专练12自然环保类阅读理解(解析版)-备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练(新高考)

备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练(新高考)12自然环保类阅读理解【命题意图】阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。【考试方向】"人与自然和谐发展”是时代的主题，生态环保的话题也越来越多地出现在新试题中。在命题方面有以下趋势：|1.题材：强调人与自然和谐发展。2.选材：关注人、自然的生存现状和未来发展。3.命题：形式多样，突出整体理解，合理推断。【得分要点】1.应试生态环保类题目时，在理解文章的基础上，要重点突破归纳主旨大意技能，因为推断是以整体理解为基础的推断能力。那么，怎样归纳主旨大意？(1)寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：找出每小段的主题句。主题句通常有这样的特点：①有一个话题(topic)；②有阐述控制性概念(controllingidea)偶尔也可在一段中间；③有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中。这就需要读者进一步加工概括了。(2)寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。应观察全文的结构安排，理解文章浓墨重笔写的“重心”，考虑文章组织材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的，分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心大意来安排的。(3)典型错误：①忽视文章的结构；②混淆了中心与支撑细节或材料的区别；③忽视文章表意的倾向性；④漏掉了主要的特征词。2.怎样正确推理判断推理判断试题要求考生尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意，并作出正确的推理和判断。(1)数据推断题解答此类题，关键是要善于捕捉有关数字的信息，然后在透彻理解原文的字面意义和题意的基础上，运用自己的数学知识，对其进行分析、推算，从而得出正确的结论。(2)知识推断题根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。(3)逻辑结论推断题根据事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料，不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。解答这类题的前提是要首先获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题意要求进行推断。(4)对作者态度、倾向的推断题作者的倾向和感情往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中，因此，在推断过星中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞。【真题再现】【2020•全国卷I,D】Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio，forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology（MIT）havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse，evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.＂We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,＂explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsgrow（发光）inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight，aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby，isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreeintoself-poweredstreetlamps.inthefuture，theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff＂switch＂wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource（电源）-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission（传输）.Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?Anewstudyofdifferentplants.Abigfallincrimerates.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.Benefitsfromgreenplants.WhatisthefunctionofthesensorsprintedonplantleavesbyMITengineer?Todetectplants’lackofwaterTochangecompositionsofplantsTomakethelifeofplantslonger.Totestchemicalsinplants.Whatcanweexpectoftheglowingplantsinthefuture?Theywillspeedupenergyproduction.Theymaytransmitelectricitytothehome.Theymighthelpreduceenergyconsumption.Theycouldtaketheplaceofpowerplants.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?Howdowelivewithglowingplants?Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?Howareglowingplantsmadepollution-free?【答案】32.D33.A34.C35.C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。.主旨大意题。根据第一段中AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexamplediscoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。.细节理解题。根据第二段中Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontheirleavestoshowwhenthey'reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.可知这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选A。.细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。故选C。.主日大意题。根据最后^段，中Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedinthe_US.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission.Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。【题型演练】1Greenlandisthebiggestislandintheworld.Andtheicesheetthatsitsatopitismassive.“Thepileoficebeingsothick,itextendsmorethan10,000feetabovetheocean.Andifallthaticeweretomeltandgointotheocean,globalsealevelswouldriseby24feeteverywherearoundtheworld,”saidJasonBriner,ageologistattheUniversityatBuffalo.Theicesheetismelting,ofcourse.Butjusthowmuch,comparedtothepast?Briner'steamdidacomputersimulation（模拟）ofthesouthwestoftheGreenlandicesheet,whichhesaysisagoodproxyforicemeltacrosstheentireicesheet.Theresearcherspluggedpastclimatedataintothatmodelto“hindcast”,ratherthanforecast,thepastactivityoftheicesheet.Theythencheckedthemodel’spredictionsofthepastshapeandsizeoftheicesheetbylookingatpilesofrocksanddirtonGreenlandtoday,whichoutlinetheedgesofancientice.Andthesimulationwasingoodagreementwiththeactualsituation.Usingthatreconstructionoftheicesheetovertime,theteamcouldcomparetheicesheet’shistoriclossestothosehappeningtodayunderhuman-causedglobalwarming.AndtheydeterminedthatGreenlandisontracktolosemoreicethiscenturythanduringanycenturyinthepast12,000years—possiblyfourtimesasmuch.TheresultsappearinthejournalNature.Ultimatelyit’suptoushowmuchiceactuallymelts.“Humanityhasthebutton—thecarbonbutton—andthatbuttonisgoingtoinfluencetheratesoficelossfromtheGreenlandicesheet.”Iftheworldgoesnetcarbonzeroby2100,forexample,Brinersaysicelosscouldstop,entirelyattheendofthecentury,accordingtoonemodel.“Thatwaswhatkeptmefrombeingcompletelydepressedaboutourstudy.”Dozensofcountrieshavealreadyannouncedgoalstogonetcarbonzerobythemiddleofthiscentury—sofartheU.S.isnotoneofthem.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“proxy”inParagraph2referto?A.Example.B.Recommendation.A.Example.C.Combination. D.Interpretation.WhatdowelearnfromthecomputersimulationdonebyBriner’steam?Itisconductedbypredictingtheactivityoftheicesheet.Itcentersonicemeltthroughouttheentireicesheet.Itconsistswiththeicesheet’sactualcircumstance.Itshowstheicesheet’slossesareindecline.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?Toarousepeople’sinterestinGreenland.Topointouttheimportanceofcomputersimulation.Toemphasizetheaccuracyofthesimulation.ToappealtoAmericatogonetcarbonzero.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?.AmericaCausestheIceSheettoMelt.GlobalSeaLevelsAreRising.GreenlandIsMeltingFasterManCanConquerNature【答案】1.D2.C3.D4.C【解析】这是一篇说明文。讲述了一项研究：纽约州立大学水牛城分校的地质学家布里纳的团队通过对格陵兰冰原西南部进行了一次计算机模拟发现，格陵兰岛在本世纪将失去的冰比过去12000年的任何一个世纪都要多，可能是过去的四倍。说明了格陵兰正在加速融化。词义猜测题。根据上文中“Briner'steamdidacomputersimulation（模拟）ofthesouthwestoftheGreenlandicesheet,”（Briner的团队做了一个格陵兰冰原冰盖西南部的计算机模拟），可以推测此处应该是指“这是对整个冰盖融化的一个很好的诠释/解释”，选项DInterpretation.“解释”符合文意。故选D。推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句"Andthesimulationwasingoodagreementwiththeactualsituation."（仿真结果与实际情况吻合较好。）选项C“Itconsistwiththeicesheet'sactualcircumstanc"（这与冰原的实际情况相符）与文意一致，故选C。推理判断题。由最后一段中“Iftheworldgoesnetcarbonzeroby2100,forexample,Brinersaysicelosscouldstop,entirelyattheendofthecentury,accordingtoonemodel."（比如说，如果到2100年全球的碳排放量达到零。布里纳说，根据一个模型，冰川融化可能会在本世纪末完全停止。）及最后一句"Dozensofcountrieshavealreadyannouncedgoalstogonetcarbonzerobythemiddleofthiscentury—sofartheU.S.isnotoneofthem”（许多国家已经宣布了在本世纪中叶实现碳零排放的目标，但美国还没有达到这一目标。）可推知，本文的写作目的就是呼吁美国能实现碳零排放。故选D。主旨大意题。结合文章第二段中“Briner'steamdidacomputersimulation（模拟）ofthesouthwestoftheGreenlandicesheet,whichhesaysisagoodproxyforicemeltacrosstheentireicesheet.”（布里纳的团队做了一个格陵兰冰原冰盖西南部的计算机模拟，他说这是整个冰盖融化的很好的诠释。）及第二段最后一句"Andthesimulation wasingoodagreementwiththeactualsituation.”（模拟结果与实际情况吻合）；第三段中“AndtheydeterminedthatGreenlandisontracktolosemoreicethiscenturythanduringanycenturyinthepast12,000years一possiblyfourtimesasmuch."（他们断定格陵兰岛在本世纪将失去的冰比过去12000年的任何一个世纪都要多，可能是过去的四倍。）据此可知，全文说明了格陵兰岛的冰正在加速融化。故选C。2Whileorcasareknownfortheirwell-designedjointattacksonunsuspectingoceanicanimals,theyhaveneverposedathreattohumans.However,sinceJuly2020,thenormallysocialanimalshavebeenintentionallyattackingsailboatsoffthecoastsofSpain.Theunusualhostilityispuzzlingscientistsworldwide.ThestrangebehaviorfirstsurfacedonJuly29,whenVictoriaMorris,abiologygraduate,noticednineorcascirclingthe46footboatshewascrewingneartheshoresoftheStraitofGibraltar.Shewasinitiallycheerfultoseethefriendlyanimals,withwhichshehadnumerousencounterswhileteachingsailinginNewZealand.However,thatchangedwhentheorcasstartedstrikingtheboatrepeatedlyforalmostanhour.“Theyalmostturnedtheboatoverandthedeafeningnoisewasterrifying,”shesaid.Thecontinuousattacksbroketheboat'sautomaticrudder,leavingtheboatdisabled.SpanishbiologistRocioEspadasays,“Itiscrazy.I'veseenthesewhalesgrowfrombabies.Iknowtheirlifestories.I'veneverseenorheardofattacks.”Sincethen,over30moresimilarincidentshavebeenreported.Someresearchersbelievetheorcas'unusualbehaviorcouldbearesultoftheoverfishingoftuna-orcas'primaryfoodsource-whichhasleftthearea'sorcasstarvingandunabletofeedtheirbabies.“Isaworcaslookatboatscarryingfish.Theintelligentanimalsmayknowhumansaresomehowrelatedtofoodshortages,”saysKenBalcomb,anAmericanscientist.However,AlfredoLopezaSpanishbiologyprofessor,thinkstheattackswerepreventativemeasurestheorcasadoptedtoprotectthemselvesagainstboatinjuries.Theresearchercametothisconclusionafterlookingatthefootageofafewincidentsfilmedonthesceneandnoticingthattwooftheyoungorcasinvolvedhadseriousinjuries.Thescientistwasn'tsureiftheorcaswerehurtduringorbeforetherecentboatencounters.Lopezsaid,“Ourinterpretationisthattheydon'thavetheslightestintentionofattackingpeople.”Hopefully,theexpertswillfindawaytorestoretheharmonybetweentheanimalsandhumanssoon.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hostility”inparagraph1mean?A.Unfriendliness.B.Defence. C.Cooperation.D.Impatience.WhatdoweknowaboutVictoriaMorris?Hermajorledhertoanticipateorcas'intenseattacks.Sherarelyspottedorcaswhenworkingasasailingcoach.Herjoygavewaytofearaftertheorcasbeganattackingtheboat.Shewasdoingresearchontheshorewhenshecaughtsightofnineorcas.WhatdidRocioEspadathinkoftheorcas'behaviorofattackinghumans?A.Predictable.B.Abnormal. C.Unavoidable.D.Natural.WhichofthefollowingmayAlfredoLopezagreewith?A.Orcasfrequentlygethurtbyboats. B.Orcasenjoyplayingtricksonhumans.C.Orcasarepunishinghumansforoverfishing.D.Orcasattackboatstosafeguardagainstdangers.【答案】5.A6.C7.B8.D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了虎鲸从未对人类构成威胁。然而，自2020年7月以来，这种通常群居的动物一直在故意攻击西班牙海岸的帆船。这种不寻常的敌意令全世界的科学家感到困惑。文章主要列举了专家对这一现象的看法和原因解析。词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“However,sinceJuly2020,thenormallysocialanimalshavebeenintentionallyattackingsailboatsoffthecoastsofSpain.（然而，自2020年7月以来，这种通常群居的动物一直在故意攻击西班牙海岸的帆船）”可知，自2020年7月以来虎鲸开始对人类不友好，故意攻击西班牙海岸的帆船。故画线词意思为“不友好”。A.Unfriendliness.不友好；B.Defence.防御；C.Cooperation.合作；D.Impatience.无耐心。故选A。细节理解题。根据“Shewasinitiallycheerfultoseethefriendlyanimals,withwhichshehadnumerousencounterswhileteachingsailinginNewZealand.However,thatchangedwhentheorcasstartedstrikingtheboatrepeatedlyforalmostanhour.“Theyalmostturnedtheboatoverandthedeafeningnoisewasterrifying,”shesaid.（她最初很高兴看到这些友好的动物，她在新西兰教航海时曾与它们有过多次接触。然而，当虎鲸开始在近一小时的时间里不断撞击船只时，情况发生了变化。“他们几乎把船弄翻了，震耳欲聋的声音很可怕，”她说）”可知，当虎鲸开始攻击她的船时，VictoriaMorris的喜悦变成了恐惧。故选C。细节理解题。根据第三段中“SpanishbiologistRocioEspadasays,“Itiscrazy.I'veseenthesewhalesgrowfrombabies.Iknowtheirlifestories.I'veneverseenorheardofattacks.”（西班牙生物学家RocioEspada说：“这太疯狂了。我看到这些鲸鱼从小长大。我知道他们的生活故事。我从未见过或听说过它们会袭击人类。可知，RocioEspada认为虎鲸攻击人类的行为是反常的。故选B。推理判断题。根据最后一段中“However,AlfredoLopezaSpanishbiologyprofessor,thinkstheattackswerepreventativemeasurestheorcasadoptedtoprotectthemselvesagainstboatinjuries.（然而，西班牙生物学教授AlfredoLopez认为，这些攻击是虎鲸为了保护自己免受船只伤害而采取的预防性措施）”以及“Lopezsaid,“Ourinterpretationisthattheydon'thavetheslightestintentionofattackingpeople.,?（Lopez说：“我们的解释是，他们没有丝毫攻击人的意图。可推知，D选项“虎鲸攻击船只以防范危险”的观点AlfredoLopez可能会认同。故选D。3TheNewSouthWalesgovernmentusedplanestodropmorethan4,000poundsofcarrotsandsweetpotatoes,totheforestswhicharedamagedbytherecentwildfires.Thefiresarereportedtohavekilledmorethanabillionwildanimalsanddestroyedalandofmorethan84thousandsquarekilometers—abouttwicethesizeofMaryland.Whatisworse,mostAustraliansareworryingaboutwhenthewildfireswillbefullyputout.“Thehomeofseveralimportantwallabies（沙袋鼠）wasburntintherecentfires,NewSouthWalesEnvironmentMinisterMattKeansaidonSunday.Keansaidthedropsarewhatwallabiesneed.Theplanisdesignedtohelpwallabiesandallowthemtorecover.Fireseasonsoftentakeplaceinthecountry,butthisyearthefireshavebeenquitedevastating.Thecountryexperiencedoneofitshottestanddriestyears,whichmadeithardertoputoutthefires.Besideswildanimals,thefireshavetakenthelivesofatleast25peopleanddestroyedmorethan2,000homes.“Ithinkthere'snothingtocomparewiththedamagethat'sgoingonoversuchalargeareasoquickly.It'sabigeventintermsofgeographyandthenumberofwildanimals,“Dickman,ananimalprotectionexpert,saidinaninterviewwithNPRlastweek.“WeknowthatthenumberofAustralianwildanimalshasbeengoingdownoverthelastseveraldecades,andit'sprobablyfairlywellknownthatAustralia'sgottheworld'shighestrateofextinctionofanimals,”headded.“It'seventslikethisthatmayincreasethespeedofextinctionofalotofotheranimals.So,it'sverysadtime.Everyonehastotrytheirbesttodosomethingforthem.WhydidtheAustraliangovernmentdroppotatoes?A.Tofeedtheanimals. B.Totrapthe animals.C.Toplantpotatoesthere. D.Tohelpthe people.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“devastating”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Damaging. B.Interesting.C.Surprising. D.Tiring.WhatcanweknowabouttherecentAustralianwildfiresfromthetext?Theyhavebeenundercontrol.Theweatherishelpfulinputtingoutthem.Theyhavekilledasmallamountofwildlife.Theyhavegreatlyinfluencedbothpeopleandanimals.WhatdoesDickmanwanttostressinthelastparagraph?Australiahasalotofwildlife.Australianshavesufferedalot.Australiansshouldprotectthewildlife.Thegovernmentisresponsibleforthewildfires.【答案】9.A10.A11.D12.C【解析】本文是说明文。本文讲述了澳大利亚火灾给动植物和人类带来的巨大损失，以及新南威尔斯州政府所采取的措施。.细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后两句"Keansaidthedropsarewhatwallabiesneed.Theplanisdesignedtohelpwallabiesandallowthemtorecover.”（基恩说，沙袋鼠需要的就是这种投放。该计划旨在帮助沙袋鼠，让它们恢复健康。）可知，澳大利亚大火后野生动物急需食物，因此政府投放土豆是为了动物。故选A。.词义猜测题。根据文章下文“Thecountryexperiencedoneofitshottestanddriestyears,whichmadeithardertoputoutthefires.Besideswildanimals,thefireshavetakenthelivesofatleast25peopleanddestroyedmorethan2,000homes."（这个国家经历了最炎热和最干燥的年份，这使得扑灭大火更加困难。除了野生动物，大火已经夺走了至少25人的生命,摧毁了2000多座房屋。）可知，今年的火灾造成了相当大的破坏。故选A。.推理判断题。根据文章第二段第一句"Thehomeofseveralimportantwallabies（沙袋鼠）wasburntintherecentfires”（几只重要沙袋鼠的家在最近的火灾中被烧毁。）以及第三段内容，这个国家经常发生火灾，但今年的火灾破坏性很大。这个国家经历了最炎热和最干燥的年份，这使得扑灭大火更加困难。除了野生动物，大火已经夺走了至少25人的生命，摧毁了2000多座房屋。因此推断这次的澳大利亚大火严重地影响了野生动物和人们的生活。故选D。.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“WeknowthatthenumberofAustralianwildanimalshasbeengoingdownoverthelastseveraldecades,andit’sprobablyfairlywellknownthatAustralia’sgottheworld’shighestrateofextinctionofanimals,”headded.“It’seventslikethisthatmayincreasethespeedofextinctionofalotofotheranimals.So,it,sverysadtime.Everyonehastotrytheirbesttodosomethingforthem.”(他补充说:“我们知道，澳大利亚野生动物的数量在过去几十年里一直在下降，而且澳大利亚是世界上动物灭绝率最高的国家，这可能是相当众所周知的。”“像这样的事件可能会加速许多其他动物的灭绝。所以，这是一个非常悲伤的时刻。每个人都要尽力为他们做些什么。”)可推断，Dickman想要强调澳大利亚的野生动物濒临灭绝，呼吁澳大利亚人应该保护野生动物。故选C。4Everybodyhatesrats.Butintheearthquakecapitalsoftheworld-Japan,LosAngeles,Turkey-ratswillsoonbeman'snewbestfriends.Whathappensafteranearthquake?Wesendinrescuedogs.Why?Becausetheycansmellpeople.Dogssavelives.Theyhelprescuerstofindlivingpeople.Butdogsarebigandtheycan'tgetintosmallspaces.Sonowanewresearchprojectisusingasmalleranimaltosavelives:therat.Howdoesitwork?First，theratistrainedtosmellpeople.Whenthishappens,therat'sbraingivesasignal.Thisissenttoasmallradioonitsback,andthentherescuersfollowtheradiosignals.Whentherat'sbrainactivityjumps,therescuersknowthatsomeoneisalive.Therathassmelledthatperson.Althoughtherearealreadyrobotswhichcandothisjob,ratsarebetter.ChristianLinsteratCornellUniversity-NewYorksays,“Robots'nosesdon'tworkwellwhenthereareothersmellsaround.Ratsaregoodatthat.”Ratscanalsoseeinthedark.Theyarecheaperandquickertotrainthandogs,andunlikerobots,theydon'tneedelectricity!The“ratproject”isnotfinished,butJulieRyanofInternationalRescueCorpsinScotlandsays,“Itwouldbefantastic.Aratcouldgetintospaceswecouldn'tgettoandaratwouldgetoutifitwasn'tsafe.”Perhapsforthefirsttimeinhistory,peoplewillbehappytoseearatinabuilding(butonlyafteranearthquake,ofcourse).Intheworldearthquakecapitals,ratswillbecomeman'sbestfriendsbecausetheycan .taketheplaceofman'srescuejobsfindthepositionofpeoplealivewhoaretrappedinbuildingsserveasfoodforpeoplealivewhoaretrappedinbuildingsgetintosmallspacesFromthethirdparagraphweknowtherescuerscanjudgeapersonisaliveby .A.thenoisemadebytherat B.therat'sunusualbehaviorC.thesignalsentbytheradioontherat'sbackD.thesmellgivenoffbythepersonIndoingrescuejobs, .ratssmellbetterthandogsdogsdon'tneedtobetrainedtosmellpeoplerobots'senseofsmellcanbeaffectedbyothersmellsaroundratscannotseeinthedarkAfterreadingthepassagewecanknow.nowadaysratshavereplaceddogsinsearchingforpeoplethe“ratproject”hasbeencompletedpeoplearenowhappytoseearatinabuildingatpresentpeoplestillusedogsandrobotsinrescues【答案】13.B14.C15.C16.D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了用老鼠来寻找在地震中被困在地下的人的优势。.细节理解题。根据第一段“Butintheearthquakecapitalsoftheworld-Japan,LosAngeles,Turkey-ratswillsoonbeman'snewbestfriends.（但是在世界地震之都 日本和洛杉矶，土耳其 老鼠将很快成为人类的新朋友。）”第二段“Sonowanewresearchprojectisusingasmalleranimaltosavelives:therat.（因此，现在一项新的研究项目正在使用一种较小的动物来拯救生命：老鼠。）”可知，在世界地震之都，老鼠将成为人类最好的朋友，因为它们可以找到被困在建筑物里的活着的人的位置。故选B项。.细节理解题。根据第三段“Thisissenttoasmallradioonitsback,andthentherescuersfollowtheradiosignals.Whentherat'sbrainactivityjumps,therescuersknowthatsomeoneisalive（.它被发送到一个背上的小型无线电，然后救援人员跟踪无线电信号。当老鼠的大脑活动跳跃时，救援人员就知道有人还活着。）”可知，救援人员可以通过老鼠背上的无线电发出的信号来判断一个人是否还活着。故选C项。.细节理解题。根据第四段“Robots'nosesdon'tworkwellwhenthereareothersmellsaround.（当周围有其他气味时，机器人的鼻子就不能正常工作。）”，可知，在救援时，机器人的嗅觉会受到周围其他气味的影响。故选C项。.推理判断题。根据第二段“Whathappensafteranearthquake?Wesendinrescuedogs.Why?Becausetheycansmellpeople.Dogssavelives.”地震后会发生什么？我们派出了救援犬。为什么？因为他们能闻到人的气味。狗能救人。根据倒数第二段“Althoughtherearealreadyrobotswhichcandothisjob,ratsarebetter.”虽然已经有机器人可以做这项工作，但老鼠更好。根据最后一段“Perhapsforthefirsttimeinhistory,peoplewillbehappytoseearatinabuilding（butonlyafteranearthquake,ofcourse）.（也许这是历史上第一次，人们会乐于看到建筑里有一只老鼠（当然，只有在地震之后）。）”可知，此句运用一般将来时，说明现在还没有投入使用，是将来的事情，说明人们还在使用狗和机器人实施求援。故选D项。5Identifyingthechemicalmakeupofpigment（色素）usedinancientdocuments,paintings,andwatercolorsiscriticaltorestoringandconservingthepreciousartworks.However,despitenumerousefforts,scientistshadbeenunabletodeterminethesourceoffolium,apopularbluedyeusedtocolormanuscripts（手稿）inEuropeduringthemiddleages—fromthe5thtothe15thcentury.Now,ateamofresearchersfromPortugalhasfinallyuncoveredthemysteriousingredientresponsibleforthegorgeousblueish-purplecolorthathelpedbringancientillustrationsandtextstolife.TheresearchteambeganbyporingoverinstructionspennedbyEuropeandyemakersfromthe12th,14th,and15thcenturies.Theyfoundwhattheywereseekingina15th-centurytextentitledTheBookonHowtoMakeAlltheColorPaintsforIlluminatingBooks.However,translatingtheinstructionswasnoeasytask.ItwaswritteninthenowextinctJudaeo-Portugueselanguage,andthoughthesourceofthedyewastracedbacktoaplant,nonamewasmentioned.However,bypiecingtogethersuggestionsfromthetext,thescientistswereabletodeterminethatthedyewasmadefromthebluish-greenberriesofthechrozophoratinctoriaplant.Afteranextensivesearch,theteamfoundafewvarietiesoftheplantgrowingalongtheroadsidenearthetownofMonsarazinsouthPortugal.Thedetailedinstructionsgavetheresearcherscriticalclues—includingthebesttimetopicktheberries.“Youneedtosqueezethefruits,beingcarefulnottobreaktheseeds,andthentoputthemonlinen（亚麻）.”Thescientistsaysthedetailwasimportantsincebrokenseedspollutedthepigment,producinganinferiorqualityink.Thedyedlinen,whichwaslefttodry,wasanefficientwaytostoreandtransportthepigmentduringancienttimes.Whenneeded,theartistwouldsimplycutoffapieceoftheclothanddipitwithwatertosqueezeoutthebluecolor.Oncethekeyingredienthadbeenidentified,theresearchersbegantodeterminethedye’smolecularstructure.Totheirsurprise,theyfoundthatfoliumwasnotlikeanyotherknownpermanentbluedyes—itwasanentirelynewclassofcolor,onetheynamedchrozophoridin.“Chrozophoridinwasusedinancienttimestomakeabeautifulbluedyeforpainting.”theteamwroteinthestudy.“Thus,webelievethatthiswillnotbeourfinalwordonthisamazingplantanditsstoryandthatfurtherdiscoverieswillfollowsoon.”Theprimarypurposeofthestudyisto .restoreandconserveancientpreciousartworksdeterminethesubstancemakingupthefoliumprovetheancientdye-makingtechniquewasorganicidentifywhichclassofcolorfoliumbelongstoTheunderlinedphrase“poringover”inthesecondparagraphmeans .A.discussingpublicly B.testingrepeatedlyC.passingdirectly D.readingcarefullyWhatcanbelearnedaboutthebluedyefolium?Itwasessentiallyaninferiortypeofink.Itwastheonlykindmadefromwildberries.Itcouldbecarriedandusedeasily.Itwascarefullysqueezedfrombrokenseeds.Thearticleismainlyabout .howthemysteryofathousand-year-oldbluedyewassolvedwhytheresearcherstookthetroubletorecreatethedyewhatneedstobedonetomakeanorganicdyefromaplantwhenandwherethediscoveryofthedyewasmade【答案】17.B18.D19.C20.A【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要内容是关于一种成分神秘的蓝色染料，研究小组经过研究发现了这种蓝色染料的关键成分，讲述了千年蓝色染料之谜是如何解开的。细节理解题。根据第一段“However,despitenumerousefforts,scientistshadbeenunabletodeterminethesourceoffolium,apopularbluedyeusedtocolormanuscripts（手稿）inEuropeduringthemiddleages—fromthe5thtothe15thcentury.Now,ateamofresearchersfromPortugalhasfinallyuncoveredthemysteriousingredientresponsibleforthegorgeousblueish-purplecolorthathelpedbringancientillustrations andtextstolife.（然而，尽管进行了大量的努力，科学家们仍然无法确定叶绿的来源，叶绿是中世纪（5世纪至15世纪）欧洲一种流行的蓝色染料，用于给手稿上色。现在，一个来自葡萄牙的研究小组终于发现了一种神秘的成分，这种神秘的成分导致了绚丽的蓝紫色，使古老的插图和文字栩栩如生）”可知，研究的最初目的是为了确定“folium（叶绿）”的组成物质，故选B项。短语猜测题。根据划词组所在句“TheresearchteambeganbyporingoverinstructionspennedbyEuropeandyemakersfromthe12th,14th,and15thcenturies.（研究小组首先poringover12、14和15世纪欧洲染料制造商编写的说明书）”以及下文“Theyfoundwhattheywereseekingina15th-centurytextentitledTheBookonHowtoMakeAlltheColorPaintsforIlluminatingBooks.However,translatingtheinstructionswasnoeasytask.（他们在15世纪的一本书中找到了他们想要的东西，这本书的题目是《如何制作所有用于书籍照明的彩色颜料》。然而，翻译说明书并非易事）”可知，研究小组先仔细地阅读了说明书，对其进行研究，所以pouringover意为“仔细阅读”。故选D项。推理判断题。根据第四段“Thedyedlinen,whichwaslefttodry,wasanefficientwaytostoreandtransportthepigmentduringancienttimes.Whenneeded,theartistwouldsimplycutoffapieceoftheclothanddipitwithwatertosqueezeoutthebluecolor.（染色后晾干的亚麻布是古代储存和运输燃料的有效方法。当需要的时候，艺术家会简单地剪下一块布，用水蘸一下，挤出蓝色）”可知，bluedyefolium（蓝色染料）便于携带和使用。故选C项。主旨大意题。根据第一段“However,despitenumerousefforts,scientistshadbeenunabletodeterminethesourceoffolium,apopularbluedyeusedtocolormanuscripts（手稿）inEuropeduringthemiddleages—fromthe5thtothe15thcentury.Now,ateamofresearchersfromPortugalhasfinallyuncoveredthemysteriousingredientresponsibleforthegorgeousblueish-purplecolorthathelpedbringancientillustrations andtextstolife.（然而，尽管进行了大量的努力，科学家们仍然无法确定叶绿的来源，叶绿是中世纪（5世纪至15世纪）欧洲一种流行的蓝色染料，用于给手稿上色。现在，一个来自葡萄牙的研究小组终于发现了一种神秘的成分，这种神秘的成分导致了绚丽的蓝紫色，使古老的插图和文字栩栩如生）”，结合全文对这种蓝色染料成分的研究可知，研究人员已确定染料的关键成分。由此可知，本文主要是关于一种千年蓝色染料之谜是如何解开的。故选A项。6Ahighlevelofmethane（甲烷）gasonMarswasfoundbyNASA'sMarsexplorationvehicle.ThediscoveryisexcitingbecausethepresenceofmethanegascouldsupportthecaseforlifeonMars:NASA'sCurios