四级快速阅读

四级快速阅读篇一：2022年英语四级快速阅读解题技巧(精准)

英语四级快速阅读解题技巧

首先要明白：快速阅读的文章虽长〔1200字，仔细阅读平均每篇330个字〕，但是从内容上说，大都是通俗易懂的说明文，没有学术色彩和思想深度；从语言上来说，遣词造句都比拟简单。所以，根本没必要害怕。个人以为，快速阅读应该比仔细阅读更容易拿分。

详细答题步骤如下：

第一步：阅读Skim(0.5分钟–2分钟)

1．分析大标题〔BrainstormtheTitle〕〔5–10秒〕目的：调动脑细胞，主动预测文章内容。

官方样题Landfills的分析思路：land+fill=土地填埋，加了s,可能指多处填埋场地。在不认识这个单词的情况下〔汉译：垃圾填筑地〕，能想到这一层就算漂亮。

2022年12月真题SixSecretsofHigh-EnergyPeople的分析思路：secrets：多数人不知道，一定新颖有趣；high-energypeople只能是指精力充分的人，不可能是X战警。文章要告诉我们，那些人为什么精力充分，希望我们学习他们的秘诀。

2022年6月真题Highways的分析思路：为什么要修建公路？怎么修建？公路有哪些功能？存在哪些问题？一般说明文的写作构造都是如此：方案–成形–功能–问题。例如：结合国的起因–结合国的成立–结合国的运作–结合国的问题。

2．分析小标题(TidytheSubtitles〕(20–25秒)目的：理解文章内容，把握总体构造。

官方样题：

Sub1：HowMuchTrashIsGeneratedSub3：WhatIsaLandfill引进主题，字数增加，进入重点。推理：landfill肯定是上面提到的一种垃圾处理方法

Sub4：ProposingtheLandfill

Landfill由新信息变成信息。关键字：Proposing方案、建议

Sub5：BuildingtheLandfill关键字：Building修建

注意：前一段讲方案，这一段讲修建，联络严密，可以合并

Sub6：WhathappenstoTrashinaLandfillSub7：HowIsaLandfillOperated然后，总结文章构造，帮助答题时定位：第两段引起话题，中间三段讲建造，最后两段讲操作。提醒：整理小标题的时候不要阅读文章。

在个别情况下，文章没有小标题〔如2022年6月〕，这时须按以下顺序阅读全文：第一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句------以下每一段的第一句------最后一段的第一句和最后一句。这种方法，意味着已经开始阅读，所以花的时间要长一些，但应该控制在两分钟之内。

警告：不要一上来就看后面的问题，对文章没有理解，后面的问题会让你摸不着头脑，增加挫折感。

第二步：审题〔前7道〕ExamineTidytheQuestions(1分钟)

下面结合2022年12月的真题讲讲审题的窍门。我做这篇文章，阅读完大小标题之后，直接审题答题，根本不读原文，不到一分钟，前7道题全部命中。不是老潇有多神，这里面有个原那么问题。什么原那么呢？就是主题原那么。也就是说：支持主题的，Yes；反对主题的，No；跑题的，NG。

而这篇文章的简单之处就在于，第一步阅读完毕后，我们对主题能有个明晰的把握，因为文章的倾向很明显，就是劝我们注意调整生活中的点点滴滴，从而增强活力。

把这个主题抓在手里！抓牢了！我们要像叼着骨头的饿狗一样警觉，像趴在大便上的苍蝇一样不松口，就算暂时被赶走，也会立即重新着陆。主题，主题，主题，永远不要偏离主题！

下面是对各题的分析：

1．TheenergycrisisinAmericadiscussedheremainlyreferstoashortageoffossilfuels.

抓主语和谓语，迅速理解句子：能源危机指的是…记住：主语属于信息，是你到原文定位用的，它是locator或

localizer。常见的locator有数字和专有名词〔人名、地名、组织名、国名等〕。

Locator可不是关键词〔keyword〕。所谓关键词，就是你一句话读完，直觉上感到它最肯定的判断落在的那一两个词上。比方：潇如风是个好老师。直觉上，重点落在哪个词上呢？是“好〞字吧？这个“好〞字，就是关键词，你到原文查一查潇如风好还是不好就行了。这个“好〞字，就是出题点。

所以，不要顾虑主语，主语无条件存在。要去找关键词，也就是出题点。出题点按频率从高到低排列依次是：宾语、状语、谓语、定语、表语。审题的时候，一句话读完，立即就得把关键词勾出来。上手一定要快。

这道题的出题点就是宾语ashortageoffossilfuels.把它下划线。作者在问你，我这篇文章里提到的energycrisis指的是真的“能源〞吗？是矿物燃料，比方说天然气、煤或石油吗？

当然不是，阅读完小标题我们就能看出，文章主题是讲人的，而不是讲物的。所以，跟主题相左，No.

2．Peoplethesedaystendtolackphysicalenergy.

篇二：历年英语四级快速阅读真题及答案(2022-2022)

2022年6月英语四级快速阅读真题及答案PartIIReadingprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.

Forquestions1-7,mark

Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;

N(forNO)ifstatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestion8-10,pletethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.ProtectYourPrivacyWhenJob-huntingOnline

Identitytheftandidentityfraudaretermsusedtorefertoalltypesofcrimeinwhichsomeonewrongfullyobtainsandusesanotherperson‘spersonaldatainsomewaythatinvolvesfraudordeception,typicallyforeconomicgain.

Thenumbersassociatedwithidentitytheftarebeginningtoaddupfastthesedays.ArecentGeneralAccountingOfficereportestimatesthatasmanyas750,000Americansarevictimsofidentitythefteveryyear.Andthatnumbermaybelow,asmanypeoplechoosenottoreportthecrimeeveniftheyknowtheyhavebeenvictimized.

Identitytheftis―anabsoluteepidemic,‖statesRobertEllisSmith,arespectedauthorandadvocateofprivacy.―It‘scertainlypickedupinthelastfourorfiveyears.It‘sworldwide.Itaffectseverybody,andthere‘sverylittleyoucandotopreventitand,worstofall,youcan‘tdetectituntilit‘sprobablytoolate.‖

Unlikeyourfingerprints,whichareuniquetoyouandcannotbegiventosomeoneelsefortheiruse,youpersonaldata,especiallyyoursocialsecuritynumber,yourbankaccountorcreditcardnumber,yourtelephonecallingcardnumber,andothervaluableidentifyingdata,canbeused,iftheyfallintothewronghands,topersonallyprofitatyourexpense.IntheUnitedStatesandCanada,forexample,manypeoplehavereportedthatunauthorizedpersonshavetakenfundsoutoftheirbankorfinancialaccounts,or,intheworstcases,takenovertheiridentitiesaltogether,runningupvastdebtsandmittingcrimeswhileusingthevictims‘names.Inmanycases,avictim‘slossesmayincludednotonlyout-of-pocketfinanciallosses,butsubstantialadditionalfinancialcostsassociatedwithtryingtorestorehisreputationinthemunityandcorrectingerroneousinformationforwhichthecriminalisresponsible.

AccordingtotheFBI,identitytheftisthenumberonefraudmittedontheInternet.Sohowdojobseekersprotectthemselveswhilecontinuingtocirculatetheirresumesonline1.Checkforaprivacypolicy.

Ifyouareconsideringpostingyourresumeonline,makesurethejobsearchsiteyourareconsideringhasaprivacypolicy,likeCareerBuilder.Thepolicyshouldspellouthowyourinformationwillbeused,storedandwhetherornotitwillbeshared.Youmaywanttothinktwiceaboutpostingyourresumeonasitethatautomaticallysharesyourinformationwithothers.Youcouldbeopeningyourselfuptounwantedcallsfromsolicitors(推销员).

Whenreviewingthesite‘sprivacypolicy,you‘llbeabletodeleteyourresumejustaseasilyasyoupostedit.Youwon‘tnecessarilywantyourresumetoremainoutthereontheInternetonceyoulandajob.Remember,the

longeryourresumeremainspostedonajobboard,themoreexposure,bothpositiveandnot-so-positive,itwillreceive.

2.Takeadvantageofsitefeatures.

Lawfuljobsearchsitesofferlevelsofprivacyprotection.Beforepostingyourresume,carefullyconsideryourjobsearchobjectiveandthelevelofriskyouarewillingtoassume.

CareerBuilder,forexample,offersthreelevelsofprivacyfromwhichjobseekerscanchoose.Thefirstisstandardposting.Thisoptiongivesjobseekerswhoposttheirresumesthemostvisibilitytothebroadestemployeraudiencepossible.

Thesecondisanonymous(匿名的)posting.Thisallowsjobseekersthesamevisibilityasthoseinthestandardpostingcategorywithoutanyoftheircontactinformationbeingdisplayed.Jobseekerswhowishtoremainanonymousbutwanttosharesomeotherinformationmaychoosewhichpiecesofcontactinformationtodisplay.

Thethirdisprivateposting.Thisoptionallowsajobseekertopostaresumewithouthavingitsearchedbyemployers.PrivatepostingallowsjobseekerstoquicklyandeasilyapplyforjobsthatappearonCareerBuilderwithoutretypingtheirinformation.

3.Safeguardyouridentity.

CareerexpertssaythatoneofthewaysjobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.Replaceyournameonyourresumewithageneric(泛指的)identifier,suchas―IntranetDeveloperCandidate,‖or―ExperiencedMarketingRepresentative.‖

Youshouldalsoconsidereliminatingthenameandlocationofyourcurrentemployer.Dependingonyourtitle,itmaynotbeallthatdifficulttodeterminewhoyouareoncethenameofyourpanyisprovided.Useageneraldescriptionofthepanysuchas―Majorautomanufacturer,‖or―Internationalpackagedgoodssupplier.‖

Ifyourjobtitleisunique,considerusingthegenericequivalentinsteadoftheexacttitleassignedbyyouremployer.

4.Establishandemailaddressforyoursearch.

Anotherwaytoprotectyourprivacywhileseekingemploymentonlineistoopenupanemailaccountspecificallyforyouronlinejobsearch.Thiswillsafeguardyourexistingemailboxintheeventsomeoneyoudon‘tknowgetsholdofyouremailaddressandsharesitwithothers.

Usinganemailaddressspecificallyforyoujobsearchalsoeliminatesthepossibilitythatyouwillreceiveunweleemailsinyourprimarymailbox.Whennamingyournewemailaddress,besurethatitdoesn‘tcontainreferencestoyournameorotherinformationthatwillgiveawayyouridentity.Thebestsolutionisanemailaddressthatisrelevanttothejobyouareseekingsuchassalesmgr2022@provider.

5.Protectyourreference.

Ifyourresumecontainsasectionwiththenamesandcontactinformationofyourreferences,takeitout.There‘snosenseinsafeguardingyourinformationwhilesharingprivatecontactinformationofyourreferences.

6.Keepconfidential(机密的)informationconfidential.

Donot,underanycircumstances,shareyoursocialsecurity,driver‘slicense,andbankaccountnumbersorotherpersonalinformation,suchasraceoreyecolor.Honestemployersdonotneedthisinformationwithaninitialapplication.Don‘tprovidethiseveniftheysaytheyneeditinordertoconductabackgroundcheck.Thisisoneoftheoldesttricksinthebook–don‘tfallforit.

注意：此局部试题请在答题卡1上作答。

1.RobertEllisSmithbelievesidentitytheftisdifficulttodetectandonecanhardlydoanythingtopreventit.

2.Inmanycases,identitytheftnotonlycausesthevictims‘immediatefinanciallossesbutcoststhemalottorestoretheirreputation.

3.Identitytheftisaminoroffenceanditsharmhasbeensomewhatoverestimated.

4.Itisimportantthatyourresumenotstayonlinelongerthanisnecessary.

5.OfthethreeoptionsofferedbyCareerBuilderinSuggestion2,thethirdoneisapparentlymoststronglyremended.

6.Employersrequireapplicantstosubmitverypersonalinformationonbackgroundchecks.

7.Applicantsareadvisedtousegenericnamesforthemselvesandtheircurrentemployerswhenseekingemploymentonline.

8.Usingaspecialemailaddressinthejobsearchcanhelppreventyourfromreceiving________.

9.Toprotectyourreferences,youshouldnotpostonlinetheir________.

10.Accordingtothepassage,identitytheftismittedtypicallyfor________.

参考答案

1.Y

2.Y

3.N.

4.Y.

5.NG

6.N

7.Y

8.unweleemails

9.namesandcontactinformation

10.economicgain

2022年12月英语四级快速阅读真题及答

案

PartⅡRadingprehension(Skimmingandscanning)(15minutes)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepasssagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,pletethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

UniveraitiesBranchOut

Asneverbeforeintheirlongstory,universitieshavebeeinstrumentsofnational

petitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthat

moveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainand

maintainpetitiveadvantages.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforcefor

globalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.

Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshavebee

Moreself-consciousyglobal:seekingstudentsfromaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentire

rangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,offeringcoursesofstudythataddressthechallengesofaninterconnectedworldandcollaborative

(合作的)researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebenefitofallhumanity.

Oftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.0percent,from8000,000in1975to2.5millionin2994.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesidgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentoftheundergraduatesatAmerica‘sbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesintheU.K.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.

Universitiesarealsoencouragingstudentstospendsomeoftheirundergraduateyearsinanothercountry.InEurope,morethan140,000studentsparticipateintheErasmusprogrameachyear,takingcoursesforcreditinoneof2,2000participatinginstitutionsacrossthecontinent.AndintheUnitedStates,institutionsarehelpingplacestudentsinsummerinternships(实习)abroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduateatleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunityandprovidingthefinancialresourcestomakeitpossible.

Globalizationisalsoreshapingthewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolvessourcingportionsofaresearchprogramtoanothercountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedicalShanghai‘sFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.TheShanghaicenterhas95employeesandgraduatestudentsworkingina4,300-square-meterlaboratoryseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsbothcountries;

Xu‘sYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconducingfromaword-classscientistandhisU.S.team.

Asaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledoftheworldintheworldinthemercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframeputerandintegratedcircuitofthe1960stotheinternetinfrastructure(根底设施)andapplicationssoftwareof

the1990s.Thelinkbetweenuniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoftenindirectbutsometimeshighlyvisible:SiliconValleywasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,and

Route128outsideBostonhaslonghousedpaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Aroundtheworld,governmentshaveencouragedcopyingofhismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyinCambridge,England,whereMicrosoftandscoresofotherleadingsoftwareandbiotechnologypanieshavesetupshoparoundtheuniversity.

Forallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingtheresearchuniversitymodel.Mostpoliticianrecognizethelinkbetweeninvestmentinscienceandnational

Economicstrength,butsupportforresearchfundinghasbeenunsteady.ThebudgetoftheNationalInstitutesofHealthdoubledbetween1998and2022,buthasrisenmoreslowlythaninflationssincethen.Supportforthephysicalsciencesandengineeringbarelykeptpacewithinflationduringthatsameperiod.Theattempttomakeup

lostgroundiswele,butthenationwouldbebetterservedbysteady,predictableincreasesinsciencefundingattherateoflong-termGDPgrowth,whichisontheorderofinflationplus3percentperyear.

Americanpoliticianshavegreatdifficultyrecognizingthatadmittingmoreforeignstudentscangreatlypromotethenationalinterestbyincreasinginternationalunderstanding.Adjustedforinflation,publicfundingforinternationalexchangesandforeign-languagestudyiswellbelowthelevelsof40yearsago.InthewakeofSeptember11,changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramaticdeclineinthenumberofforeignstudentsseekingadmissiontoU.S.Universities,andacorrespondingsurgeineollmentsinAustralia,SingaporeandtheU.K.ObjectionsfromAmericansuniversityandbusinessleadersledtoimprovementsintheprocessandareversalofthedecline,buttheUnitedStatesisstillseenbymanyasunwelingtointernationalstudents.

MostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenation‘swell-beingthroughtheirscientificresearch,butmanyfearthatforeignstudentsthreatenAmericanpetitivenessbytakingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome.Theyfailtograspthatwelingforeignstudentsandlikeimmigrantsthroughouthistory-strengththenation;andsecond,foreignstudentswhostudyintheUnitedStatesbeeambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherished(珍视)valueswhentheyreturnhome.Oratleasttheyunderstandthembetter.InAmericaaselsewhere,fewInstrumentsofforeignpolicyareaseffectiveinpromotingpeaceandstabilityaswelinginternationaluniversitystudents.

注意：此局部试题请在答题卡1上作答。

1.Fromthefirstparagraphweknowthatpresent–dayuniversitieshavebee

A.moreandmoreresearch-oriented

B.in-servicetrainingorganizations

C.morepopularizedthaneverbefore

D.apowerfulforceforglobalintegration

2.Overthepastthreedecades,theeollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreased

A.by2.5millionB.by800,000

C.atanannualrateof3.9percent

D.atanannualrateof8percent

3.IntheUnitedStates,howmanyofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornA.10%B.20%C.30%D.38%

4.HowdoYaleandHarvardpreparetheirundergraduatesforglobalcareersA.Theyorganizeaseriesofseminarsonworldeconomy

B.Theyofferthemvariouscoursesininternationalpolitics

C.TheyarrangeforthemtoparticipateintheErasmusprogram

D.Theygivethemchancesforinternationalstudyorinternship

5.Anexampleillustratingthegeneraltrendofuniversities‘globalizationis

A.Yale‘scollaborationwithFudanUniversityongeneticresearch

B.Yale‘shelpingChineseuniversitiestolaunchresearchprojects

C.Yale‘sstudentexchangeprogramwithEuropeaninstitutions

D.Yale‘sestablishingbranchcampusesthroughouttheworld

6.WhatdowelearnaboutSiliconValleyfromthepassageA.IthousesmanypaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard

B.ItisknowntobethebirthplaceofMicrosoftpany

C.ItwasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity

篇三：英语四级快速阅读专项训练(真题版附答案和详解)

英语四级快速阅读专项训练〔真题版附答案和详解〕

PartⅡReadingprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,pletethesentencewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

1.WhyIntegrityMatters

WhatIsIntegrityThekeytointegrityisconsistency-notonlysettinghighpersonalstandardsforoneself(honesty,responsibility,respectforothers,fairness)butalsolivinguptothosestandardseachandeveryday.Onewhohasintegrityisboundbyandfollowsmoralandethical(道德上的)standardsevenwhenmakinglife'shardchoices,choiceswhichmaybecloudedbystress,pressuretosucceed,ortemptation.

Whathappensifwelie,cheat,steal,orviolateotherethicalstandardslapse(缺失)ofintegrityalsoaffectsourrelationshipswithothers.Trustisessentialinanyimportantrelationship,whetherpersonalorprofessional.WhocantrustsomeonewhoisdishonestorunfairRiskyBusiness

Weareeachresponsibleforourowndecisions,evenifthedecision,makingprocesshasbeenunderminedbystressorpeerpressure.Therealtestofcharacteriswhetherwecanlearnfromourmistake,byunderstandingwhyweactedaswedidandthenexploringwaystoavoidsimilarproblemsinthefuture.

Makingethicaldecisionsisacriticalpartofavoidingfutureproblems.Wemustlearntorecognizerisks,becauseifwecan'tseetheriskswe'retaking,wecan'tmakeresponsiblechoices.Toidentifyrisks,weneedtoknowtherulesandbeawareofthefacts.Forexample,onewhodoesn'tknowtherulesaaboutplagiarism(剽窃)mayaccidentallyusewordsorideaswithoutgivingpropercreditoronewhofailstokeepcarefulresearchnotesmayunintentionallyfailtoquoteandcitesourcesasrequired.Butthefactthatsuchaviolationis"unintentional"doesnotexcusethemisconduct,Ignoranceisnotadefense.

"ButEverybodyDoesIt"

Mostpeoplewhogetintroubledoknowtherulesandfactsbut

managetofoolthemselvesabouttherisksthey'retakingbyusingexcuses:"Everyoneelsedoesit.""I'mnothurtinganyone",or"Ireallyneedthisgrade."Excusescangetveryelaborate:"IknowI'mlookatanother'sexam,eventhoughI'msupposedtokeepmyeyesonmyownpaper,butthat'snotcheatingbecauseI‘mjustcheckingmyanswers,notcopying."Wemustbehonestaboutouractionsandavoidexcuses,ifwefoolourselvesintobelievingwe'renotdoinganythingwrong,wecan'tseetherealchoicewe'remaking-andthatleadstobaddecisions.

Toavoidfoolingyourself,watchoutforexcusesandtrythistest:Askhowyouwouldfeelifyouractionswerepublicandanyonecouldbewatchingoveryoreshoulder.Ifyou'dratherhideyouractions,that'sanindicationthatyou'retakingariskandrationalizingittoyourself.

EvaluatingRisks

Todecidewhetherariskisworthtaking,youmustexaminetheconsequences,inthefutureaswellasrightnow,negativeaswellaspositive,andtoothersaswellastoyourself.Thosewhotakeriskstheylaterregretusuallyfocusonimmolatebenefitsandsimplyhaven'tconsideredwhatmightgowrong.Theconsequencesofgettingcaughtareseriousandmayincludea"O"onatestorassignment,an"F"intheclass,suspension(暂令停学)ordismissal

fromschoolandaruinedreputation.Infact,whenyoubreakaroleorlaw,youlosecontroloveryourlifeandgiveothersthepowertoimposepunishmentthatyouhavenocontrolover.Thisisanextremelyvulnerable(脆弱的)position.Theremaybesomemattersoflifeanddeathorhighestprinciple,whic