新编实用英语写作课件（主编蒋磊）基础写作1

新编实用英语写作主编：蒋磊蔡季愚北京出版集团公司北京出版社NewPracticalEnglishWritingUnit1

ComparisonbetweenEnglish&ChineseWritingknowthedifferentorganizationalpatternsbetweenChineseandEnglishwriting;

learnaboutthehypotactic¶tacticmethods.haveagoodcommandofdifferentsentenceformation;

Unit1LearningGoalsSectionIISection

ISectionIIISectionIVSectionVLinearPatternandCyclicalPatternOneSingleTopic&MultipleTopicsHypotacticandParatacticAbstractThinkingandConcreteThinkingSentenceFocusinDifferentPlacesSectionVIComplexandSimplexSectionVIIApplyingYourKnowledgeLinearPatternandCyclicalPatternSectionISectionILinearPatternandCyclicalPattern

WritinginEnglishisquitedifferentfromwritinginChinese.Becausethewritingofdifferentcultureswillreflectthedifferencesinthoughtpatterns.

InordertobeabletowritewellinEnglish,itisveryimportantforChinesestudentstobeawareoftwothoughtpatterns:linearpattern

andcyclicalpatternWhat’sLinearPattern?English

(straightline)

That’stosay,anEnglishwriterisunlikelytospendmuchtimeinsettingupabackgroundforthemainpoint.Hecomestothepointimmediatelyanddevelopshisideaalongastraightline.Heoftenexpresseshisthesisorcentralideaatthebeginningofthearticle.Englishthoughtpatternislinear.SectionILinearPatternandCyclicalPatternWhat’sCyclicalPattern?

ItisdifficultforChinesewriterstobedirecttoexpressthepointofviewinthethesisstatementatthebeginningofthewriting.Theideaisintroducedasitisdevelopedortheconversationproceeds

(spiral/circularapproachbyindirection)Oriental(Chinese)

Moretolearn

Chinesethoughtpatterniscircular.

SectionILinearPatternandCyclicalPatternTherearetwolettershere.Readthemanddecide:1.WhichoneiswritteninLinearPattern?2.HowdoestheChinesewriterdevelophisletter?

ThinkingDearTeacher:Howareyou?NowIamacollegestudent.Collegelifeisquitedifferentfromthatofmiddleschool.Itisnewforme.Iamtryingtoadjustmyselftothenewlife.Dearteacher,whenIwasatmiddleschoolyounotonlytaughtmealotofknowledge,butinfluencedmeinvariousways.Iamverygrateful.Youwereverykindtomejustaskindasafathermightbe.IstillrememberonceyoulentyourumbrellatomewhereasyouwerecaughtintheheavyrainasIlearntlater.Youweregeneroustome,too.Onceyouinvitedmeoverfordinner,I’llneverforgetwhatyouhavedoneforme,andIwillkeepgratefulforwhatyouhavedoneforme.Dearteacher,I’mbusywithmystudy.ButIaminbadneedofanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Irememberyouhaveone.Wouldyouliketoletmehaveit?Ifyouwould,Iwillbeverythankful.Bestwishestoyou!YourssincerelyYangLinSectionILinearPatternandCyclicalPatternDearMr.Jones,Asyouknow,IamnowastudenthereatZhengzhouUniversity.IamenjoyingmyEnglishclassesverymuch,butIhaveaproblemandIwaswonderingifyoucouldhelpme.IaminneedofanEnglish-ChinesedictionaryandIrememberthatyouhaveonethatyoudon’tuse.Wouldyoubewillingtolendittome?Iwouldreallyappreciateit.Collegelifeisverydifferentfromthatinhighschool,butIamhavingagreattime.I’vealreadymakesomegoodfriendsandIfeelquiteathomehere.Thankyouverymuchforyourhelp!Yourssincerely,JimmySectionILinearPatternandCyclicalPattern

SectionII

OneSingleTopic&MultipleTopics

Generallyspeaking,anEnglisharticlemayconsistofoneormorethanoneparagraph.Eachonediscussesonlyonething.That’stosay,oneparagraphjustonlysupportsthemainideaofthearticlefromoneaspect.Thesingleideaisthecentralthoughtoftheparagraph,whichisoftensummarizedinonesentencecalledthetopicsentence.Othersentencesoftheparagraphprovidesupportingdetailswhichareallrelevanttothecentralidea.Anythingthatfailstosupportthestatementmadeinthetopicsentenceisnotsuitablefortheparagraph.Inotherwords,aparagraphcan’thavetwoormorecentralideas.SectionIIOneSingleTopic&MultipleTopics

EvenataprestigiouseducationalinstitutionlikeHarvard,anti-intellectualismiswidespread。①Manystudentsareashamedtoadmit,eventotheirfriends,howmuchtheystudy.②Althoughmoststudentstrytokeepuptheirgrades,thereisbutasmallgroupofundergraduatesforwhompursuingknowledgeisthemostimportantthingduringtheiryearsatHarvard.③Nerdsarelookeddownuponwhileathletesaremadeheroesof.④

topicsentence

supportingsentences

closingsentenceSectionIIOneSingleTopic&MultipleTopics

closingsentence

AChineseparagraphcanhavemorethanonecentralidea.Ithasnoobvioustopicsentence,andnotonlydealswithoneideabutalsoseveralideas.SectionIIOneSingleTopic&MultipleTopics

伟大的精神方能造就伟大的人。古往今来，凡成就一番事业者，无不有着巨大的精神力量作后盾。伟大的精神造就伟大的事业。对一个人是这样，对一个社会也是如此。不可想象，一个没有精神追求的人可以成就一番事业。精神有着神奇的作用。它一旦被人民群众所掌握就会变成巨大的物质力量。同时它也有着不可小视的销蚀作用。这些年，在社会政治生活中出现的忽视精神文明建设的倾向，在忽视精神的正效应的同时，无形中也助长了精神的负效应。目前社会现实中一些人政治信念的淡漠，道德支柱的倾斜，价值追求的扭曲，精神世界的苍白，行为方式的变态，日常生活中种种不文明、不道德的行为，社会上屡禁不止的腐败现象，我们已经尝够了苦果。薛保勤《精神的力量》fourtopicsentencesSectionIIOneSingleTopic&MultipleTopicsMoretolearn

Withthechangesintheirsocialrole,women’spositioninthefamilyhasbeenimprovedaswell.①Husbandandwifearenowequalinthefamily.②Theycopewithproblemsofdailylifetogetherandsharetheresponsibilityofdoinghouseholdchoresandtakingcareofchildren.③Butinsomefamilies,youcanstillfindthatwivesarebeingbusywithdinners,whilehusbandsarecomfortablysittinginarmchairsreadingnewspapersorwatchingfootballgamesonTV.④topicsentencesupportingsentences④isinconflictwiththemainpoint.Itcanbechangedinto:Today,youcanhardlyfind…

SectionIIOneSingleTopic&MultipleTopics

Section

III

HypotacticandParatacticSection

IIIHypotacticandParatactic他不去，我去。(如果)他不去,我去。

Ifhewon’tgothere,I’llgo.

(Condition)(既使)他不去,我(也)去。Evenifhewon’tgothere,I’llgo.(Concession)(因为)他不去,我去。

Becausehewon’tgothere,I’llgo.(Cause)他不去,(但是)我去。Hewon’tgothere,butI’llgo.

(Coordinating)

Section

IIIHypotacticandParatactic燕子去了,有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。但是聪明的你，告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？Now,youthewisetellme,whyshouldourdaysleaveus,nevertoSwallowsmayhavegone,butthere’satimeofreturn;willowtreesmayhavediedback,butthere’satimeofregrinding;Peachblossomsmayhavefallen,buttheywillbloomagain.return？TherelationbetweenChinesesentencepartsisoftenloose,andthesemanticassociationofsentencesisoftencovert.overtcohesion

NowcomparethefollowingChineseparagraphanditsEnglishversion.Section

IIIHypotacticandParatactic

Hypotaxismeanstheconnectionofclausesandphrasesbysomecohesiveties,whichstandforthegrammaticalmeaningorlogicalrelationbetweenthem.What’s

hypotaxis

?

Englishisahypotacticlanguage,whichmeanstheconnectionofwordsinanEnglishsentencemainlydependsonfunctionalwords(structuralwords),andwiththehelpoftheformalcohesion,wecanknowclearlythegrammaticalmeaningandthelogicalrelationbetweensentenceparts.Section

IIIHypotacticandParatacticWhataretheEnglishhypotacticmethods?

InflectedForms

Connectives(relativewordsandconjunctivewords)

Prepositions

(1)InflectedForms

Theso-calledinflectedformreferstothechangesofawordformorshapeincludingaffixation,subjectivecase，objectivecaseandpossessivecaseofpronoun,singularnumberandpluralnumberofnouns,tenses,voicesandmoodsofverbs.Asthecenterofasentence,thepredicateverbalwaysagreesinpersonandnumberwithitsgrammaticalsubject.Bychangingitsformsandwiththehelpoflink,auxiliary,modalverbs,itcanindicateaseriesoftenses,differentvoicesandmoods.(1)InflectedForms

Igivehimabook.

Hehasgivenmethreebooks.

Hismotheroftengiveshim

books.

(1)InflectedForms

(2)Connectives(relativewordsandconjunctivewords)

InEnglish,therearealotoffunctionalwords,whichcanbeusedasformalcohesion,suchasrelativepronouns,relativeadverbs,conjunctivepronouns,conjunctiveadverbs,coordinatingconjunctions,subordinatingconjunctions.Theymakethelogicalrelationbetweensentencesclearandobvious.(2)Connectives(relative

words)

ThiswastheperiodwhenEinsteinbegantheresearchwhichresultedinthecreationofhisfamousTheoryofRelativity.relativeadverbrelativepronoun(2)Connectives(conjunctivewords)

Wecannotreallylearnanythinguntil

weridourselvesofcomplacency.subordinatingconjunctionWhowillchairthemeetingisnotdecidedyet.Thisis

whythecarbrokedownonhalfway.

(2)Connectives(conjunctivewords)conjunctivepronounconjunctiveadverb(3)Prepositions

Englishsentencescanhardlybewithoutprepositions.AccordingtoG.Curme,inEnglish,variousprepositionsamounttoabout286,includingsingleprepositions,phrasalprepositionsandcompoundprepositions,over90percentofprepositionusageinvolvingthesenine:with,to,from,at,in,of,by,forandon.(3)Prepositions

Themanycolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.ThiswasanintelligentlyorganizedandferventmeetinginapackedTownHall,withMr.Stronginthechair.What’sparataxis

?

Parataxisreferstothesemanticcoherenceofclausesimpliedwithoutformalcohesion.

Chineseisaparatacticlanguage,whichmeansthatthearrangingofwords,phrasesandclausesoneaftertheotherdoesnotuseconnectives,butbysemanticassociation,wordscanfreelyconnectwithnoobviousformsymbols.Section

IIIHypotacticandParatactic

Covertcohesion火车未停，请勿开门。

Don’topenthedooruntilthetrainstops.

鸡蛋未孵,勿先数雏。

Don’tcountyourchickensbeforetheyarehatched.吃水不忘掘井人。

Whenyoudrinkwater，thinkofwhodugthewell.

Section

IIIHypotacticandParatacticWhataretheChineseparatacticmethods?

（1）

WordOrder（2）AntithesisandParallelism

（3）ContractedSentence（紧缩句）（4）FourChineseCharactersPhrases(四字成语)（1）

WordOrderDifferentlanguagesoftenhavedifferentwordorder.Forexample:衣、食、住food,clothing,andhousing新旧oldandnew rightandleft左右（1）

WordOrder

Chinesewordscanfreelyconnect,andwithoutaphraseorasentence,itishardtosaythepartofspeechofaword.That’sthereasonwhyChinesedictionariesusuallydonotmarkthepartofspeechofitsentries.SowordorderisoneofhelpfulparatacticmethodstoexpresssemanticrelationinChinese.（1）

WordOrderI

ManyaChinesecomplexsentencedoesnothaveaconjunctionbetweenitsmainclauseandsubordinateclause,whoserelationsaredeterminedbytheirwordorder.Usuallyasubordinateclausegoesaheadanditsmainclausenext.Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。人不犯我，我不犯人。MainClauseSubordinateClauseChinesepeopleusuallyexpresstheirfeelingorattitudeaftergivingtheirreasons.ButEnglishpeoplealwaysexpresstheirfeelingorattitudefirst,thenexplainwhytheyhavethisfeelingorattitude.ItwasakeendisappointmentwhenIhadtopostponethevisitwhichIintendedtopaytoChinainJanuary.我原来打算在今年一月访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。WordOrderII

（2）AntithesisandParallelism

Inwriting,therearetworhetoricaldevicesmuchmoreusedinChinesethaninEnglish:AntithesisandParallelism（对偶与排比）.（2）AntithesisandParallelism

Chineseantithesisconsistsoftwobalancedstructuresthatarematchedinsoundandsense.Forexample:聪明一世，糊涂一时。Smartasarule，butthistimeafool.人多力量大，柴多火焰高。Thereisstrengthinnumbers,morelogsmakeabiggerfire.

（3）ContractedSentenceAcontractedsentence（紧缩句）

isretrenchedfromacomplexsentencebyomittingtheconnecterbetweenitsclauses.Meanwhilethegrammaticalmeaningandlogicalrelationbetweenitsclausesbecomecovert.（3）ContractedSentence有饭大家吃。如果有饭的话，那就让大家吃吧。

Leteverybodysharethefoodifthereisany.（4）FourChineseCharactersPhrases(四字成语)物极必反不进则退Hewhodoesnotadvancefallsbackward.Moveforwardoryou’llfallbehind.Onceacertainlimitisreached,achangeintheoppositedirectionisinevitable.

SectionIV

AbstractThinkingandConcreteThinking

SectionIVAbstractThinkingandConcreteThinking

Peoplefromdifferentculturesuseandunderstandwordsindifferentways.Inotherwords,theymayusedifferentwordsandexpressionstorefertothesamethingordescribethesamemeaningindifferentways.

SectionIVAbstractThinkingandConcreteThinkingForexample:TraditionallyChinesepeoplepreferredtousespecificimagesasmetaphors,suchas县长大人-----父母官岳父大人----“泰山”指鹿为马指桑骂槐比泰山还重比鸿毛还轻“三角债”“一条龙”“两手硬”“一刀切”“粗线条”“菜篮子”Chinesepeoplelikeconcrete(specific)diction.SectionIVAbstractThinkingandConcreteThinkingSoit’seasytofindmoreabstractwordsusedespeciallyinscientificessays,officialdocuments,newspapercommentsandbusinessletters.

Forinstance:Inlinewithlatesttrendsinfashion,afewdressdesignershavebeensacrificingelegancetoaudacity.TheSphinxisamustformostforeignvisitorstoEgypt.对于绝大多数去埃及游览的外国游客来说，狮身人面像是必不可少的游览项目。有些时装设计师为了赶时髦，舍弃了优雅别致的式样，而一味追求袒胸露体的奇装异服。Englishpeopleprefertoabstractdiction.必须大胆，鲁莽优雅，精美SectionIVAbstractThinkingandConcreteThinkingHehadsurfacedwithlessvisibilityinthepolicydecisions.在决策过程中,他已经不那么抛头露面了。Wisdompreparesfortheworst;butfollyleavestheworstforthedayitcomes.聪明人防患于未然，愚蠢者临渴掘井。MoreExamplesSectionIVAbstractThinkingandConcreteThinkingAsweChineseareusedtoexpressingideasspecifically,theabstractwordsinEnglishsentenceshouldoftenberenderedintospecificorconcretewordsinChinesesentence.AndwhenwewriteanEnglishessay,weshouldalsopayattentiontousingabstractwordsinsteadofspecificwordsRemember:SectionVSentenceFocusinDifferentPlaces

SectionVSentenceFocusinDifferentPlacesInthepointofstructure,theEnglishsentenceisend-weightwhichneedsmainelementsofthesentenceatthebeginning;thecomplicatedmodifiers(suchasadverbial,attributive,clauseandprepositionalphrases)shouldbeafterthem(attheendofthesentence)calledright-branching.TheChinesesentenceishead-weightforitsmodifiersoftenputatthebeginningofthesentence.Itbelongstoleft-branching.Forexample:SectionVSentenceFocusinDifferentPlaces一个人被车压死了。昨晚一个人被车压死了。昨晚南京路上一个人被车压死了。昨晚南京路上一个30多岁男人被车压死了。昨晚南京路上一个骑着自行车的30多岁男人被车压死了。昨晚南京路上一个骑着自行车上街买东西的30多岁男人被车压死了。Thisisacat.Thisisacatthatkilledtherat.Thisisacatthatkilledtheratthatatethecake.Thisisacatthatkilledtheratthatatethecakethatlayinthehouse.ThisisacatthatkilledtheratthatatethecakethatlayinthehousethatJackbuilt.SectionVSentenceFocusinDifferentPlaces

Althoughboththesemanticcores(sentencecenters)areputinthemainclauses,theirplacesaredifferent.Englishmainclauseisoftenbeforethesubordinateclause,whileChineseoneisoftenafteritssubordinateclause.WhenwetranslatetheEnglishsentencesintoChinese,weshouldchangetheirorder.Herearesomeexamples:SectionVSentenceFocusinDifferentPlacesItisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatsmokingisharmfultohealth.Version1:有一条举世公认的真理，那就是，吸烟有害身体。Version2:吸烟有害身体，这是一条举世公认的真理。Thetwoversionsarebothloyaltotheoriginalsentence,butthesecondoneismoreidiomaticinChinese.SectionVSentenceFocusinDifferentPlacesThegovernmentisdeterminedtokeepupthepressurewhateverthecostitwillpayintheend.不论最终将付出什么代价，政府决心继续施加压力。MoretolearnTheseeconomicfactscannotmerelybedubbed“inflation”asunemploymentbeginstorise,asprofitsstarttofall,asinterestratessoar,andasthecostoflivingisatrecordlevels.如果失业人数开始上升，利润开始下降，利率扶摇直上，生活费用空前高涨，那么经济领域的这些现象就不能仅仅以“通货膨胀”来加以解释了。SectionVSentenceFocusinDifferentPlaces

WhichofthefollowingthreepairsofsentencesarerealEnglish?Happyindeedarethosewhoreceivemarvelousnewsafteralongsilence.Thosewhoreceivemarvelousnewsafteralongsilencearehappyindeed.

About85papersreportingtheresultsoftheexperimentwerepublished.About85paperswerepublishedreportingtheresultsoftheexperiment.ThatIshoulddomybesttohelpchildrenwhocannotaffordtogotoschoolismyduty.IconsideritmydutythatIshoulddomybesttohelpchildrenwhocannotaffordtogotoschool.PoorPoorPoorBetterBetter

Better

Section

VI

ComplexandSimplex

SectionVIComplexandSimplexTheEnglishsentenceisextremelyplastic(easilyformedintovariousshapes).Itcanbeenlarged,combined,adjustedwithalmostanydegreetofitthewriter’sthought.Aswehavelearned,ithasmanylong-windedsentences.Theyareverycomplicatedinstructurewithclauses,phrasesembeddedoneanother.Chinesesentencesareloose,various,flexibleandhavemoreminorsentencesorsimplesentences.WhenwetranslateanEnglishsentenceintoChinese,weoftenbreakitintoseveralsmallandsimpleones.SectionVIComplexandSimplexPoorBetter

ForExampleTherearemanywonderfulstoriestotellabouttheplacesIvisitedandthepeopleImet.我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着哩。关于我所访问的一些地方和遇见的不少人有许多奇妙的故事可以讲。

MoretolearnSectionVIComplexandSimplexYourTime!

Doyousharetheviewthat

toomanypeoplearetalkingtoomuchaboutChina?Chinahasrichwater,grasslandandslopinglandresourceswhich

havegreatpotentialforexploitation.

现在谈中国问题的人太多了，说中国问题的话也太多了，你同意这看法吗？中国水域，草原,山地资源丰富，开发潜力巨大。ApplyingYourKnowledge

I.Rewritethefollowingsentencestomakethemainideaofeachsentencestressed.1.Whenhesuddenlypickedupastoneandthrewitatme,Iwastalkingtohim.2.Shewaseighteenwhenherhandswereseverelyburned,whichmeantthatshehadtogiveuphergoalofbecomingaconcertpianist.3.Hesawanoldmangetonthebus,quicklystandinguptoofferhimtheseat.4.IreadinthenewspaperaboutapositionwithyourcompanyforwhichIamapplying.2.Whenshewaseighteen,herhandswereseverelyburned.Asaresult,shehastogiveuphergoalofbecomingaconcertpianist.WhileIwastalkingtohim,hesuddenlypickedupastoneandthrewitatme.1.Whenhesuddenlypickedupastoneandthrewitatme,Iwastalkingtohim.2.Shewaseighteenwhenherhandswereseverelyburned,whichmeantthatshehadtogiveuphergoalofbecomingaconcertpianist.3.Hesawanoldmangetonthebus,quicklystandinguptoofferhimtheseat.4.IreadinthenewspaperaboutapositionwithyourcompanyforwhichIamapplying.Seeinganoldmangetonthebus,hequicklystooduptoofferhimtheseat.

4.IamapplyingforthepositionwithyourcompanywhichIreadaboutintoday’snewspaper.II.Identifyeachsentencethatdoesn’tsupportthetopicsentence.

1.Topicsentence:Theweatherhasbeenchangeable.①OnSundaywehadahighwindthatblewdownsometrees.②Mondaywassocoldthatwehadtoturnontheheatandwearoutwintercoats.③OnTuesdayweformedagrouptogorollerskating.④ByWednesdaytheweatherclearedandthesuncameout.⑤ThursdaywasashotandhumidasanAugustday.⑥Fridaymorningitbegantorain,anditlooksasifwe’llhaveacold,steadywindforafewdays.2.Topicsentence:Theworldhasenjoyedmanybenefitsfromtheinventionofthetelephone.①Forexample,peoplecancontactwithfamiliesandfriendswholivefarawaythroughtelephones.②Andthetelephonehasalsocontributedgreatlytoefficientcommunicationintheworldofbusiness.③Somepeoplecomplainthattheyhavetopayhighphonebillseachmonth.④Besides,telephoneshortensthedistancebetweenoceansandcontinentsaspeoplelivingindifferentcontinentscantalkwitheachotherthroughtelephones.3.Topicsentence:Itishardtotraveltoworkbybusduringtherushhour.①Youhavetowaitinlonglinesatthebusstop.②Whenthebusarrives,someonealwaystriestopushpastyoutogetinfirst.③Afteryoupayyourfare,youareshoveddowntheaislebytherestoftheboardingpassengers.④Sometimesyoucanreadthemorningnewspaperduringtheride.⑤Apassengerstandingnexttoyoumightshovehisorherelbowinyourribs,steponyourtoes,orevendropcigaretteashesonyou.⑥Itcertainlyisareliefwhenyoufinallyreachyourstop.4.Topicsentence:“Thankyou”isusedveryfrequentlyintheWest.①Forexample,youwouldsay“Thankyou”inanyofthefollowingcircumstances.②Ifsomeonepickedupandhandedtoyousomethingyouhaddropped;③Ifyourneighborattableoraservantpassedsomefoodtoyou;④Ifyouinterruptedanyoneelsewhenhewastalking;⑤Ifyoutookmorethanyourshareofthetimeintalkingwhenotherswishedtotalkalso;⑥Ifamemberofthefamily,evenifquiteyoung,broughtyousomethingyouwanted;⑦Ifaclerkinastorehandedyouthearticleyouhadbought,etc.5.Topicsentence:TourismisthestateofHawaii’sleadingindustry.①Everyyear,about3.2milliontouristsvisittheislands.②Duringthepopularwintermonths,aplaneloadorshiploadoftouristsarriveseveryfifteenminutes.③Newhotels,newresorts,andnewrestaurantsarebeingbuilteveryyeartoaccommodatetheincreasingnumberofvisitors.④SugarcaneandpineapplesarealsoimportantindustriesinHawaii.6.Topicsentence:Withthechangesintheirsocialrole,women’spositioninthefamilyhasbeenimprovedaswell.①Husbandandwifearenowequalinthefamily.②Theycopewithproblemsofdailylifetogetherandsharetheresponsibilityofdoinghouseholdchoresandtakingcareofchildren.③Butinsomefamilies,youcanstillfindthatwivesarebeingbusywithdinners,whilehusbandsarecomfortablysittinginarmchairsreadingnewspapersorwatchingfootballgamesonTV.III.Pointoutthesentencesthatdoesnotdevelopthecentralidea.

Strictmeasuresshouldbetakentostopairpollution.①Thegovernmentshouldpasslawstopreventfactoriesandcarsfromsendingoutharmfulgasesintotheair.②Thosewhoviolatethelawshouldbeseverelypunished.③Inaddition,everyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished,suchasthosewhodesertthefamilies,thosewhoviolentlybeatwomenandchildren,andlawsaretheonlywaytocontroltheirbehaviors.④Witheffectivelawsandpoliciesofcontrollingairpollution,webelievetheairinbigcitieswillbecleanandhealthy.⑤Theseenergyresourcesarebeinguseduprapidly.①Weuseenergytorunourfactories,runourcarsandtrains,andheatourhomes.②Energyisbecomingmoreandmoreexpensive.③Inaworld,wehaveagreatneedforenergybecauseoureconomicgrowthanddailylife.④Theinventionandimprovementsofthecomputerhasbeenasuddenprocess.①Computerswereinventedonlyagenerationage.②Thefirstoneswererelativelyslowandtookalotofspace.③ThousandsofcomputersareproducedinUSA.④Today,however,computerscanfitintoabriefcaseandprovidemassiveamountsofinformationinaninstant.⑤III.Pointoutthesentencesthatdoesnotdevelopthecentralidea.IV.ForeachoftheChineseSentence,therearetwotranslationsAandB,choosethebetterone.

1.普通人在家里使用电子计算机的时代已来到。A.Thetimehascomewhenordinarypeoplecanuseelectroniccomputersathome.B.Thetimewhenordinarypeoplecanuseelectroniccomputersathomehascome.2.现在大学生找工作越来越难是人们共同的看法。A.Itiscommonlybelievedthatitbecomesincreasinglydifficultforcollegegraduatetofindarewardingjob.B.Thatcollegegraduatesaremoreandmoredifficulttofindagoodjobispeople’scommonbelief.3.我们中国人在世界上被人看不起的日子一去不复返了。A.ThedayswhenweChinesepeoplehadbeenlookeddownuponintheworldaregoneforever.B.GoneforeverarethedayswhenweChinesepeoplehadbeenlookeddownuponintheworld.4.政府应对所有的经济问题要负责是大多数人的看法。A.Thebeliefiscommonlyheldthatthegovernmentshouldberesponsibleforalltheeconomictrouble.B.Thebeliefthatthegovernmentshouldberesponsibleforalltheeconomictroubleiscommonlyheld.5.密切注视当前的形势至关重要。A.Itisimportanttopaycloseattentiontocurrentaffairs.B.Topaycloseattentiontocurrentaffairsisimportant.6.为国家的四化建设学好科学技术和英语是相当重要的。A.TostudyEnglishaswellasscienceandtechnologyforthefourmodernizationofourcountryisimportant.B.ItisimportanttostudyEnglishaswellasscienceandtechnologyforthefourmodernizationofourcountry.7.每个学生必须遵守校纪校规。A.Itisquitenecessaryforeverystudenttoobserveschoolregulations.B.Foreverystudenttoobserveschoolregulationsisquitenecessary.8.要在毕业时拿到两个学位不大可能。A.IfindtogettwocollegedegreesbythetimeIwillhavegraduatedisimpossible.B.IfinditimpossibletogettwocollegedegreesbythetimeIwillhavegraduated.9.最后能否成功我并不关心。A.Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetherIcansucceedorfailintheend.B