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第一章阅读理解
一.阅读理解概述
大学英语四级考试阅读部分共有四篇短文,考试时间为35分钟。每篇文章长度在
250~300词左右,共有20题。考试形式为多项选择题,要求考生根据文章内容从中选出最
佳答案。阅读理解占总分的40%,几乎达到总分的半。因此,考生对阅理解这一部分应
有足够的重视。
阅读理解中的文章所涉及的题材十分广泛,但大致可分为两大类。一类是人文社会方面
的,诸如政治、经济、法律、历史、地理、文化、教育、人物、家庭、婚姻、伦理、犯罪以
及交通、能源、环境等社会问题。另一类是自然科学方面的,如动植物、生物、医学、地质、
海洋、天文、空间技术及其它最新科技发展及其成果。就文体而言,包括记叙文、说明文、
议论文等。记叙文记叙过去发生的事件和经历,包括传记、游记、报导、回忆录和故事等。
说明文说明客观事物和现象的特点和性能。议论文是采用摆事实讲道理的方式来论说某一观
点是否正确,由论点、论据与结论构成。从历届四级考题来看,虽然各类题材和文体都有,
但主要还是与科技内容有关的说明文与议论文。
阅读理解部分主要测试考生以下几方面的能力:
1.掌握所读文章的主旨和中心大意;
2.了解说明中心大意的事实和有关细节;
3.根据上下文判断词汇和短语的具体含义;
4.既能理解单个句子的意思,又能判断句与句之间存在的逻辑关系;
5.既能理解字面的意思,也能根据所读材料进行一定的分析、判断和推论;
6.领会作者的观点和态度。
由此可见,要想在阅读理解这一部分取得较佳成绩,考生除了要有一定的词汇短语及语
法知识作基础外,还必须具有一定的快速阅读能力和分析、理解、判断以及推理的能力。这
些能力是可以通过大量的阅读实践和一定的方法指导,逐步得到提高的。
二阅读理解题目的类型及解题方法
很多同学在做阅读理解题时都有这样的经验,即使在能读懂文章的情况下,有时也难免
选错答案,其中一个重要原因,是没有把握住阅读理解题的一些基本特征。四级考试阅读部
分的题型主要有以下四种类型,各有其出题的目的与解题方法,现分别介绍如下:
1.主旨题
主旨题是阅读理解中每次必考的问题类型之一,其目的在于考查考生是否能把握所读文
章的主旨和中心大意。
四级考试中,常见的主旨题有:
*Thebesttitleofthispassageis.
*Themostappropriatetitleforthispassageis.
*Themainpurposeofthepassageis.
*Theauther'spurposeofwritingthispassageisto.
*Themaintheme/topic/pointofthepassageis.
*Themain/central/principle/ideaofthispassageis.
*Thepassageismainlyabout.
*Thepassagecouldbetitled.
*Thepassageillustrates.
*Theauthor'sattitudetowardis.
*Thetoneofthepassagecanbedescribedas.
*Whatisthemainsubject/topicofthepassage?
*Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss/dealwith?
*Whatisthemainideaexpressedinthispassage?
*Whatistheauthor'smainpoint?
*Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?
*Withwhattopic/subjectisthepassagemainly/primarilyconcerned?
主旨题是有关整篇文章内容的问题,只要抓住了文章的中心思想,就能答好这类问题。
文章的中心思想往往可以通过主题句(TopicSentence)而得以确认。主题句是作者为了简
明扼要地表达其文章内容而使用的一个句子或者若干个句子,作者用主题句作引导来展开其
论述或对文章进行总结。文章中的其它句子则围绕着主题句展开,对主题句进行解释、补充
和说明。主题句一般多出现在文章的开头部分,但也有出现在文章中段部分或末尾的情况。
有时作者为了强调,甚至句首句末都用了主题句。考生应有较强的主题句意识,阅读和回答
主旨题时,留心细察,注意可以发现说明中心思想的主题句。
例文:
Howcanyoufindoutwhatisgoingoninsideaperson'sbody?--withoutopeningthepatient
up?RegularX-rayscanshowalot.CATscanscanshowevenmore.Theycangivethree
dimensionalviewofbodyorgans.
WhatisaCATscan?CATstandsforComputerizedAxialTomography(层面X线照相术).
ItisaspecialX-raymachinethatobtainsa360-degreepictureofasmallareaofapatient'sbody.
DoctorsuseX-raystostudyanddiagnosediseasesandinjurieswithinthebody.X-rayscan
locateforeignobjectsinsidethebodyortakepicturesofsomeinternalorgansifspecial
substancesaredyedorspecialliquidsareaddedtotheorganstobeX-rayed.
ACATscanner,however,usesabeamofX-raystogiveacross-sectionalviewofaspecific
partofthebody.AfinebeamofX-raysisscannedacrossthebodyandrotatedaroundthepatient
frommanydifferentangles.Acomputeranalyzestheinformationfromeachangleandproducesa
clearcross-sectionalimageonascreen.Thisimageisthenphotographedforlateruse.Several
cross-sections,takenoneafteranother,cangiveclear“photo“oftheentirebodyorofanybody
organs.ThenewestCATsacnnerscanevengiveclearimagesofactive,movingorgansjustasa
fast-actioncameracan“sloptheaction^^givingclearimagesofwhatappearsonlymisitlytothe
eye.Andbecauseofthe360-degreepictures,CATscansshow3-dimensionalviewsoforgansina
mannerthatwasonceonlyrevealedduringsurgeryoroutopsy(examiningadeadpatient).
ToomuchexposuretoX-rayscancauseskinbums,cancerorotherdamagetothebody.Yet
CATscansactuallydon'texposethepatienttomoreradiationthanconventionalX-raysdo.CAT
scanscanalsobedonewithoutinjectingdyesintothepatient,sotheyarelessriskythanregular
X-tayprocedures.
CATscansprovideaccurate,detailedinformation.Theycandetectsuchathingbleeding
insidethebrain.Theyarehelpingtosavelives.
Thepassageismainlyabout.
A)howtoavoidexposuretoX-rays
B)thenewestmedicalinvention
C)anewtypeofX-raymachinetosavelives
D)advantagesanddisadvantagesofCATscanners
本文的主题句出现在第二段的第二句"ItisaspecialX-raymachinethatobtainsa
360-degreepictureofasmallareaofapatient'sbody^^以及全文的末一句“Theyarehelpingto
savelives",因此,正确答案应为C)。而A)、B)、D)项均与内容不符。
当然,并非所有的文章都有明确的主题句。在这种情况下,考生应在通读原文并正确理
解所有细节的基础上,运用自己的逻辑分析能力、推理和概括的能力,找出文章的中心思想。
上述主旨题中,有一部分是有关作者写作目的、态度、立场以及文章风格的,这要求考
生在了解文章大意的基础匕运用各种分析和推理的方法来解答。
2.细节题
细节题在四级统考试题中占有较大的比例,也是难度相对较易的题目。主要测试考生正
确理解字面意义和把握文章细节的能力,同时也需要考生运用综合和判断能力。通常是针对
文章中一些具体的信息,如事实、例证、原因、特点、过程、论述等进行提问。常见的提问
形式有:
*Whichofthefollowingstatement/sentenceistrue/NOTtrue?
*WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentioned?
*WhichofthefollowingistrueEXCEPT?
*WhichofthefollowingismentionedEXCEPT?
*WhichofthefollowingisNOTansweredby?
*WhichofthefollowingisNOTconsideredas?
*WhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedinthepassage?
*Whichofthefollowingiscorrectaccordingtothepassage?
*Accordingtothepassage,what/who/when/where/why/how...?
在做此类问题时,考生应首先注意看清题干中是否有“NOT”和“EXCEPT”等词。经
常有的考生做题心切或细心不够,没有看清问题就去做题,只是想当然地把正确的、符合事
实的一-项选出,结果当然出错。
此类题型的四个选择项所涉及的信息有时集中在一、二个句子里,有时也集中在某一个
段落里,这时候只要返回文章,在文中找到相关的句子,稍作考量和比较,就不难确定正确
选项。但有时候四个选择项所涉及的信息分散在不同的句子,甚至是不同的段落之中,遇到
这种情况,考生须把四个选项逐一与文中有关信息加以对照,并运用排除法,这样可节省时
间,增加找出正确答案的机会。
例文:(同上)
WhatisNOTtrueofaCATscanner?
A)Itcanshow3-dimensionalviewsofbodyorgans.
B)Itutilizescomputertechniques.
C)Itmaycauseskinbumsorcancertothepatient'sbody.
D)ItissaferthanregularX-rayprocedures.
A)、B)、D)三项内容在文中都分别谈及,A)项可在第四段末句找到:“CATscansshow
3-dimensionalviewsoforgans"。B)项可在第四段第三句找到:"Acomputeranalyzesthe
informationfromeachangleandproducesaclearcross-sectionalimageonascreen."D)项可在
第五段末句找到:“CATscanscanalsobedonewithoutinjectingdyesintothepatient,sotheyare
lessriskythanregularX-tayprocedures.,,C)项的有关内容可在第五段第一、二句找到,但可
以看到,C)项所谈情况不是CATscanner所造成,故答案应选C)。
3.词汇题
阅读理解中的词汇题,主要是为了测试考生考生根据上下文推测词义的能力。它不同于
词汇测试部分的词汇题。后者所考的词汇,基本上是教学大纲所要求掌握的,而前者所考的
词汇,常常是超纲词或熟词新用。考生要回答的往往不是这个词的大概意思,也不是它的基
本意思,而是该词在一定的上下文中特定而确切的含义。阅读理解中的词汇题,通常有以下
提问方式:
*Theword"..…”inLine6/inthe5thparagraphprobablymeans.
*Theword".….”inthepassagemeans.
*Theword".….”roughlyrefersto.
*Theexpression"..…"isclosestto.
*Thewriterusedtheword"..…”toindicatethat.
*Theworld”…"inthecontextmeans.
*Bysayingthatu”theauthormeans.
*Fromthepassageweknowthatu”isatermreferringto.
*Theword"..…standsfor.
在做阅读理解中的词汇题的时候,考生应注意从上下文中找到推断词义的线索,而且也
应该能够找到。须要注意的倒应该是不要望文生义,而应该根据上下文来确定其具体含义。
例文:(同上)
Thewords“foreignobject“inParagraph.3mostprobablymeans.
A)astrangeorganthathasgrowninthebody
B)anewthingthatisunknowntothedoctor
C)aseverelyinjuredpartinsidethebody
D)asubstancethatgetsinsidethebodybychance
根据上下文,我们可以判断,“foreignobject”应指长在体中的“异物”,对照四个选
项,D)项最接近“异物”的意思。
4.推理题
在阅读理解的各类题目中,推理性的题目应该说是最困难的一类。考生之所以普遍感到
比较棘手,就在于这类题目的答案无法直接从文章中找到,它要求考生在理解原文的基础上,
运用自己的思维判断能力和头脑中已有的常识,领悟作者的弦外之音,对有关的内容进行符
合逻辑的推理,从而得出作者的真实意图或观点。常见的推理型题目主要有:
*Whichofthefollowingcanbe/cannotbeinferredfromthepassage?
*Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.
*By...theauthorimplies/indicates/suggeststhat.
*Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat.
*Theauthorseemstobeinfavorof/against.
*Itcanbeconcludedthat.
*Thepassageisintendedto.
*Thetoneofthepassage/theauthormaybe.
*Accordingtotheauthor,whatdoesthesentencesuggest?
*Howdoestheauthorfeelabout?
*Intheauthor'sopinion,.
考生在做这类题目时,应当注意,既然是推理题,那这个答案就不应当是原文中直接提
到的内容,而应当是通过表面文字信息推理出来的。如果选项中的问题在文中有直接表述,
那这个选项就一定不是正确答案。做这类题目时,可以利用排除法,将不正确的选项一一排
除,最后得到正确答案。
例文:(同上)
Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.
A)thepatientcanbeexposedtoaslightamountradiationsafely
B)CATscannerscantakephotosofbodyorgans
C)CATscannersneedcomputerstoanalyzetheinformation
D)CATscannersaremoreexpensivethanregularX-raymachines
B)、C)选项在文中都有直接而明确的描述,不是推论,故应排出在外。D)项意思在文
中虽未提及,但其推论缺乏依据。而A)项意思则可根据第五段内容推论出来,即,人体可
以承受微量的X线辐射而不致使身体受到损害。
做阅读理解题时.,一般来讲,要避免这样一种心态,即,总是想把文章中每一个词或每
一句话的意义都弄清楚,每一个细节都掌握,否则就心里不踏实,就无法作题。其实并没有
那个必要。一篇文章二三百字,只有五个问题,不可能覆盖文中所有细节或每一个句子。只
要抓住文章大意和主要细节,就可以试着做题了。事实上,在做题时,有时候还需回过头去
看原文,查找所需信息,把问题与原文加以对照比较,才能得出正确答案。因此,考生平时
在做阅读理解题时,应注意培养自己快速阅读理解和抓文章大意的能力。
在做阅读理解题时.,是先读文章后看题呢,还是先看题后读文章呢?对这个问题,历来
看法各异,而且,在不同情况下,也确实各有千秋。但总的说来,我们主张考生还是应首先
以较快速度通读全文,力求对文章大意和主要细节有所了解,然后才做题。在阅读文章时,
应注意用笔标出文章的主题词或主题句、逻辑关联词、有关时间和地点的词句、人名、数字
等。在做题的过程中,如有不明确的地方,再回过头在原文中查找相关信息。这种阅读方式
和习惯,考生在平时就应当培养,这样考试时才会感到得心应手一点。
三.阅读理解短文(80篇)
Passage1
Researchershaveestablishedthatwhenpeoplearementallyengaged,biochemicalchanges
occurinthebrainthatallowittoactmoreeffectivelyincognitive(认知的)areassuchasattention
andmemory.Thisistrueregardlessofage.
Peoplewillbealert(警觉的)andreceptive(接受能力强的)iftheyarefacedwith
informationthatgetsthemtothinkaboutthingstheyareinterestedin.Andsomeonewithahistory
ofdoingmoreratherthanlesswillgointooldagemorecognitivelysoundthansomeonewhohas
nothadanactivemind.
Manyexpertsaresoconvincedofthebenefitsofchallengingthebrainthattheyareputting
thetheorytoworkintheirownlives.叮heideaisnotnecessarilytolearntomemorizeenormous
amountsofinformation,saysJamesFozard,associatedirectoroftheNationalInstituteonAging.
“Mostofusdon'tneedthatkindofskill.Suchspecifictrainingisoflessinterestthanbeingableto
maintainmentalaiertness.^^Fozardandotherssaytheychallengetheirbrainswithdifferentmental
skills,bothbecausetheyenjoythemandbecausetheyaresurethattheirrangeofactivitieswill
helpthewaytheirbrainswork.
GeneCohen,actingdirectorofthesameinstitute,suggeststhatpeopleintheiroldageshould
engageinmentalandphysicalactivitiesindividuallyaswellasingroups.Cohensaysthatweare
frequentlyadvisedtokeepphysicallyactiveasweage,butolderpeopleneedtokeepmentally
activeaswell.Thosewhodoaremorelikelytomaintaintheirintellectualabilitiesandtobe
generallyhappierandbetteradjusted."Thepointis,youneedtodoboth,"Cohensays,
^intellectualactivityactuallyinfluencesbrain-cellhealthandsize.”
1.Peoplewhoarecognitivelyhealthyarethose.
A)whocanrememberlargeamountsofinformation
B)whoarehighlyintelligent
C)whosemindsarealertandreceptive
D)whoaregoodatrecognizingdifferentsounds
2.AccordingtoFozard5sargument,peoplecanmaketheirbrainsworkmoreefficientlyby
A)constantlydoingmemorywork
B)takingpartinvariousmentalactivities
C)goingthroughspecifictraining
D)makingfrequentadjustments
3.ThefindingsofJamesandotherscientistsintheirwork.
A)remainatheorytobefurtherproved
B)havebeenchallengedbymanyotherexperts
C)havebeengenerallyaccepted
D)arepractisedbytheresearchersthemselves
4.Olderpeoplearegenerallyadvisedto.
A)keepfitbygoinginfbrphysicalactivities
B)keepmentallyactivebychallengingtheirbrains
C)maintainmentalalertnessthroughspecifictraining
D)maintainabalancebetweenindividualandgroupactivities
5.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
A)Howbiochemicalchangesoccurinthehumanbrain.
B)Whypeopleshouldkeepactivenotonlyphysicallybutalsomentally.
C)Howintellectualactivitiesinfluencebrain-cel)health.
D)Whypeopleshouldreceivespecialmentaltrainingastheyage.
Passage2
Peoplecanbeaddictedtodifferentthings-e.g.,alcohol,dings,certainfoods,oreven
television.Peoplewhohavesuchanaddiction(癖好;瘾)arecompulsive(难以抑制的);ie,
theyhaveaverypowerfulpsychologicalneedthattheyfeeltheymustsatisfy.Accordingto
psychologists,manypeoplearecompulsivespenders.Theyfeelthattheymustspendmoney.This
compulsion,likemostothers,isirrational—impossibletoexplainreasonably.Forcompulsive
spenderswhobuyoncredit(赊购),chargeaccounts(赊贝勾帐户)areevenmoreexcitingthan
money.Inotherwords,compulsivespendersfeelthatwithcredit,theycandoanything.Their
pleasureinspendingenormousamountsisactuallygreaterthanthepleasurethattheygetfromthe
thingstheybuy.
Thereisevenaspecialpsychologyofbargainhunting.Tosavemoney,ofcourse,most
peoplelookfbrsales,lowprices,anddiscounts.Compulsivebargainhunters,however,oftenbuy
thingsthattheydon'tneedjustbecausetheyarecheap.Theywanttobelievethattheyarehelping
theirbudgets,buttheyarereallyplayinganexcitinggame.Whentheycanbuysomethingforless
thanotherpeople,theyfieelthattheyarewinning.Mostpeople,expertsclaim,havetworeasons
fortheirbehavior:agoodreasonforthethingsthattheydoandtherealreason.
Itisnotonlyscientists,ofcourse,whounderstandthepsychologyofspendinghabits,but
alsobusinesspeople.Stores,companies,andadvertisersusepsychologytoincreasebusiness:They
considerpeople'sneedsforlove,power,orinfluence,theirbasicvalues,theirbeliefsandopinions,
andsoonintheiradvertisingandsalesmethods.
Psychologistsoftenuseamethodcalled"behaviortherapy(疗法)"tohelpindividualssolve
theirpersonalityproblems.Inthesameway,theycanhelppeoplewhofeelthattheyhave
problemswithmoney.
1.Accordingtothepsychologists,acompulsivespenderisonewhospendslargeamountsof
money.
A)andtakesgreatpleasurefromwhatheorshebuys
B)inordertosatisfyhisorherbasicneedsinlife
C)justtomeethisorherstrongpsychologicalneed
D)entirelywithanirrationaleagerness
2.Accordingtothewriter,compulsivebargainhuntersareinconstantsearchofthelowest
possibleprices______.
A)becausetheywanttosavemoneytohelptheirbudgets
B)becausetheycanopenlyboastoftheirtriumphoverothersingettingthingsforless
C)andwillnothavemoneyproblemsiftheycankeeptotheirbudgets
D)buttheyseldomadmittheyfeelsatisfiediftheycangetthingsforlessthanothers
3.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
A)Allpeoplespendmoneyforexactlythesamereasonthattheyneedtobuythings.
B)Businesspeopleandadvertiserscanusethepsychologyofmoneytoincreasesales.
C)Businesspeopleunderstandthepsychologyofcompulsivebuyingbetterthanscientists
do.
D)compulsivebargainhuntersdonothaveproblemswithmoney.
4.Thearticleismainlyabout.
A)thepsychologyofmoney-spendinghabits
B)thepurchasinghabitsofcompulsivespenders
C)aspecialpsychologyofbargainhunting
D)theuseofthepsychologyofspendinghabitsinbusiness
5.Fromthepassagewemaysafelyconcludethatcompulsivespendersorcompulsivebargain
hunters.
A)arereallyunreasonable
B)needspecialtreatment
C)arereallybeyondremedies
D)cannevergetanyhelptosolvetheirproblemswithmoney
Passage3
Thereisnodoubtthatacommonlanguageusedthroughouttheworldwoulddomuchto
bringcountriesclosertoeachother.Thoughitisbecomingincreasinglyeasytomovefromplace
toplace,ourinabilitytocommunicatewithoneanothergivesrisetonumerousmisunderstandings
andmakesrealcontactbetweenpeopleofdifferingnationalitiesimpossible.Manyattemptshave
beenmadetoovercomethisproblemandtheyhaveallfailed.Thefearofforeigninfluenceand
dominationrulesouttheuniversalacceptanceofanyoneoftheexistingmajorlanguages.Aware
ofthisdifficulty,manylinguistshaveconstructedartificiallanguageswhichcouldhaveno
possiblepoliticalovertones.Theyhavearguedthatalanguageofthissortwouldperformmuch
thesameserviceasLatindidintheMiddleAges.
Althoughlinguistssucceededinmakingtheirartificiallanguagesextremelysimplesothat
theywouldbeeasytolearn,theireffortsseemeddoomedfromthestart.Thereasonforthisisthat
thereisnorealincentivetolearnanartificiallanguage.Thereisnothingtoguaranteethat
everybodyiswillingtomaketheeffort;thereisnoassurancethatthelearnerwillhaveany
adequatereturnforhistoil.Whenpeopletodayundertaketolearnaforeignlanguage,theyarenot
interestedonlyinspeakingit.Masteryofalanguagemakesavailabletothelearneragreatdealof
worthwhileliteratureandmanycurrentpublications.Thisisthebiggeststumbling-blockofallfor
theartificially-constructedtongue.Havingnoliteratureofitsown,allitcanofferisalimitedof
translations,whicharevaluelessinthemselves.Norcanitacquireanyliterature;foritwouldhave
tobeusedforagreatmanygenerationsbeforethiscouldbecomepossible.Moreover,constantuse
overalongperiodwouldbringintobeingmany'national'dialectsandthelanguagewouldthus
defeatitsownpurpose.
Anotherseriousobjectionisthefactthatalanguageisshapedbyuseandnotbydesign.It
isalivingthingwhichisforevergrowingandchanging.Ittakeshundredsofyearsbeforeitcan
acquirerichnessanddepth.Inanartificiallanguage,however,themeaningsofwordsarerigidly
defined.Inflexibilitymakesforanabsenceofsubtlety,sothatnoreallyfinemeaningcanbe
conveyed.Thoughthisqualitymightbeadmirableforscientificpublications,itgreatlyimpedes
theformationofanysignificantliterature.Latinwasidealinthisrespect,foritwasa'dead'
languagewithaliterature;anartificialoneis'dead'fromthestart.Thismakesitlikelythat
existinglanguagebarrierswillremainwithusforaverylongtime.
1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?
A)LanguageBarriersInCommunication
B)Latin,ADeadButIdealLanguage
C)ArtificialLanguage,ASolutiontoLanguageBarrier
D)ProblemsWithArtificialLanguages
2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue?
A)Althoughitiseasytotravelaroundtheworldnow,realcontactisimpossibleasaresult
ofourinabilitytocommunicate.
B)Toovercomethelanguagebarrier,peopleallovertheworldwelcomeoneofthemajor
languagestobeuniversal.
C)Peopleareafraidoflosingtheirownlanguagesasaresultofthedominationofmajorforeign
languages.
D)Therearenumerousmisunderstandingsinpeople'scontacts.
3.Theword"doomed"(Para2,Line2)inthispassagemeans.
A)welcomedB)acclaimed
C)dislikedD)defeated
4.Accordingtothepassage,artificiallanguageshaven'tsucceededinovercominglanguage
barriersmainlybecause.
A)theyaredesignedbutnotshapedinuse.
B)theylackincentivestolearners.
C)theywillbemixedwithnationaldialects.
D)theyhavenoliteratureoftheirown.
5.Accordingtothepassage,theauthor'sattitudetowardsartificiallanguagescanbebest
describedas.
A)optimisticB)sarcastic
C)negativeD)positive
Passage4
In1838thepolicaleconomistMalthouspredictedthatintimemankindwouldfacestarvation,
havingoutgrowntheavailablefoodsupplies.Today,acenturyandahalflater,therearestill
expertswhoforecastthesameglobaldisaster-unlessurgentmeasuresaretakentopreventit.
Bytheendofthepresentcenturytheremaywellbeoverfivethousandmillionpeopleliving
onthisglobe,anincreaseofoverfiftypercentoftoday,5figure.Inordertokeeppacewiththis
increaseinmankindthefarmersoftheworldwouldhavetostepuptheirproductionoffoodbyat
leasttwopercenteveryyear.Sucharateofincreasehasneverbeenmaintainedinanycountryby
conventionalmethodsofagriculture,despitemodernmechanizationandthewidespreaduseof
fertilizer.Therearenolargeworthwhilereservesofpotentialfarmlandremaining,andgoodfertile
landiscontinuallybeingdivertedtoindustrialuse.Moreover,erosionofthesoiltakesaconstant
toll.
Intensiveresearch,carriedoutovermanyyearsinallmannersofclimaticconditions,has
producedarevolutionarymethodofgrowingcropswithoutusinganysoilatall.Hydroponics,as
thistechniqueiscalled,maywellbetheanswertoallourfoodworries.Alreadyithas
accomplishedwondersinproducinghugecrops.Hydroponicswasonceacomplicatiedand
expensivebusiness;nowitiswelloutoftheexperimentalstage.Labourcostsarefarlowerthan
whenmethodsofagricultureareemployed.Infact,itisacompletelyautomaticsystem.Thereis
nohardmanualwork,nodiggingorploughing,andnoweedingtospeakof.Yieldscanbefar
higherthantheyareinsoil.
1.Whichofthefollowingbestsumsupthewholepassage*?
A)Malthus*predictionhasbeenprovedtobecorrectbymodemexperts.
B)Hydroponicsmaybetheanswertotheworldfoodshortageinthefuture.
C)Hydroponicsisanewdevelopmentinagriculture.
D)Conventionalmethodsofagricultureshouldbeimprovedsoastostepupfoodproductionby
twopercenteveryyear.
2.Thephrase"havingoutgrowntheavailablefoodsupplies"inthefirstparagraphimplies
that.
A)theavailablefoodsupplieswillbeenoughtofeedworldpopulation
B)theearthistooexhaustedtosupportitsincreasingpopulation
C)worldpopulationwillgrowataratefasterthanfoodproduction
D)foodsupplieswillbetoomuchavailableforwouldpopulation.
3Accordingtotheauthor,whatisthemainreasonwhyanincreaseintheproductionoffoodis
notbeachieved?
A)Conventionalmethodsofagriculturearestillprevailingallovertheworld.
B)Modernmechanizationandtheuseoffertilizersarenotwellpopularizedintheworld.
C)Therearenotenoughpotentialfarmalandreservesleft.
D)Landisbeinglostthrougherosionandindustrialization.
4.Whichofthefollwoingstatementsisnottrueofhydroponics?
A)Hydroponicsisconsideredarevolutionarymethodofagriculture.
B)Hydroponicsisstilltoocomplicatedandexpensiveforpracticaluse.
C)Hydroponicshadcreatedwondersinagriculture.
D)Hydroponicshadalreadybeenemployedinfoodproduction.
5.Judgingfromthepassage,themostimportantadvantageofhydroponicsshouldbe
A)higheryieldB)lowerlabourcosts
C)moreautomationD)lesshardmanualwork
Passage5
Inwhatseemsliketheprehistorictimesofcomputerhistory,theearth'spostwarera,there
wasquiteawide-spreadconcernthatcomputerswouldtakeovertheworldfrommanoneday.
Alreadytoday,lessthanfortyyearslater,ascomputersarerelievingusofmoreandmoreofthe
routinetasksinbusinessandinourpersonallives,wearefacedwithalessdramaticbutalsoless
foreseenproblem.Peopletendtobeover-trustingofcomputersandarereluctanttochallengetheir
authority.Indeed,theybehaveasiftheywerehardlyawarethatwrongbuttonsmaybepushed,or
thatacomputermaysimplymalfunction
Obviously,therewouldbenopointininvestinginacomputerifyouhadtocheckallits
answers,butpeopleshouldalsorelyontheirowninternalcomputersandcheckthemachinewhen
theyhavethefeelingthatsomethinghasgonewrong.
Questioningandroutinedouble-checksmustcontinuetobeasmuchapartofgoodbusiness
astheywereinpre-computerdays.Maybeeachcomputershouldcomewiththewarning:fbrall
thehelpthiscomputermayprovide,itshouldnotbeseenasasubstituteforfundamentalthinking
andreasoningskills.
1.Whatisthemainpurposeofthispassage?
A)Tolookbacktotheearlydaysofcomputers.
B)Toexplainwhattechnicalproblemsmayoccurwithcomputers.
C)Todiscourageunnecessaryinvestmentincomputers.
D)Towarnagainstamentallylazyattitudetowardscomputers.
2.Accordingtothepassage,theinitialconcernaboutcomputerswasthattheymight.
A)changeourpersonallives
B)takecontroloftheworld
C)createunforeseenproblems
D)affectourbusinesses
3.Thepassagerecommendsthosedealingwithcomputersto.
A)bereasonablydoubtfulaboutthem
B)checkalltheiranswers
C)substitutethemforbasicthinking
D)usethemforbusinesspurposesonly
4.Thepassagesuggeststhatthepresent-dayproblemwithregardtocomputersis.
A)challengingB)psychological
C)dramaticD)fundamental
5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwoulddisapproveof.
A)investmentincomputers
B)theuseofone'sinternalcomputer
C)double-checkoncomputers
D)completedependenceoncomputersfordecision-making
Passage6
Attentiontodetailissomethingeveryonecanandshoulddo-especiallyinatightjobmarket.
BobCrossley,ahuman-resourcesexpertnoticesthisinthejobapplicationsthatcomecrosshis
deskeveryday."It'samazinghowmanycandidateseliminatethemselves,vhesays.
Resumes(简历)arrivewithstains.Somecandidatesdon'tbothertospellthecompany's
namecorrectly.OnceIseeamistake,Ieliminatethecandidate,"Crossleyconcludes."Ifthey
cannottakecareofthesedetails,why
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