-美国文学简史汇总Threemajorpoetsincolonialperiod:AnneBradstreetMichaelWigglesworthEdwardTaylor

21期末复习-美国文学简史汇总AnneBradstreet(安妮·布拉德斯特里特)(1612-1672)

thefirstAmericanwomanpoet

aPuritanpoet,oncecalled“TenthMuse”mostfamouspoems—“Contemplations”《沉思录》22期末复习-美国文学简史汇总AnneBradstreet(1612-1672)thefirstnotedpoetessincolonialperiodAnneBradstreet’sWorks

“SomeversesontheBurningofOurHouse”

“TheSpiritandtheFlesh”

TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmericaAnneBradstreet’sLife

*ShewasbornandeducatedinEngland.

*Attheageof18,shecametoAmericain1630withherfatherandhusband.

*Shehad8children.

*Shebecameknownasthe“TenthMuse”whoappearedinAmerica.thefirstcollectionpublishedbyEnglishcolonistslivinginAmerica23期末复习-美国文学简史汇总2.MichaelWigglesworth(1631-1705)themostpopularpoetinAmericanColonialPeriodWork:“TheDayofDoom”(1662)3.EdwardTaylor(1642?-1729)thefinestpoetincolonialperiod/ThegreatestpoetinAmericanColonialPeriodWork:PreparatoryMeditation24期末复习-美国文学简史汇总FeaturesofColonialPoetsTheywereservantsofGod.TheyfaithfullyimitatedandtransplantedEnglishliterarytraditions.InEnglishstylePuritanpoets25期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ChapterTwoRevolutionaryPeriod(1775-1783)TheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution(1700-1800)“TheAgeofReason”“AmericanEnlightenment”26期末复习-美国文学简史汇总LiteratureofReasonandRevolution(1700-1800)I.Background--TheEnlightenmentMovement

--TheWarofIndependence(1775-1783)II.JonathanEdwardsandBenjaminFranklinA.JonathanEdwards’“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”B.BenjaminFranklin’sTheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin(pp.21-28)III.FeaturesofLiterature27期末复习-美国文学简史汇总TheWarofIndependence(1775-1783)

1775,Lexington,beginningoftheIndependenceWarJune4th,1776,ThomasJefferson,DeclarationofIndependence1778,alliancewithFrance,turningpointforAmericanarmy1778,Englisharmysurrendered1783,formalrecognitionfromBritaingovernment28期末复习-美国文学简史汇总Authors:BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790):PoorRichard’sAlmanac《格言历书》;Autobiography

ThomasPaine(1737-1809):ComonSense

ThomasJefferson(1743-1826):DeclarationofIndependence

(1776)WilliamHillBrown(1765-1793):ThePowerofSympathyPhilipFreneau(1752-1832):“TheWildHoneySuckle”romanticpoemsJonathanEdwards29期末复习-美国文学简史汇总JonathanEdwards(1703-1758)ManofGod30期末复习-美国文学简史汇总JonathanEdwards(1703-1758)1.Status:apuritan

writer,

theologian,colonialAmericanpreacherandmissionarytoNativeAmericans2.Comments:

Edwards“iswidelyacknowledgedtobeAmerica'smostimportantandoriginalphilosophicaltheologian".HeisknownasoneofthegreatestandmostprofoundofAmericantheologiansandrevivalists.(bornforreligionanddiedforscience)3.Works:

TheFreedomoftheWill(1954);TheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefended(1758);TheNatureofTrueVirtue(1765)

“PersonalNarrative”and“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”arehisfrequentlyanthologizedpieces.31期末复习-美国文学简史汇总JonathanEdwards4.Criticism:Hisworkisverybroadinscope,butheisoftenassociatedwithhisdefenseofCalvinisttheology,themetaphysicsoftheologicaldeterminism,andthePuritanheritage.Hisfamoussermon“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod,”emphasizedthejustwrathofGodagainstsinandcontrasteditwiththeprovisionofGodforsalvation;theintensityofhispreachingsometimesresultedinmembersoftheaudiencefainting,swooning,andothermoreobtrusivereactions.32期末复习-美国文学简史汇总BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)33期末复习-美国文学简史汇总BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)A.Status:

oneofthegreatestfoundingfathersoftheAmericanNationararegeniusinhumanhistoryJackofalltrades:essayist,autobiographicalwriter,printer,scientist,postmaster,almanacmaker,orator,statesman,philosopher,politicaleconomist,ambassador，almosteverything34期末复习-美国文学简史汇总《自传》《格言历书》C.LifeBenjaminFranklincamefromaCalvinistbackground.Hewasbornintoapoorcandle-maker’sfamily.Hehadverylittleeducation.Helearnedinschoolonlyfortwoyears,buthewasavoraciousreader.At12,hewasapprenticedtohiselderhalf-brother,aprinter.At16,hebegantopublishessaysunderthepseudonym“SilenceDogood”.At17,heranawaytoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortune.Hesethimselfupasanindependentprinterandpublisher.B.WorksTheAutobiographyPoorRichard’sAlmanack35期末复习-美国文学简史汇总Franklin’sContributionstoScienceHewasalsorememberedforvolunteerfiredepartments,effectivestreetlighting,theFranklinstove,bifocalglassesandefficientheatingdevices.Andforhislightning-rod,hewascalled“thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfirefromheaven.”Franklin’sContributionstotheU.S.HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:TheDeclarationofIndependence,TheTreatyofAlliancewithFrance,TheTreatyofPeacewithEngland,TheConstitutionD.Franklin’sContributionstoSocietyHehelpedfoundthePennsylvaniaHospital.HefoundedanacademywhichledtotheUniversityofPennsylvania.AndhehelpedfoundtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety.36期末复习-美国文学简史汇总PoorRichard'sAlmanack1.Time:almostaquarterofcentury2.Content:Literarypiecessuchaspoemsandessays,agoodmanyadages,commonsensewitticisms3.Sources:heborrowedthemfromsuchfamouswriterssuchasRabelais,Defoe,SwiftandPopeandtriedtosimplifythesequotations4.Examples:Famoussayingssuchas“Losttimeisneverfoundagain”,“Godhelpthemthathelpthemselves”,“Fishandvisitorsstinkinthreedays”,etc..5.Function:practical,instructive,andamusing37期末复习-美国文学简史汇总PoorRichard'sAlmanackanannualcollectionofproverbsemphasisoncommercialsuccessinthesealmanacsexplainswhyFranklinhascomedowninAmericanhistoryastheperfectrepresentativeoftheAmericanDreamof“ragstoriches.”stressontheimportanceofworkinghardtomakemoneyandsavingtoreinvestittomakemoretheideathathappinessdependedinthefirstplaceoneconomicsuccessoptimisticallybelievedsuccesswaswithinthegraspofanynormalAmericanwhoworkedhard,livedmodestlyandremainedalerttoseizeeveryopportunityforpracticaladvancement.nomancouldbevirtuousorhappyunlesshedidhisbesttoimprovethelifeofhissocietyandhisownlife.38期末复习-美国文学简史汇总Sayingsfrom

PoorRichard'sAlmanackApennysavedisapennyearnedAnounceofpreventionisworthapoundofcure.Creditorshavebettermemoriesthandebtors.Awordtothewiseissufficient.Hethatgoesa-borrowinggoesa-sorrowing.Godhelpsthemwhohelpthemselves.Earlytobed,andearlytorise,makesaManhealthy,wealthy,andwise.DiligenceistheMotherofGoodLuck.Onetodayisworthtwotomorrow.Asmallleakwillsinkagreatship.39期末复习-美国文学简史汇总TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin1.Nature:Probablythefirstofitskindinliterature.Asimpleyetfascinatingrecordofaman’ssuccess.AfaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmerica’sfirstself-mademan.2.Structure:Thebookconsistsoffourparts,writtenatdifferenttimes.Franklinwas65whenhebegantowrite.3.Content:

(a)Puritanism:ItisfirstofallaPuritandocument,arecordofself-examinationandself-improvement,ameticulouschartof13virtuestocultivate.(b)Enlightenment:Itembodiestheneworderofthe18thcenturyEnlightenment.(OrderandModeration)4.Style:ThisworkiswritteninthepatternofPuritansimplicity,directness,andconcision.Themostsalient显著地featuresaresuchastheplainnessofitsstyle,thehomelinessofimagery,thesimplicityofdiction,syntax,andexpression.5.Tone:OptimismTheAmericandreambeganwiththesettlementoftheAmericancontinent–thepromisedland–theGardenofEden–optimisticaboutthefuture1.TEMPERANCE.2.SILENCE.3.ORDER.4.RESOLUTION.5.FRUGALITY.6.INDUSTRY.7.SINCERITY.8.JUSTICE.9.MODERATION.10.CLEANLINESS.11.TRANQUILLITY.12.CHASTITY.13.HUMILITY.40期末复习-美国文学简史汇总The

Autobiographyisarecordofself-examinationandself-improvement.BenjaminFranklinwasaspokesmanfortheneworderofthe18thcenturyenlightenmentThe

Autobiographyisahow-to-do-itbook,abookontheartofself-improvement.(forexample,Franklin’s13virtues)Throughtellingasuccessstoryofself-reliance,thebookcelebrates,infact,thefulfillmentoftheAmericandream.TheAutobiographyisinthepatternofPuritansimplicity,directness,andconcision.Evaluation41期末复习-美国文学简史汇总StyleofFranklinabrilliantwriter,withadefinitegiftforwritinghaspowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sometimessarcasticperfectthePuritanplainstyle,“smooth,clearandshortwritings”Use“aclose,naked,naturalwayofspeaking;positiveexpressions,clearsenses,anativeeasiness,bringingallthingsasnearthemathematicalplainnessastheycan."42期末复习-美国文学简史汇总HectorSt.JohndeCrevecoeur

HectorSt.JohndeCrevecoeurA.Birth:borninaFrenchnoblefamilyB.Settlement:SettledinAmericaandhopedthattheNewWorldmanwouldbeabletoshakeofftheshacklesoftheoldandlivethewaymankindshould.C.Works:

LettersfromanAmericanFarmer(1775)Hewrote12lettersbacktoEurope,explainingthemeaningofAmericatotheoutsideworld.Thefirst8lettersrevealtheprideofamanbeinganAmerican,and,thereupon,optimistic.Startingfromhisninthletter,hebegantospeakwiththevoiceofadisillusionedman,renderingthelast4letterspessimistic.43期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ThomasPaine(1737-1809)themostpersuasiverhetoricianofthecauseforindependence.borninEngland,thesonofastaymakerin1774,attheageof37,recognizedbyFranklinbecauseofhispeculiartalents,andmadehiswaytoPhiladelphia,whereheeditedthePennsylvaniaMagazineownedandpublishedbyFranklinin1776,hisfamouspamphletCommonSensecameout,bringingtheseparatistagitationtoacrisis.themostarticulatespokesmanoftheAmericanRevolution,hischiefcontributionwasaseriesofsixteenpamphletsentitledTheAmericanCrisis44期末复习-美国文学简史汇总WorksofThomasPaineCommonSense(1776)urgedanimmediatedeclarationofindependenceTheAmericanCrisis(Dec.1776-April1783),aseriesof16pamphletsinsupportoftheRevolutionaryWarTheRightsofMan(1791-2),adefenseoftheFrenchRevolutionagainsttheattacksofEdmundBurkeTheAgeofReason(1794-5),hisgreatdeistic(自然神论的)work45期末复习-美国文学简史汇总PhilipFreneau(1752-1832)“PoetoftheAmericanRevolution”“FatherofAmericanPoetry”“PioneeroftheNewRomanticism”“Agiftedandversatilelyricpoet”46期末复习-美国文学简史汇总HeisknownasthepoetoftheAmericanRevolution,themostaccomplishedpatriotpoet,thefirstAmerican-bornpoet,and“fatherofAmericanpoetry.”Hisvoiceisoneofdemocracyandindependence.MuchofhispoetryfocusedonAmerica’sfuturegreatness,andonothersubjectslikethebeautiesofthenaturalworld.SuchlyricpoemscanbeseenasthefirstexpressionsinAmericanpoetryofadeepspiritualengagementwithnature.HehasbeenregardedasafountforAmericanRomanticism,atleastapioneerofromanticspirit.47期末复习-美国文学简史汇总《美洲光辉的兴起》《夜之屋》《英国囚船》1.Works“TheRisingGloryofAmerica”(1772)“TheHouseofNight”(1779,1786)“TheBritishPrisonShip”(1781)“TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans”(1781)“TheWildHoneySuckle”(1786)“TheIndianBuryingGround”(1788)“TheDyingIndian:TomoChequi”《纪念美国勇士》《野金银花》《印第安人墓地》《奄奄一息的印第安人：托姆·察吉》48期末复习-美国文学简史汇总AmericanRomanticism

49期末复习-美国文学简史汇总RomanticPeriod

(endof18thC.--theCivilWar/thefirsthalfofthenineteenthcentury)

HistoricalBackground

GeneralIntroductionofRomanticismMajorWritersandLiteraryWorks

Exit50期末复习-美国文学简史汇总HistoricalBackgroundTheRomanticperiodstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.Exit51期末复习-美国文学简史汇总Forward

TheRomanticspiritstressedindividualism,affirmedthevalueofthecommonperson,andlookedtotheinspiredimaginationforitsaestheticandethicalvalues.AmericanRomanticistsharedtheimpactfrombothAmericanPuritanismandEuropeanRomanticism.GeneralIntroductionofRomanticism52期末复习-美国文学简史汇总Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperienceandcontained“analienquality”forthesimplereasonthat“thespiritoftheplace”wasradicallynewandalien.ThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.Americanromanticauthorstendedmoretomoralizethantoentertain.The“newness”ofAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.Asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.FeaturesofAmericanRomanticismExit53期末复习-美国文学简史汇总MajorLiteraryFiguresSection1EarlyRomanticPeriodSection2SummitofRomanticism–AmericanTranscendentalismSection3LateRomanticismRomanticPoetsExit54期末复习-美国文学简史汇总WashingtonIrving(1783—1859)firstAmericanwriter

fatherofAmericanliterature

ExitForward

55期末复习-美国文学简史汇总WorksTheSketchBookForwardThebestknownofTheSketchBookare"RipVanWinkle"and"TheLegendofSleepyHollow"56期末复习-美国文学简史汇总gentility,urbanity,pleasantnessavoidingmoralizingenvelopingstoriesinanatmospherevividandtruecharactershumourmusicallanguageForward

Irving'sstyle57期末复习-美国文学简史汇总JamesFenimoreCooper(1789--1851)ExitWorksStyle58期末复习-美国文学简史汇总WorksLeatherstockingTales

--(hismasterpiece,aseriesoffivenovels--TheDeerslayer,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePathfinder,ThePioneers,ThePrairie)Exit59期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ExitStylehighlyimaginativegoodatinventingtalesgoodatlandscapedescriptionconservativecharacterizationwoodenandlackinginprobabilitylanguageanduseofdialectnotauthentic60期末复习-美国文学简史汇总Section2SummitofRomanticism–AmericanTranscendentalismMajorwritersandLiteraryWorksExitTranscendentalism61期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ExitTranscendentalismFromthe1830s,therewasmuchtalkamongsomeyoungpeopleaboutthe“newspiritualera”.Theywantedtoexploretheinnerlife.InthecenterofthisactivityweretheTranscendentalists.Theyformedamovementoffeelingsandbeliefsratherthanasystemofphilosophy.Features:spirit/oversoulimportanceofindividualismnature–symbolofspirit/God;garmentoftheoversoulfocusinintuition(irrationalismandsubconsciousness)Appearance:1836,“Nature”byEmerson62期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ExitMajorWritersRalphWaldoEmersonHenryDavidThoreau63期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ExitRalphWaldoEmerson(1803----1882)CommentsMajorWorks64期末复习-美国文学简史汇总Comments

Asapoet,preacher,orator,andessayist,RalphWaldoEmersonarticulatedthenewnation’sprospectsandneedsandbecameaweightyexemplumoftheAmericanartist.Hebecomesthefounderof“Transcendentalism”orthespokesmanfor“Nature”.

Exit65期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ExitMajorWorksNature(1836)TheAmericanScholar

(1837)Essays:Books:Essays66期末复习-美国文学简史汇总Exitmanshouldnotseenaturemerelyassomethingtobeused;man’srelationshipwithnaturetranscendstheideaofusefulness.NatureisakindofdisciplinetomanNature67期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ExitattackedtheinfluenceofthetraditionandthepastcalledforanewburstofAmericancreativitythewordscholardidnotrefertothemanofbooklearning,buttotheoriginalthinker.Suchamanknowshimselfthroughintuitionandthestudyofnature,notofthebooks.TheAmericanScholar68期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ExitThemostcharacteristicandinfluentialofhisbooksarethetwovolumesofEssays.Self-Reliance

isoneofthemostfamousoftheselectureessays,andiswidelyreadinAmericanhighschoolstoday.Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism,independenceofmind,andself-reliance;Headmiredcourageandwasnotafraidofchangingorclashingideas.EquallyimportantisEmerson’sessayTheOver-Soul(1841).FromtheOver-Soulcomeallideasandintelligence:“Wedonotdeterminewhatwethink.Weonlyopenoursenses…andsuffertheintellecttosee.”

Essays69期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ExitHenryDavidThoreau(1817—1862)Works:Walden(1854)70期末复习-美国文学简史汇总MajorWritersNathanielHawthorneHermanMelvilleSection3LateRomanticism71期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ExitNathanielHawthorne(1804—1864)LifeandliterarycareerMajorLiteraryWorksStyle72期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ExitNathanielHawthornewasbornonJuly4,1804inSalem,Massachusetts.HawthorneturnedtowritingafterhisgraduationfromBowdoinCollege.HawthornereturnedtoSalemin1845,wherehewasappointedsurveyoroftheBostonCustomHouse.hismostfamousnovel,TheScarletLetter,wasanimmediatesuccessandallowedHawthornetodevotehimselftohiswriting.

HeleftSalemforatemporaryresidenceinLenox,wherehecompletedtheromanceThe

HouseoftheSevenGablesin1851.WhileinLenox,HawthornebecameacquaintedwithHermanMelvilleandbecameamajorproponentofMelville'swork.Hawthorne'ssubsequentnovels,TheBlithedaleRomance,basedonhisyearsofcommunallivingatBrookFarm,andtheromanceTheMarbleFaun,werebothconsidereddisappointments.Hawthornesupportedhimselfthroughanotherpoliticalpost,theconsulshipinLiverpool,whichhewasgivenforwritingacampaignbiographyforFranklinPierce.HawthornepassedawayonMay19,1864inPlymouth,NewHampshire.Emersondescribedhislifeaspainfulsolitude.HawthornemaintainedastrongfriendshipwithFranklinPierce,butotherwisehadfewintimatesandlittleengagementwithanysortofsociallife.Hisworksremainnotablefortheirtreatmentofguiltandthecomplexitiesofmoralchoices.

Lifeandliterarycareer73期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ExitTheMarbleFaun(1860)《玉石神像》MajorLiteraryWorksTwice-ToldTales(1837)《重说一遍的故事》MossesfromanOldManse(1846)《古厦青苔》TheScarletLetter,(1850)TheHouseofSevenGables(1851)《七尖角阁的房子》

TheBlithedaleRomance(1852)《福谷浪漫史》

TheLifeofFranklinPierce(1852)74期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ContinueThisworkisconsideredashismasterpiece.ItisthestudyoftheeffectsoftheadulteryofHesterPrynneandArthurDimmesdale,aPuritanminister.Hesterisforcedtoweararedletter“A”onherdress,showingtheworldthatsheisanadulteress.Hester’shusbandtriestogetrevengebydestroyingDimmesdale’smindandsoul.Dimmesdale,thefatherofHester’schild,triestohidehisguilt.Intheend,heconfessesanddiesimmediatelyafterward,praisingGod.Thethemeofthenovelisthatitisuselesstohideguiltinordertoavoidpunishment.ThenovelasksthequestionofwhethertheactofHesterandherloverwasreallysinful.Theauthorgivesnoclearanswer.Butbytheendofthenovel,Hester’s“A”seemstosymbolizethesinfulnessofallpeople.75期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ContinueCharacterList:ArthurDimmesdaleHesterPrynnePearlRogerChillingworth76期末复习-美国文学简史汇总N.Hawthorneisatypicalromanticwriter.theuseofsymbolsrevelationofcharacters’psychologytheuseofsupernaturalmixedwiththeactualhisstoriesareparable–toteachalessonuseofambiguitytokeepthereaderintheworldofuncertaintyStyleExit77期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ExitHermanMelville(1819--1891)MajorWorksTypee(1846)Omoo(1847)Mardi(1849)Redburn(1849)White-Jacket(1850)Moby-Dick(1851)BillyBuddSailor(1924published)78期末复习-美国文学简史汇总ExitThisworkisMelville'smasterpiece,whichistheepicstoryofthewhalingshipPequodandits"ungodly,god-likeman,"CaptainAhab,whoseobsessivequestforthewhitewhaleMoby-Dickleadstheshipanditsmentodestruction.Thiswork,arealisticadventurenovel,containsaseriesofmeditationsonthehumancondition.Whaling,throughoutthebook,isagrandmetaphorforthepursuitofknowledge.Realisticcataloguesanddescriptionsofwhalesandthewhalingindustrypunctuatethebook,butthesecarrysymbolicconnotations.AlthoughMelville'snovelisphilosophical,itisalsotragic.Despitehisheroism,