第11周3课时基于语篇议篇章结构分析

基于语篇的议论文篇章结构分析授课教师：马红芳学校：北京市中关村中学高三年级英语学科海淀区高中学生在线学习课程1语篇知识2解题思路3典型语篇4巩固提升目录CONTENTS语篇知识01语篇知识内容要求3.

如何运用？1.

如何构成？

句子、句群、段落微观组织结构宏观组织结构显

连性

贯2.

如何表达意义？

衔

手接

段语义逻辑关系议论文常见语篇结构·Introduction·Central

Point/Thesis

Statement·Points

1,

2,

3...·Evidence·Conclusion解题思路022020年北京市适应性测试D篇①For

several

decades,

there

has

been

an

extensive

and

organized

campaignintended

to

generate

distrust

in

science,

funded

by

those

whose

interests

andideologies

are

threatened

by

the

findings

of

modern

science.

In

response,scientists

have

tended

to

stress

the

success

of

science.

After

all,

scientists

havebeen

right

about

most

things.②Stressing

successes

isn't

wrong,

but

for

many

people

it's

not

persuasive.

Analternative

answer

to

the

question

“Why

trust

science?”is

that

scientists

use

theso-called

scientific

method.If

you've

got

a

high

school

science

textbook

lyingaround,

you'll

probably

find

that

answer

in

it.

But

what

is

typically

thought

to

bethe

scientificmethod—develop

a

hypothesis(假设),then

design

an

experimenttotest

it—isn't

what

scientists

actually

do.Science

is

dynamic:new

methods

getinvented;

old

ones

get

abandoned;and

sometimes,

scientists

can

be

found

doingmany

different

things.2020年北京市适应性测试D篇③If

there

is

no

identifiable

scientific

method,then

what

is

the

reason

for

trustin

science?The

answer

is

how

those

claims

are

evaluated.

The

common

element

inmodern

science,regardless

of

the

specific

field

or

the

particular

methods

beingused,is

the

strict

scrutiny(审查)of

claims.

It's

this

tough,

sustained

process

thatworks

to

make

sure

faulty

claims

are

rejected.A

scientific

claim

is

never

acceptedas

true

until

it

has

gone

through

a

lengthy“peer

review”because

the

reviewersare

experts

in

the

same

field

who

have

both

the

right

and

the

obligation(责任)tofind

faults.④A

key

aspect

of

scientific

judgment

is

that

it

is

done

collectively.

No

claim

getsaccepted

until

it

has

been

vetted

by

dozens,

if

not

hundreds,

of

heads.

In

areasthat

have

been

contested,

like

climate

science

and

vaccine

safety,

it's

thousands.This

is

why

we

are

generally

justified

in

not

worrying

too

much

if

a

singlescientist,

even

a

very

famous

one,

disagrees

with

the

claim.

And

this

is

whydiversity

in

science—themore

peoplelooking

at

aclaim

fromdifferent

angles—isimportant.2020年北京市适应性测试D篇⑤Does

this

process

ever

go

wrong?Of

course.Scientists

arehumans.There

is

always

the

possibility

of

revising

a

claim

on

thebasis

of

new

evidence.

Some

people

argue

that

we

should

not

trustscience

because

scientists

are“always

changing

their

minds.”Whileexamples

of

truly

settled

science

being

overturned

are

far

fewer

thanis

sometimes

claimed,they

do

exist.But

the

beauty

of

this

scientificprocess

is

that

it

explains

what

might

otherwise

appear

paradoxical(矛盾的):that

science

produces

both

novelty

and

stability.Scientistsdo

change

their

minds

in

the

face

of

new

evidence,but

this

is

astrength

of

science,

not

a

weakness.2020年北京市适应性测试D篇①For

several

decades,

there

has

been

an

extensive

and

organizedcampaign

intended

to

generate

distrust

in

science,

funded

by

thosewhose

interests

and

ideologies

are

threatened

by

the

findings

of

modernscience.

In

response,

scientists

have

tended

to

stress

the

success

ofscience.

Afterall,

scientists

have

been

right

about

most

things.⑤Does

this

process

ever

go

wrong?

Of

course.

Scientists

are

humans.There

is

always

the

possibility

of

revising

a

claim

on

the

basis

of

newevidence.Some

people

argue

that

we

should

not

trust

science

becausescientists

are“always

changing

their

minds.”

While

examples

of

trulysettled

science

being

overturned

are

far

fewer

than

is

sometimes

claimed,they

do

exist.

But

the

beauty

of

this

scientific

process

is

that

it

explainswhat

might

otherwise

appear

paradoxical(矛盾的):that

scienceproduces

both

novelty

and

stability.Scientists

do

change

their

minds

inthe

face

of

new

evidence,but

this

is

a

strength

of

science,not

a

weakness.②Stressing

successes

isn't

wrong,but

for

many

people

it'snotpersuasive.An

alternative

answer

to

the

question“Why

trustscience?”is

that

scientists

use

the

so-called

scientific

method.If

you've

got

a

high

school

science

textbook

lying

around,you'll

probably

find

that

answer

in

it.But

what

is

typicallythoughttobethescientificmethod—developahypothesis(假设),then

design

an

experiment

to

test

it—isn't

what

scientistsactually

do.Science

is

dynamic:new

methods

get

invented;old

ones

get

abandoned;and

sometimes,scientists

can

befound

doing

many

different

things.2020年北京市适应性测试D篇③If

there

is

no

identifiable

scientific

method,

then

what

is

the

reason

for

trust

inThe

common

elementscience?

The

answer

is

how

those

claims

are

evaluated.

inmodern

science,

regardless

of

the

specific

field

or

the

particular

methods

being

used,is

the

strict

scrutiny(审查)of

claims.It's

this

tough,

sustained

process

that

works

tomake

sure

faulty

claims

are

rejected.

A

scientific

claim

is

never

accepted

as

trueuntil

it

has

gone

through

a

lengthy

“peer

review”because

the

reviewers

are

expertsin

the

same

field

who

have

both

the

right

and

the

obligation(责任)to

find

faults.④A

key

aspect

of

scientific

judgment

is

that

it

is

done

collectively.

No

claim

getsaccepted

until

it

has

been

vetted

by

dozens,

if

not

hundreds,

of

heads.

In

areas

thathave

been

contested,

like

climate

science

and

vaccine

safety,

it's

thousands.

This

iswhy

we

are

generally

justified

in

not

worrying

too

much

if

a

single

scientist,

even

avery

famous

one,

disagrees

with

the

claim.

And

this

is

why

diversity

in

science—themore

people

looking

at

a

claim

from

different

angles—is

important.2020年北京市适应性测试D篇2020年北京市适应性测试D篇①For

several

decades,

there

has

been

an

extensive

and

organizedcampaign

intended

to

generate

distrust

in

science,

funded

by

thosewhose

interests

and

ideologies

are

threatened

by

the

findings

of

modernscience.

In

response,

scientists

have

tended

to

stress

the

success

ofscience.

Afterall,

scientists

have

been

right

about

most

things.⑤Does

this

process

ever

go

wrong?Of

course.

Scientists

are

humans.There

is

always

the

possibility

of

revising

a

claim

on

the

basis

of

newevidence.Some

people

argue

that

we

should

not

trust

science

becausescientists

are“always

changing

their

minds.”

While

examples

of

trulysettled

science

being

overturned

are

far

fewer

than

is

sometimes

claimed,they

do

exist.

But

the

beauty

of

this

scientific

process

is

that

it

explainswhat

might

otherwise

appear

paradoxical(矛盾的):that

scienceproduces

both

novelty

and

stability.Scientists

do

change

their

minds

inthe

face

of

new

evidence,but

this

is

a

strength

of

science,not

a

weakness.2020年北京市适应性测试D篇论证观点批判性思维引发疑问理由成立并列结论1并列结论2明确前提前提条件1前提条件2总结观点结构化思维回答疑问典型语篇032016年高考北京卷D篇

WhyCollegeIsNotHome①The

college

years

are

supposed

to

be

a

time

for

importantgrowthin

autonomy(自主性)and

the

development

of

adultidentity.However,now

theyare

ingan

extendedperiod

of

adolescence,during

which

many

of

today’s

students

and

are

not

shouldered

with

adult

responsibilities.②Forpreviousgenerations,

college

was

a

decisive

break

from

parentalcontrol;

guidance

and

supportneeded

to

come

frompeople

of

the

same

ageand

from

within.

In

thepast

two

decades,

however,

continued

connection

with

and

dependence

on

family,

thanks

to

cellphones,

email

and

social

media,

have

increased

significantly.

Some

parentsgo

so

far

as

to

help

with

coursework.

Instead

of

promoting

the

idea

of

college

as

a

passage

from

the

shelter

of

the

family

to

autonomy

and

adult

responsibility,

universitieshave

given

in

to

the

idea

that

they

should

provide

the

same

environmentas

that

of

the

home.2016年高考北京卷D篇

WhyCollegeIsNotHome③To

prepare

for

increased

autonomy

and

responsibility,collegeneeds

to

be

a

time

of

exploration

and

experimentation.

This

processinvolves

“trying

on”new

ways

of

thinking

about

oneself

bothintellectually(在思维方面)and

personally.While

we

should

provide“safe

spaces”within

colleges,we

must

also

make

it

safe

to

expressopinions

and

challenge

majority

views.

Intellectual

growth

andflexibility

are

fostered

by

strict

debate

and

questioning.④Learning

to

deal

with

the

social

world

is

equally

important.Because

a

college

community(群体)differs

from

the

family,manystudents

will

struggle

to

find

a

sense

of

belonging.

If

students

rely

onadministrators

to

regulate

their

social

behavior

and

thinking

pattern,they

are

not

facing

the

challenge

of

finding

an

identity

within

a

largerand

complex

community.2016年高考北京卷D篇

WhyCollegeIsNotHome⑤Moreover,the

tendency

for

universities

to

monitor

and

shape

student

behaviorrunsupagainst

another

characteristic

ofyoungadults:the

responsetobeingcontrolled

by

their

elders.If

acceptable

social

behavior

is

too

strictly

defined(规定)and

controlled,

the

insensitive

or

aggressive

behavior

that

administrators

areseeking

to

minimize

may

actually

be

encouraged.⑥It

is

not

surprising

that

young

people

are

likely

toburst

out,

particularly

whenthere

are

reasons

to

do

so.

Our

generation

once

joined

hands

and

stood

firm

attimes

of

national

emergency.

What

is

lacking

today

is

the

conflict

betweenadolescent’s

desire

for

autonomy

and

their

understanding

of

an

unsafe

world.Therefore,

there

is

the

desire

for

their

dorms

to

be

replacement

homes

and

notplaces

to

experience

intellectual

growth.⑦Every

college

discussion

about

community

values,

social

climate

and

behaviorshould

include

recognition

of

the

developmental

importance

of

student

autonomyand

self-regulation,

of

the

necessary

tension

between

safety

and

self-discovery.①Thecollege

yearsare

supposed

to

be

atime

forimportant

growth

inautonomy(自主性)and

the

development

of

adult

identity.However,nowthey

are

ing

an

extended

period

of

adolescence,during

which

many

oftoday’s

students

and

are

notshouldered

with

adult

responsibilities.②For

previous

generations,

college

was

a

decisive

break

from

parental

control;

guidance

and

support

needed

to

come

from

people

of

the

same

age

and

from

within.

In

the

past

two

decades,

however,continued

connection

with

and

dependence

on

family,

thanks

to

cellphones,

email

and

social

media,

have

increased

significantly.

Some

parents

go

so

far

as

to

help

with

coursework.

Instead

ofpromoting

the

idea

of

college

as

a

passage

from

the

shelter

of

the

family

to

autonomy

and

adult

responsibility,

universities

have

given

in

to

the

idea

that

they

should

provide

the

same

environment

as

that

ofthe

home.2016年高考北京卷D篇Why

College

Is

Not

Home现状2016年高考北京卷D篇Why

College

Is

Not

Home③Toprepare

for

increased

autonomy

and

responsibility,college

needs

to

be

atime

of

exploration

and

experimentation.

This

process

involves

“trying

on”newways

of

thinking

about

oneself

both

intellectually(在思维方面)and

personally.While

we

should

provide

“safe

spaces”

within

colleges,

we

must

also

make

it

safeto

express

opinions

and

challenge

majority

views.

Intellectual

growth

andflexibility

are

fostered

by

strict

debate

and

questioning.办学模式--辩论+质疑What

---

大学：锻炼

How？探索+实践④Learning

to

deal

with

the

social

world

is

equally

important.

Because

a

collegecommunity(群体)differs

from

the

family,many

students

will

struggle

to

find

asense

of

belonging.If

students

rely

on

administrators

to

regulate

their

socialbehavior

and

thinking

pattern,they

are

not

facing

the

challenge

of

finding

anidentity

within

a

larger

and

complex

community.解决2016年高考北京卷D篇Why

College

Is

Not

Home⑤Moreover,the

tendency

for

universities

to

monitor

and

shapestudent

behavior

runs

up

against

another

characteristic

of

youngadults:the

response

to

being

controlled

by

their

elders.If

acceptablesocial

behavior

is

too

strictly

defined(规定)and

controlled,theinsensitive

or

aggressive

behavior

that

administrators

are

seeking

tominimize

may

actually

be

encouraged.

大学生和长辈之间关系？⑥It

is

not

surprising

that

young

people

are

likely

to

burst

out,particularly

when

there

are

reasons

to

do

so.

Our

generation

oncejoined

hands

and

stood

firm

at

times

of

national

emergency.

What

islacking

today

is

the

conflict

between

adolescent’s

desire

for

autonomyand

their

understanding

of

an

unsafe

world.

Therefore,

there

is

thedesire

for

their

dorms

to

be

replacement

homes

and

not

places

toexperience

intellectual

growth.冲突：独立自主vs不安全的世界--进一步解释为什么大学生不能完全放手---大学：宿舍还是家？矛盾利弊2016年高考北京卷D篇Why

College

Is

Not

Home⑦Every

college

discussion

about

community

values,social

climate

and

behavior

should

includestudent

autonomy

and

self-regulation,

ofrecognition

of

the

developmental

importance

ofthenecessary

tension

between

safety

and

self-discovery.自律+自我规范

（平衡）

;

安全保障下,自我探索,

因人而异。2016年高考北京卷D篇Why

College

Is

Not

Home⑦Every

college

discussion

about

community

values,

social

climateand

behavior

should

include

recognition

of

the

developmentalimportance

of

student

autonomy

and

self-regulation,

of

thenecessary

tension

between

safety

and

self-discovery.自律+自我规范

（平衡）

;

安全保障下,自我探索,

因人而异。矛盾利弊现状解决权衡结论2016年高考北京卷D篇Why

College

Is

Not

Home①The

college

years

are

supposed

to

be

a

time

for

important

growth

in

autonomy(自主性)and

the

development

of

adult

identity.However,now

they

are

ing

an

extended

period

ofadolescence,

during

which

many

of

today’s

students

and

are

not

shouldered

withadultresponsibilities.②For

previous

generations,

college

was

a

decisive

break

from

parental

control;

guidance

and

support

needed

to

come

from

people

of

the

same

age

and

from

within.

In

the

past

twodecades,

however,

continued

connection

with

and

dependence

on

family,

thanks

to

cellphones,

email

and

social

media,

have

increased

significantly.

Some

parents

go

so

far

as

to

helpwith

coursework.

Instead

of

promoting

the

idea

of

college

as

a

passage

from

the

shelter

of

the

family

to

autonomy

and

adult

responsibility,

universities

have

given

in

to

the

idea

thattheyshould

provide

thesame

environment

as

that

ofthe

home.③To

prepare

for

increased

autonomy

and

responsibility,

college

needs

to

be

a

time

of

exploration

and

experimentation.

This

process

involves

“trying

on”

new

ways

of

thinkingabout

oneself

both

intellectually(在思维方面)and

personally.While

we

should

provide

“safe

spaces”within

colleges,we

must

also

make

it

safe

to

express

opinions

and

challengemajorityviews.Intellectual

growth

and

flexibility

are

fostered

by

strict

debate

and

questioning.Point

1-思维+个性④Learning

to

deal

with

the

social

world

is

equally

important.Because

a

college

community(群体)differs

from

the

family,many

students

will

struggle

to

find

a

sense

of

belonging.If

students

rely

on

administrators

to

regulate

their

social

behavior

and

thinking

pattern,they

are

not

facing

the

challenge

of

findin