英语测试课程chapter6

英语测试课程chapter弟八早阅读测试教学目标：1、通过本课学习使学生了解阅读能力、阅读目的、阅读方法以及阅读材料；2、通过本课学习使学生熟练掌握阅读测试的六种题型。教学重点：重点掌握阅读考试的六种题型教学手段：讲解、练习、讨论。本章讲解内容框架：阅读目的.生存需要(readingforsurvival)阅读一般是为了立即满足某种需求。比如阅读马路上的地铁指示标志，以便找到最近的地铁车站；阅读商品价目表、说明书。.学习需要(readingforlearning)阅读旨在获取各类信息或知识，来丰富或更新在某一领域或方面的学识、扩大知识面、拓宽视野、增长知识。这类阅读所涉及的材料可以是专业或大众化、文科或理科等等。目的可能是近期的也可能是长远的。阅读活动还包括为了掌握语言而进行的阅读。.休闲需要(readingforpleasure)比如节假日中人门不需要像平时那样为工作奔波忙碌，闲暇之余取出书来阅读，作为解除疲劳、放松头脑的一种方式。阅读方式.泛读(extensivereading)用于阅读长篇幅的文章，或用于休闲阅读。不追求对阅读材料的透彻理解，只着重浏览文章，讲究阅读的流畅性(readingfluency)。比如人们在阅读推理或侦探小说时通常采用这种阅读方式。.精读(intensivereading)用于阅读较为深奥、或需要领会透彻的材料。追求不是速度流畅性，而是领会细节或理解准确性。比如我们阅读议论文时，需要采取精读方式，来了解文章观点、论证过程及结论。在评论文学作品的风格时，我们也需要采用精读的方式阅读作品，以求准确的领会作品精髓。.跳读(skimming)跳读方式常用于阅读一些需要通过快速浏览得知其大意的材料。比如报纸、一般杂志等。特点是速度快和理解具有概括性。.寻读(scanning)寻读方式常用来快速浏览材料以获取所需信息。在搜寻过程中读者往往忽略无关紧要的信息。一旦找到所需信息，即达到寻读目的。特点：阅读速度快，搜寻信息点明确。在语言实际中，常常借助于这种阅读方式来读商品广告、查找所需的资料(人名、数字)等。阅读材料日常生活类：信函、报刊杂志、文学作品、各类广告、马路上的指示牌、火车站或飞机场的时刻表、电子邮件、因特网上的各类信息学习工作类：教科书、参考书、各类工具书、学术专著、论文、课程作业、使用手册等等。HeatLossfromtheHumanBodyHeatlossbysweatingdependsonthefactthatwhenaliquidevaporates,itabsorbsanenormousquantityofheatfromitssurroundings.Inthecaseofwater,thisamountsto2556jforeverymilliliter(ml)thatevaporates.Therefore,when1ml.ofsweatevaporates,agreatdealofheatisabsorbedfromthesurfaceofthebodyincontactwithit.Thisheattransferoccurseveniftheenvironmentishotterthanthebody.Twofactorsaffecttherateofevaporationofsweat,andthereforetheeffectivenessofsweatingasamethodofcoolingthebody.Thefirstistheamountofmovementofairsurroundingthebody.Thesecondistheamountofwatervaporintheairwhichsurroundsthebody.Whenairmovesoverthesurfaceofwater,theamountofevaporationisgreatlyincreased.Thisiswhyhousewivesprefertohangouttheirwashingonwindydays:itdriesmorequicklythanonstilldays,andtherateofheatlossbysweatingismuchmorethanonastillday.Thisaccountsforthefactthathot,stilldaysaremuchlesscomfortablethanhot,windydays.Incontrast,thesweatevaporatesveryrapidlyonahot,windyday,andcoolsthebodyquicklyandeffectively.Thesecondfactorthataffectstherateofevaporationofsweatistheamountofwatervaporintheair,thatis,humidity.Whenairiscarryingthemaximumamountofwatervaporthatitcanhold,itissaidtobe100percentsaturated(使饱和,浸透)withwatervapor.Therelativehumidityoftheairissaidtobe100percent.Undertheseconditionstheaircannotcarryanymorewater,sonowatercanevaporate.Whentherelativehumidityishigh,therefore,sweatcannotevaporate.Instead,itformslargedropsandrunsoffyourskinwithoutcoolingyou.Whentheairisverydryandcarriesnowateratall,therelativehumidityissaidtobe0%.Itisobviousthatundertheseconditionsevaporationwillbemuchmorerapid.Therefore,sweatingwillbemuchmoreeffectiveasamethodoflosingheatfromthebody.Onahot,drydaysweatevaporatesassoonasitisformed,andyoufeelreasonablycooleventhoughthetemperatureofyourenvironmentisveryhigh.测试阅读技能的6类试题—.词汇/语法辨认题(recognitionofwords)—lexicalmatchingofwords/phrasessimilarinmeaningoropposedinmeaning—relatingofgivennon-textualword/phrasetoword/phrasecontainedinthetext1.匹配题：检查学生根据上下文猜测词义的能力。最好选择非等量匹配，即一栏中项目要多于另一栏。AB.evaporatea.explain.accountforb.changeintosteam.多项选择题：Accordingtothecontext,“accountfor"inline4,paragraph3isclosestinmeaningtocalculateexplaindescribeshow.简答题：使用简答题时要特别注明答题的要求：整句回答？还是简略回答？字数有否限制？Accordingtothecontext,whatdose“accountfor"inline4,paragraph3mean?.补全句子题Accordingtothepassage,thephrase"accountfor“inline4.paragraph3means.二、识另(］题(Identification)Abilitytolocateandrecognizeinformationinonespot/inmorethanonespotwithorwithoutrephrasingwithinthespecificcontext.原文与非原文识别题(withorwithoutrephrasing)单细节与多细节识别题(informationinonespotorinmorethanonespot）.正误判断题Accordingtothepassage,heattransferoccurseveniftheenvironmentishotterthanthebody.（原文识另!］题）Accordingtothepassage；heattransferoccursnomatterwhatsurroundingsofthebodyare.©E原文识另!J题）.多项选择题Housewivesprefertohangouttheirwashingoncolddays.rainydays.windydays.hot,stilldays.（原文识别题）Housewivesdon'tliketoairtheirwashingunlessitiscold.rainy.windy.hot/still（非原文识别题）.补全句子Whenairmovesoverthesurfaceofwater,isgreatlyincreased.（原文识另!］题）Themovementofairoverthesurfaceofwaterleadsto.（非原文识别题）.简答题Whenistheamountofevaporationgreatlyincreased?（原文识别题）Whatistheresultofairmovementoverthesurfaceofwater?（非原文识别题）以上题目不牵涉到两个以上的细节的理解，因此也是单细节识别题。多细节识别题正误判断题Therearethreefactorsthataffecttherateofevaporation.简答题Whatarethefactorsthataffecttherateofevaporation?三、分辨题(discrimination)Abilitytodistinguish/selectbetweenelements/objects/featureswithinthespecificcontextinwhichtheyoccurs.分辨题牵涉到篇章理解技巧(macroskills)和词汇或语法知识运用技能(microskills)1.匹配题MatchthephenomenonincolumnAwithitsconsequenceincolumnB.ABstilldaysa.fasterheatlosswindydaysb.slowerheatloss多项选择题Accordingtothepassage,whatismostlikelytohappenonstilldays?A.Thereisgreaterheatloss.Peoplefeelmorecomfortable.Heatlossbecomesslower.Windcarriesheataway.以上两题辨别无风和有风日的特征3.简答题Whatdoes"this"inline2,paragraph3referto?本题考学生能否借助语法知识来帮助阅读四.分析和解释题(analysisandinterpretation)Analysis:Abilitytobreakdownentitiesintotheirconstituentparts,toperceivetheessentialfeaturesofentitiesandtheirrelations,toexaminemethodically—theconstituentelementswithinastructure—the relationshipbetweenelements,e.g.casual/sequential/chronological/orderingofelements—thelogicofanargumentInterpretation:abilitytoclarifythemeaningofcomplexideasorconfigurationandtointerpretthesignificanceofideas/actions/events/relationships分析和解释题也涉及篇章理解技能(macroskill)和词汇或语法知识的运用技能(microskills).多项选择题Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrect?A.Highhumidityresultsinwaterevaporation.B.Lowhumidityhelpsevaporatewater.C.Humidityisnotrelatedtoevaporation.D.Humidityhelpsthebodytosweat.这道试题要求学生分析humidity和waterevaporation的因果关系。.补全句子Theword“Instead"inline6,paragraph4indicatesbetweenthetwosentences.(逻辑关系分析题).简答题Explaintherelationshipbetweenhumidityandevaporation.(概念关系解释题)五、推断题和综合题(inferenceandsynthesis)Inference:abilitytoderiveconclusionsfromfactsandpremisestopredictthecontinuationofarguments/eventsSynthesis:abilitytosynthesize,torecognizeform,pattern,attitude.选择类题可以用来测试这类阅读技能，但是命题难度较大，特别是多项选择题中迷惑项的撰写问题。.非选择类题也可以测试这类阅读技能，且有如下优点a.学生在回答时没有任何提示可以参照。b.学生必须在理解的基础上才能正确答题，不存在盲目猜题的情况。Accordingtowhatisdiscussedinthepassage,whatconclusioncanyoudrawabouttheclimatefromthefollowingfact?Motherdidthewashingseveraldaysago,andshehasbeenhangingthemoutsincethen,buttheyarestillwet.这道题要求学生运用推理来回答。Whatmightbediscussedintheconcludingparagraph?要求学生根据文章思路猜测结尾段落的大意。Whatmethodofessaydevelopmentdoesthewriteruseinthepassage?要求学生辨别文章的写作手法Whatkindofaudiencedoyouthinkthewriterhasinmindwhenwriting?要求学生根据文章风格来判断六、评论题(evaluation)Abilitytoappraise,evaluate,judge评论题主要让学生围绕阅读材料发表个人的看法或见解。为了让学生能够充分阐述自己的观点，建议用简答题的形式。Doyouthinkthewriterhasclearlyexplainedthefactorsthataffecttherateofevaporation?Pleasegiveyourreason(s).实例分析阅读下面短文然后观察简答题并指出每道题所测试的技能GeorgeAndrewswenttoEnglandin1962.Itwasthefirsttimethathehadbeenabroad.Initiallyhewasveryrestless.HespentalittletimeinLondonthentraveledfromtowntotown,stayingjustafewdaysineach.Eventually,inJunethatyear,hesettledinLiverpool.ThroughoutthethreeyearsthathespenttherehelivedinasmallroominaterracedhouseinToxteth.Everymorninghewouldstrollintothecentreofthecityandmakedrawingsofpeopleinthestreetsordownatthedocks.Atlunchtime